This study aims to describe the characteristics of the Board of Commissioners in Indonesia. In this study the characteristics studied include Independence, Expertise, age and tenure of the Board of Commissioners. This research is a descriptive research. The sample of this study is 104 manufacturing companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange in the year of 2013-2016. The results of this study show that the independence of the Board of Commissioners shows an increase. The Board of Commissioners' expertise in this study shows improvement. The average age of the Board of Commissioners in this study is 54.9 years. The average tenure (term of office) of the Board of Commissioners is 6.8 years. These four characteristics show an increasing trend over the years

Pastoralists are a group of people who inhabit harsh and remote regions of Kenya. Pasture and water for their animals dominate their priorities. This paper is premised on the findings of a study that sought to establish parental perceptions towards the implementation of free primary education among pastoralists in West Pokot County, Kenya. Respondents were the parents, teachers and pupils from selected schools in the county. The study was guided by the Rational Action Theory advanced by Goldthorpe. A pragmatic research paradigm, in which a descriptive research design was employed, was adopted. The target population comprised 60,000 pupils, 503 head teachers and parents in 503 primary schools. The study used a sample size of 300 pupils, 50 head teachers and 50 parents selected using purposive sampling technique. Both quantitative and qualitative data were collected using a questionnaire. Pearson correlation and regression analyses were computed to test the level of association between variables and to test the hypotheses respectively. Qualitative data were analysed through reporting themes that emerged. The themes emerging from secondary data were identified to augment the primary data. The results of correlations indicated that the Pearson correlation coefficient between parental perception and free primary education policy implementation was 0.792, indicating a strong positive association between parental perception and free primary education policy implementation in the county. Further, results of the regression coefficients revealed that parents’ perception (β=0.027, p<0.05) was significant to free primary education policy. Although parents of pastoralist communities in West Pokot County are positive towards the FPE implementation, more resources need to be directed to them to realize a more gainful venture in education in the region.

Ethnic comes from the south tapanuli regency is called ethnic batak mandailing which has a variety of traditional activities, Horja Godang is a traditional feats ceremony of marriage in society of south tapanuli. Where arts activities are include (margondang) which is accompanied with manortor (dance). Tortor performance in this activities there are several stages, namelytor tor suhur bolon, on the presentation the audience determined by the kinship system (dalihan natolu) include the orter of the tor tor to be done. The research method used is quantitative method. The form of presentation in the writing is descriptive analytical. By using this method the result of the research will be describe and analysis with the main focus on field of culture and social. The result of research is to find out how the procedures of implementation of the Horja party in mandailing society with the costums prevailing in the area

R K Narayan's The Financial Expert is a masterpiece of the master writer about a financial wizard Margayya of the fictional town Malgudi. The novel temporally located after the independence of India narrates the meteoric rise and dramatic downfall of the protagonist. The writer artistically weaves the life of Margayya who starts life as an expert to provide financial advice regarding loans from a bank and rapidly rises to be a financial tycoon only to see a sudden downfall. The focus of the writer is on the financial activities of the central character with a view to showing the shortcomings and pitfalls that bring his disaster. The study aims at studying the novel from entrepreneurial viewpoints and dissecting the wounds in the initiatives with some insights from other areas like psychology. To do the research, the novel will be a primary source while entrepreneurship and its theoretical aspects will be availed as the secondary source. The study being a multidisciplinary work is expected to open up rarely explored domain of literature and business studies in one research frame.

This study aims to examine the influence of parental attention, discipline congregational prayers towards student achievement in Ungaran State High School, 1 Getasan State High School and Tuntang 1 State High School, Semarang District, Central Java. The research method used in this study is a quantitative research method with a survey approach. Respondents from this study were 162 students of XI Science and XI IPS. Data collection methods from this study are by distributing questionnaires and questionnaires to all respondents from these three schools. Data analysis techniques from the study using multiple linear regression method with the help of SPSS version 22.00 analysis tools. The results of this study indicate that the attention of parents influences student achievement in school, parents attention variables have a significance level of 0.000 or <0.05, so it can be said that parental attention has a significant positive effect on student achievement. The variable of discipline congregational prayer has a significance level of 0.000 or <0.05. So it can be said that congregational prayer has a significant positive effect on student achievement because the level of significance possessed is smaller than 0.05. The result of the F value obtained is 60,957 with a significance level of 0,000, because the significant level is less than 0.05, so it can be said that the attention of parents and the discipline of prayer together simultaneously and significantly affect student achievement in school

As exception to the right of persons accused of crime to be tried in their presence, absentia trial is recognized in many jurisdictions. In Ethiopia, absentia trial is possible for crimes which are considered of sever gravity, but the accused has the right to retrial for justifiable reasons. Defining absentia trial has, however, become controversial. Typical to this, the Federal Supreme Court Cassation Division (Cassation Bench) has given decisions in two cases - Fetiya’s case and Biniyam’s case - excluding cases where the accused absents after the prosecution witnesses are heard or at sentencing hearing from the domain of absentia trial. It reasoned that in cases where the accused absents after the prosecution witnesses are heard, s/he should be presumed to have waived the right to defense. This case comment examines the appropriateness of these decisions from the perspective of criminal trial process. It is mainly argued that absentia trial includes cases where the court continues trying the case in the absence of the person accused, including cases where the accused absents after the prosecution evidences were heard or even at sentencing hearing. Moreover, as persons accused may absent after the prosecution evidences are heard or even at sentencing hearing for reasons beyond their control, they shall not be denied the right to retrial without regard to the reasons of their absence.

Increased morbidity and mortality has been recorded from diseases such as HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, hypersensitivity reactions, autoimmune disorders, and graft versus tissue rejections. Therefore, immunomodulation can be beneficial depending on the desired immune status. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of aqueous extract of leaves of Ocimum gratissimum on immune response in albino Wistar rats. Albino Wistar rats were administered the following extracts/drugs by oral administration for 21 days: Group 1 (40 mg/kg extract), Group 2 (80 mg/kg extract), Group 3 (60 mg/kg extract), Group 4 (Levamisole 0.5 mg/kg) positive control, Group 5 (no drugs, no extract) negative control. After 21 days, blood samples were collected for the estimation of plasma IgG level and absolute WBC count. There were statistically significant reductions in plasma IgG levels in the test groups compared to controls (p value 0.052). Multiple comparisons (Dunn’s) of the group values further revealed statistically significant p values of 0.022 (group 2 vs group 1), 0.023 (group 2 vs group 4), and 0.011 (group 5 vs group 2). There were also statistically significant reductions in total WBC in the test groups compared to controls (p value 0.043). Multiple comparisons (Dunn’s) of the group values further revealed statistically significant p values of 0.013 (group 2 vs group 5), and 0.010 (group 3 vs group 5). At the doses and concentrations used in this study, the aqueous leaf extract of O. gratissimum produced dose dependent inhibition of plasma IgG concentration and total WBC count in albino Wistar rats

The prevalence of Diabetes mellitus, a multiorgan system metabolic disease is on the increase even in developing countries like Nigeria. This study therefore investigated the protective effects of stem bark extract of Garcinia kola on the histology of pancreas of alloxan induced diabetic whistar rats using histological and histochemical techniques. The animals used in this study were divided into 6 groups viz: Control group, Diabetic control group, Garcinia kola stem bark only group, Diabetic+Glibenclamide group, Diabetic+low Dose Garcinia kola group and Diabetic+High Dose Garcinia kola group. The duration of study was 56 days. Studies on the rats on days 7 and 14 were regarded as short and medium term effect study. Day 21 study was taken as long term effect study while day 56 study was for reversibility study as treatment had been discontinued. On day 7, 14, 21 and 56, 3 rats from each group were sacrificed under chloroform anaesthesia and pancreas harvested for histological assay. The data obtained were analysed using GraphPad Prism® software version 6.01 to determine the mean and standard error of mean, changes in body weight, insulin and glucose levels were represented in percentages while one-way ANOVA at 95% confidence interval (p<0.05) was used to show the level of significance. Results revealed that the histology of the pancreas was grossly distorted in the diabetic control group animals whereas histology of the glibenclamide and Garcinia kola stem bark treated groups showed grossly repaired pancreas. These results demonstrate a protective effect of the hydro-methanolic extract of G.kola stem bark on organ damage in Diabetic mellitus.

As the legal subject of the company in the course of business undertaken by its managing business has the burden of moral rights and responsibilities, and it is not just for moral responsibility and obligation to shareholders or investors only. However, the company's management also has the responsibility and moral obligation to other parties related to the business operations of a company. The concept of CSR embodies the meaning that the company has a responsibility that includes legal, economic, ethical, and environmental responsibility. The present study used a constructivism paradigm or more precisely Legal Constructivism. This paradigm belongs to a group of non-positivistic paradigms. The constructivism paradigm chose it by considering that the law is a social reality; thus the truth depends on how people interpret. Through the constructivism paradigm, the authors want to study objectively with accurate data, then constructed through legal concepts that are still being tested for their strengths. The specification of this research is descriptive analytical. Ten manufacturing companies in this study admit they have been implementing the CSR program for ten years. Hence the significance of regulation about their CSR is understood. In fact, there has been a change in the paradigm of the implementation of CSR initially only a philanthropic act that is temporary, as government rules and community demands are further evolving into a sustainable CSR implementation paradigm. The manufacturing company argues that by applying CSR programs to communities around the operational areas of the company can enhance the image and caring for the fellow to have a good effect to improve the welfare of the people around the company.

Background: Vitamin B12 deficiency has been a well known health problem. Recently, there are certain studies proving it more common as previously understood. Many have sorted for vegetarian food, with about 10% of the population deciding not to consume animal foods. This depends on ethical, ecological and religious belief, but also on health reasons. When the reasons are ethical, individuals ignore on nutritional value. The link between vitamin D and anemia has emerged in recent years, indicating potential roles for vitamin D in iron homeostasis and erythropoiesis. Very few studies exist on vitamin D levels in anemia. Studies are including vitamin D and vitamin B12 are significantly few. Hence, the present this study aims to find the trend of vitamin D levels in vegetarians having vitamin B12 deficiency. Methods: All clinical and lab data of cases from Jan 2017 to May 2018 from the lab in which Vitamin B12 assay has been done was obtained from lab records. The vitamin B12 assay was done on immunoassay analyzer Roche e411 with chemilumeiscence method. Vitamin B12 levels <180ng/dl was considered deficient. The same was again grouped based on Vitamin D levels as deficient and insufficient. Results: The percentage of subjects in deficient group with low vitamin B12 levels had decreased haemoglobin <11 was 35% when compared with sufficient of 9.4%, P value = 0.02 was significantly correlating. Similarly the MCV(>97) and MCHC(<33) had higher percentage in insufficient Vit D3<30 group with 47.3% and 56.3% respectively. Both parameters also have significant P value being < 0.05. Conclusion: The study found that apart from vitamin B12 deficiency, there are higher chances of these patients being associated with vitamin D3 deficiency.

Western part of Odisha is a region where prevalence of sickle cell disease patients is much high. The prevalence of sickle cell disease in Odisha is about 21-40%. Most of these patients suffer from different types of crises & require frequent blood transfusion. As a result they develop alloantibody resulting in hemolysis in vivo at the time of subsequent blood transfusion. Till now no study has been done in this part of Odisha regarding the prevalence of alloantibody in these patients. In general population, the prevalence of alloantibody is 5%- 8%. So, in our medical college which is a tertiary care center, a prospective study has been done to find out the prevalence of alloantibody in these groups of patients. All diagnosed Sickle Cell Disease patients by HPLC method of different age groups who have received Blood Transfusion were taken for study with their grouping & Rh typing. Then by semi automatic method, three panel antibody screening was done for each sample & DAT was also done for all cases. Out of 90 no. of Sickle Cell Disease patient’s alloantibody was detected in 11 samples. Direct Antiglobulin test was positive in all these cases. In Sickle Cell Disease, who received Blood transfusion, alloantibody formation in these patients is a probability in some cases leading to Delayed Hemolytic Transfusion Reactions. In these patients corresponding antigen negative blood transfusion should be given.

Background: Presence of septum and anatomical knowledge of hepatopancreatic ampulla morphometry plays major role in understanding safety surgical procedures of duodenal cancers Objective: to study the length of hepatopancreatic ampulla in Karnataka population. Materials and Methods: 50 formalin fixed cadavers (Male - 41; Female - 9) with age group ranged between 35 - 60 years from the departments of Anatomy, J.J.M Medical College, Davengere, Karnataka & Government Medical College, Palakkad, Kerala to study the length of hepatopancreatic ampulla and its clinical importance. Coloured solution was injected at the junction of major and minor pancreatic duct to study the length of hepatopacreatic ampulla. The length of the hepatopancreatic ampulla was measured till its opening into duodenal papilla. Results: The presence of hepatopancreatic ampulla was observed in 39 specimens out of 50 cases. The measurement of length of the hepatopancreatic ampulla revealed that the length varied from 2 mm to 10 mm. The length varied from 1 to 2 mm in 3 (6%) out of 50 specimens and 3 mm or more in 36(72%) specimens. The hepatopancreatic ampulla was absent in 11 specimens (25%) due to presence of complete septum till the duodenal orifice in the present study. Conclusion: The present study gives basic knowledge in understanding the extension of hepatopancreatic ampulla from its point of origin to termination before planning a surgery.

The present work studied experimental results obtained on an artificial mandibular bone in according to tests carried out on live animals. In particular, in order to consider the dynamic response of an implant bridge caused by occlusion, the deformation of the bridge and the near mandible subjected to occlusional force was measured by holographic interferometry. An experimental specimen was built for the above purpose and a screw type ceramic implant was placed in the site of the second molar. An implant bridge was then fabricated between the implant and the first and second premolars that were splinted together. Stress concentration was found on the mesial side of the pontic when the vertical load was applied to the second premolar. The results also show that by applying the load to its mesial side, the mandible near the implant receives considerable stress and of course damages such as bone resorption can be expected on the mandible. The principal strains on the surface of the mandibular bone were tensile and compressive strains from anteroinferior to posterosuperior and a compressive strain from anterosuperior to posteroinferior.

Statement of Problem: Although identification of risks to dental healthcare workers has been explored in several industrialized nations, very little data is available from semi urban population. This paper examines the occupational hazards present in the dental environment and reports survey results concerning attitudes and activities of a group of practicing dentists belonging to Nalgonda population. Aim: This study was conducted to assess occupational hazards among the dental surgeons of Nalgonda town. Methodology: A self assessing questionnaire was provided among 100 practicing dentist belonging to Nalgonda population so as to survey the risk encountered through occupational hazards. Results: out of the study conducted only 2% of the study population suffered from very severe occupational stress, severe stress levels among 4%, moderate among 18%, mild among 31%, mild among 40% and 5% experienced no occupational stress levels. 53% of the practicing dentists suffered from musculoskeletal problems. Conclusion: It can be concluded that most of the occupational stresses are musculoskeletal pain. These problems are mainly because of not following proper ergonomics into practice.

Statement of problem: The choice to replace missing teeth among patients suffering from an edentulous condition is always preferred with a fixed treatment option. The two major options among the fixed prosthetic treatment are tooth supported prosthesis and implant supported prosthesis. There has always been a need to assess the level of awareness and understanding about both the options of fixed prosthetic treatment among the rural group of Nalgonda population. Aim and objective: The aim of this study is to evaluate the awareness, expectations level of knowledge among the dental patients regarding fixed treatment options to replace missing teeth. Material and Methodology: 153 patients Indian adults referred to Kamineni institute of dental sciences, Narketpally, Nalgonda district, Telangana state, India were presented with a questionnaire including 13 questions regarding level of information and awareness about fixed treatment options. The data were collected and statistically analysed with Chi-square test. Results: Among 153 patients almost 99% of the screened study group were aware that missing teeth could be replaced by fixed treatment options. Out of which, 60% of the information regarding tooth and implant supported denture were received from doctors, 15% from friends, 14% from media and 11% from family. Knowledge related to the validity for both the types of treatment options, 27% and 50% were unaware of tooth supported and implant supported prosthesis respectively. Further, the opinion for restoring the missing teeth, 90% of the population felt the necessity for replacing the missing teeth whereas 10% were not interested to restore the missing teeth. Conclusion: The general awareness level of fixed prosthesis are satisfactory and however there is need for more awareness to know the validity , advantages, disadvantages and effectiveness of each fixed treatment options when compared with each other.