Chronotherapeutics refers to a treatment method in which in vivo drug availability is timed to match rhythms of disease, in order to optimise therapeutic outcomes and minimise side effects. The term "chrono" basically refers to the observation that every metabolic event undergoes rhythmic changes in time. It refers to a treatment method in which in vivo drug availability is timed to match rhythms of disease in order to optimize therapeutic outcomes and minimize side effects. It is based on the observation that there is an interdependent relationship between the peak-to-trough rhythmic activity in disease symptoms and risk factors, pharmacologic sensitivity, and pharmacokinetics of many drugs. In this present study invivo evaluation of bilayered tablets of Losartan and Hydrochlorothiazide were studied on rabbits to prove that the prepared formulation shows a pulsatile drug release. The plasma levels were measured using LC-MS/MS method. Pharmacokinetic parameters of these tablets were determined by using WINNOLIN Scientific software. The pulsatile release tablet formulation prepared in the lab managed to show some lag phase initially before releasing the drug with a maximum time (Tmax) at the 12th hour. From this present work the results of invivo studies proved that chronotherapeutical release of drug in the form of bi layered tablet can be achieved for newer chronotherapeutical drug delivery system.

Abstract: A new effective method for pricing American option under the Black-Scholes model using pseudo inversion matrix is proposed and justified. The bases for a pseudo inversion matrix to price an American Option under the Black-Scholes model depend on the complete understanding of the discretization process and stability principles. For the past years, a lot of researchers have applied pseudo inversion matrix in solving system equations, like reconfigurable control system (RCS), Hermitian differential-algebraic system etc. This paper presents a simple pseudo inversion method for American option valuation under Black-Scholes model, through a drifted financial derivative system, discretized from Black-Scholes financial PDE. An illustrative example is given in concrete setting.

Epidemiological information on tuberculosis (TB) has always been vital for planning control strategies. It has now gained further importance for monitoring the impact of interventions to control the disease. The present study was done to estimate the prevalence of pulmonary tuberculosis in industrial population in a tertiary care centre in north India. It is a cross sectional study conducted at ESIC Medical college and hospital which caters to the registered /insured industrial worker under ESI scheme. All patients from chest clinic in the study period who were presumptive pulmonary TB patients were subjected to two sputum examination for AFB microscopy by ZN staining method. Demographic data of study subjects was collected, processed and statistical analyzed using SPSS software. Total 1315 patients participated in the study. Total sputum samples collected were 2623 out of which 351 were positive giving slide positivity rate of 13.58%. Among all of the total positive slides, male female ratio was 1.4:1. Maximum number of slide positive cases was present in 21-30 yr of age group in both male and female. 15.2% cases observed one of the two sputum samples as positive, thus emphasizing the importance of at least two sputum samples for diagnosis. The findings of this study reveal that younger age group patients 21-30 year old were most susceptible to tuberculosis and also percentage positivity of sputum among females was found significantly higher than males in the reproductive age group (21-50 yr). This finding, if corroborated in further studies could have major implications on the reproductive health of women

Abstract: Diabetic neuropathy (DN) is a common complication of both type-1 and type-2 diabetes, which affects over 90% of the diabetic patients. The distal symmetrical polyneuropathy (DSPN) is the commonest clinical form of diabetic neuropathy, affecting more than 90% of the patients. Painful diabetic neuropathy (PDN) is one of the most common of all type of the long-term complication of diabetes, affecting up to 50% of patients. The most common sites of pain are in the periphery involving the feet, toes, and hands. DNP continues to represent a therapeutic challenge as its pathophysiology is not yet fully understood and pain relief is still unsatisfactory. Clinical guidelines recommend pain relief in PDN through the use of antidepressants such as amitriptyline and duloxetine, the γ-aminobutyric acid analogues gabapentin and pregabalin, opioids and topical agents such as capsaicin. Of these medications, duloxetine and pregabalin were approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 2004 and tapentadol extended release was approved in 2012 for the treatment of PDN. This review does not widely discuss all possible treatments for painful neuropathy; however it provides a systematic approach designed to guide clinicians in tailoring therapies to the individual patient.

Time out protocol for surgery is very important for the declination of mortality rate because two hundred and thirty four millions surgeries have been performed every day worldwide in which 7 million had adverse complications. To assess the attitude and practice of surgical team members regarding time out protocol before surgery in Operation Theater. A descriptive, quantitative cross-sectional study design was done. An adopted questionnaire have been distributed among 154 participants to collect data from Services Hospital Lahore. SPSS version 21 was used to analyze the data. Descriptive statistics and chi-square were applied. In this study out of (N= 154) respondents 50 %(n=77) of the participants were male and 50%(n=154) were females and 58..4%of the respondents were between the age of 26-30 years.45% of the surgeons and 27% of anesthetists and only 26%of the nurses were participate in the study.50% of the participants were 6- 10 year of job experience. Respondents towards the attitude of time out protocol were positive.87%of the respondents think that check the patient identity, procedure side is a joint responsibility.92% of respondent said that time out protocol can avoid incorrect surgery.76%of the respondent confirm the patient identity before every operation.81% of the respondents confirm that surgical procedure before each operation. The Time out protocol is one of the important strategies to minimize the hazardous situation in Operation Theater. It is important in Operation Theater and surgical ward as well as in overall hospital to identify the patient properly, his diagnosis, his treatment planning, his medication and the site or part of surgery to be carried out

Abstract: This essay aims to examine the relationship between prejudice and discrimination on the basis of social dominance theory. Discrimination and prejudice are different concepts that many people experience frequently. Identities which create “we” and “other” are based on personal characteristics such as sex, age, sectarian or ethnic origin. Prejudice we feel for “others”, are the basis of discrimination. It is defined as a thought coming to mind arising from prejudgements while discrimination is behaviour of this prejudice. The theory of social dominance argues that one or more groups are more dominant and stronger than the others in the social structure and control resources. According to the theory, all social structures are prone to become group-based social layers, all societies are composed of hierarchically organized layers. While dominant social groups shape social values and have material resources or significant social symbols, the disadvantaged groups strive to have them. As a consequence, dominant groups have intention to maintain the circumstance by way of discrimination and favoring the inner group. The theory asserts that group-based social hierarchies emerge through aggregated individual discrimination, aggregated institutional discrimination and behavioral asymmetry. In this process, discriminated individuals, while reducing the values of their social identity by recalling that their groups have low position on the one hand, also make discrimination to be seen as the cause of failure instead of personal reasons.

People are put into situations sometime throughout their life where they are asked, “Would you like to donate? Cause related marketing requires often guilt and shame tactics to get people to perform desired behavior, which more often than not is donating to an organization. We wanted to find to what extent does guilt and shame drive the likelihood for someone to donate? Also, what demographics are more likely to donate than others? To figure out these questions as well as others, we conducted a quantitative research study. We gathered primary data through a convenience random sampling method to continue for our descriptive research using quantitative data, then used OLS Simple Linear Regression to process the data. The following data that we found to be the most significant from our survey is focused on Age, Income, and Neuroticism. Showing that a person’s age, Income, emotional stability all have some connection as to feelings guilt or shame as the statscal driver to donate to a non-profit organization. We also found that Gender, Ethnicity, Income, and Year of School do not have an effect on a person’s likelihood to donate. We have found significant data that nonprofit organizations may benefit from for their marketing strategies. They can save money by avoiding costly marketing campaigns that target a certain gender, because gender does not drive likelihood to donate and gender does not drive susceptibility to guilt and shame tactics. They can improve their bottom line by spending it on the right age groups. Organizations should spend their money targeting age groups 25-54 because they are more susceptible to guilt and shame tactics, eventually leading to donations.

The faster growth of aquaculture has ensued in a series of developments harmful to the human and aquatic animal health as well as environment. People are using various prophylactic antibiotics indiscriminately in aquaculture mainly developing countries to prevent different bacterial infections resulting from sanitary shortcomings in fish and shellfish rearing. Also, the abuse of wide variety human non-biodegradable antibiotics remains in aquatic environment. It directly causes development of antibiotic-resistance bacteria and transferable resistance genes can be transferred to disease-causing bacteria, resulting in antibiotic-resistant infections for humans, fish and other aquatic animal. The greater the volume of antibiotics used, the greater the risks that antibiotic-resistant populations of bacteria will prevail in the contest for survival of the fittest at the bacterial level. The use of large amounts of antibiotics that have to be mixed with fish food also forms problems for industrial health and rises the opportunities for the presence of residual antibiotics in fish meat as well as fishery products. So, to overcome this global problem; strict measures, legislations and regulations for the use of antimicrobials in aquaculture should be developed and implemented especially in developing countries, to avoid such negative impacts in human, fish, animals and environment.

The Banking sector has a crucial role to play in the development of an economy. It is the key driver of economic growth of the country. In India, the banking sector is very strong at the present but at the same time, banking is considered to be a very risky business. Most often than not root cause of a financial turmoil is inefficient risk management practices adopted by the financial institutions. Banks must thus see risk management as an ongoing and valued activity as it is directly linked to financial system stability of the country. The purpose of this research is to outline various risks posed by the Indian Banks and strategies adopted by them for risk management. The secondary objective is to compare the risk severity and success of risk management practices for the public sector and private sector Indian Banks.

This work characterizes the growth of mangrove oyster, Crassostrea gasar of two lagoons of Côte d’Ivoire: the Ebrié lagoon; on the level of Grand-Bassam and Azito and the Aby lagoon; on the level of Assinie. Thus, a monthly sampling of 30 oysters per site for 12 months (October 2015 at September 2016), during which the physico-chemical parameters of water were recorded. The results of the study show an almost similar evolution of the physico-chemical parameters of the three sites. However, the sites of Assinie and Azito recorded a salinity, although lower than 10‰, high compared to that of Grand-Bassam. The results of morphometric analyses plead in favour of a negative allometry for the two relations in particular, size-sizes relations and size-weight relations. However, the individuals of Assinie present the best values of growth coefficient (b). According to PCA, the individuals of Assinie are identifiable by a weight of flesh and a width of higher bodies. Those of Azito are characterized by a thickness of body, a weight of shell, and a body weight more marked. As for the individuals of Grand-Bassam, they don’t present any distinguishing mark making it possible to characterize them. This study shows, the necessity to install a durable strategy of management of oyster stocks of our lagoons. It would be interesting to envision the culture of the oyster which remains an important food product of socio-economic interest.

This study aims to analyze the influence of competence and organizational culture on motivation. The design of this research is quantitative by using survey method. The population of this study are all sub districts and their devices scattered in 12 districts in Bekasi City and identified 56 urban villages and 224 urban village. Determination of the number of samples refers to the distribution of cluster-based areas that are scattered based on the existing sub-districts in the city of Bekasi. Assuming that each urban village will be taken by 4 respondents, 1 urban village and 3 head of affairs, the total sample area is 35: 4 = 140 urban villages expressed as sample area. This research uses multiple linear regression analysis technique. SPSS 21.00 analysis tool. The result of this research is that Competence and Organizational Culture have positive and significant effect to Motivation. There are still other factors that influence motivation apart from the two variables of Competence and Organizational Culture.

This study was conducted at the Demonstration Farm of Fuculty of Agriculture , Kassala University during 2014/2015 and 2015/ 2016 seasons in the Halfah Elgadidah, Sudan. Randomized complete plot design with four replications was used in this study. The treatments were four sowing dates (S1, S2, S3 and S4) corresponding to 1rst Nov,15th Nov, 1rst Dec and 15th Dec and two diverse sesame cultivars “Promo” V1, Um shagara V2. The main objective of this study is to investigate the effects of sowing dates on morpho-phonologial traits and seed yield in two sesame cultivars. The obtained results showed that V2 possessing higher stem diameter, larger leaf area, higher number of fruiting branches and capsules per plant as well as seed yield as compared with V1. Sowing dates significantly influenced the different morphological attributes in this study viz, plant height, stem diameter and leaf area. Most of these characters were significantly higher when sesame sown during 15th Nov but the highest leaf area was achieved in last sowing date. Among the varying dates of sowing S2 and S3 significantly recorded higher number of fruiting branches and capsules per plant as well as seed yield as compared with first and last sowing dates. It may be inferred that Umshagra cultivar can be adopted and recommended in study area during S2 and S3 if grown as irrigated crop.

The physiomorphological divergence was assessed in twenty-seven soybean genotypes by using cluster mean analysis, principal component and principal coordinate analysis and mean difference to identify parental genotypes for future breeding program in order to develop new high yielding varieties in randomized complete block design with three replications. Plant height, days to first flowering and days to 50% flowering have the highest percent of variations anomg the traits. The genotypes under the experiment were grouped into five clusters. The highest inter cluster distance was found between cluster I and IV followed by I and V. According to principal component scores F-85-11347 and ASSET- 93-19-13 have the prominent influence towards varietal improvement. Selecting genotypes from distant clusters probably provide promising recombinants and better segregants for future breeding platform.

The present study was undertaken to investigate the heavy metal decontaminating activity of Salvinia molesta from municipal waste water. The waste water was treated with the plant specimen for five and ten days consecutively after which it was analyzed for the estimation of cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb) and zinc (Zn) by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES). The waste water was also analyzed before the treatment. The results of the investigation showed that the non-treated samples indicated higher content of Fe followed by Zn in sample Nitta gelatin (NG). It was found that Cu and Ni were present in similar quantities in all samples. A favorable decrease was seen in Zn in all samples and Fe in sample NG after five days of treatment. The concentration of Cu and Fe were found to be below the detection limit in samples collected from Chalakudy (CH), Ernakulam (ER) and Kokkala (KK) after ten days of treatment. Ni was found to be below the detection limit in samples ER and KK. Zn was found to be at a reduced level in samples CH, ER, KK and NG. Cd and Pb were found to be below the detection limit (0.01 and 0.05 ppm) in all four samples before treatment, after five and ten days of treatment. The present findings revealed that S. molesta was efficient in reducing the heavy metal concentration in the waste water, suggesting being a bioaccumulator of these metals.

Abstract: The purpose of this paper is to highlight on the effect of school governance on the prevalence of KCSE examination cheating in public and private secondary schools in Kisii County of Kenya. The study employed ex post facto and survey research design. The target population comprised of 1119 subjects comprising of principals, invigilators and examination officers drawn from 317 public and 46 private secondary schools in Kisii County. A sample of 109 principals, 218 invigilators and 10 examination officials was selected through stratified random sampling so as to participate in the study. The study utilized questionnaires to collect data. The instruments were tested for reliability and adapted after they scored 0.752 and 0.765 for the Invigilators’ questionnaire and School Principals’ questionnaire respectively. The study collected both qualitative and quantitative data. Pearson Correlation Coefficient was used with the help of SPSS to analyze quantitative data. Qualitative data was analyzed by use of descriptive analysis, by categorizing results into tables. The findings show that the current efforts put in place by KNEC to ensure compliance with the set rules and regulations to stop examination cheating in public and private secondary schools in Kisii County are not adequate. Following the findings, the study recommends that KNEC considers mobilizing resources to upscale its measures to check on examination cheating and resources to support use of modern technology to monitor KNEC examinations in Kisii County.