Hepatitis B infection is caused by hepatitis B virus (HBV), an enveloped DNA virus belonging to family Hepadnaviridae that infects the liver and causes hepatocellular necrosis and inflammation which are serious public health problem worldwide. The Present study was conducted in the department of microbiology on 456 female patients. The serums were obtained by centrifugation & test was done. The Hepatitis B surface Ag was detected by using HEPACARDS kit. In our current study on 456 female patients were screened for HBsAg and we found that 5.3% female patients were reactive with HBsAg in serum and 94.7% were Non reactive with HBsAg out of 456 female patients. Higher prevalence of HBsAg was reported in most sexually active age group.i.e.21-40 years (57.5%) and least in age group 81-100 (0.4%). In the light of current study, it can be concluded that the Hepatitis B contributes significantly to chronic liver diseases in India and being transmitted through parenteral, sexual or perinatal mode. The study revealed high prevalence rate of HBV among female patients (5.3%).

The present article deals with the syntactic position of the topic markers in Mandarin Chinese. One of the characteristics of the topic structures in Mandarin Chinese is that there is a topic marker attached to the topic. The topic markers don’t carry meaning in the structure but only serve as the functional markers in syntax. Therefore it may be argued that these topic markers are not heads of the topic structures but rather modality particles attached to the head of the topic.

Background & Objective: UTI (urinary tract infection) is the most common among all hospital acquired infections world wide. In UTI, most common organism is E.coli. Organism responsible for the hospital acquired infection may have tendency to develop multiple drug resistance. E.coli acquired from the hospital source and community source may differ in their resistant against antibiotics. Aim: Our aim to study and compare the antibiotic resistant pattern with special reference to ESBL (extended spectrum β lactamase) in the community acquired and hospital acquired common gram negative bacilli causing UTI in patients of district hospital Gandhinagar during period of June 2008 to may 2009. Methods and materials: E.coli from symptomatic UTI cases from both community acquired and hospital acquired UTI at district hospital Gandhinagar during period of June 2008 to May 2009 were tested for the antimicrobial susceptibility testing against 18 drug of various groups performed by Kirby Bauer's disc diffusion method. Isolates resistant to third generation cephalosporin were tested for ESBL production by double disk synergy test method. Results: Overall E.coli was (73.75%) among the all gram negative bacilli of UTI patients. The majority (70%) of the isolates were from female. ESBL prevalence was 12.6% and 25% among community acquired and hospital acquired E.coli respectively. Cephalosporin group of sensitivity was widely varied among both the group compare to other groups of antibiotics and more resistance was found in hospital strain. Discussion and Conclusion: Almost double prevalence of ESBL among hospital strain compared to community strain leads to change in line of management when a hospitalized patient has tendency to develop UTI, plain cephalosporin should not be administered in other diseases also.

Background: Anaemia is reduced oxygen carrying capacity of blood, due to reduced RBC mass and/or haemoglobin concentration [1]. Causes of anaemia include nutritional deficiencies, inherited genetic defects, medication-related side effects and chronic diseases. We had studied patients attending our tertiary care centre to determine aetiology of anaemia and its different clinical aspects during period of July 2012 to March 2014. Methods: A total 100 patients having anaemia were enrolled in the study and detailed clinical examination and relevant laboratory investigations were performed. Results: Out of 100 patients 55 were females and 45 were males. In present study 45 females fall in age between 12-40 years and 29 males were in the similar age group. Most common presenting symptoms were generalised weakness and easy fatigability. Pallor was noted in 94 patients. Severe anaemia (Hb <7 g/dl) were seen in 89% of the cases. 34% of the patients had subnormal serum iron levels and 45 patients were having low serum vit. B12 level (<187 pg/dl). Among other causes, 7 patients had anaemia of chronic disease, 4 had malabsorption and 2 had drug toxicity. Conclusion: Vitamin B12 deficiency in association with iron deficiency was found to be the commonest cause for anaemia in the study group. Haemolytic anaemia was more common in males in thid study

In Yabello most of the range land was changed in to agricultural area and the remaining part were exposed to overgrazing and become seriously degraded. The aim of this study was in order to assess the impact of overgrazing on the soil characteristics of Yabello rangeland. The soil physico –chemical characteristics were evaluated by using three (3) grazing intensity level (ungrazed, moderate grazing and over grazing (each with 2 ha) were selected, which were located about 100 to 150m apart within a 10 ha area. This study indicates that Overgrazing homogenized soil characteristics. The ranges of spatial autocorrelation for soil organic C (SOC) and total N were at the HG site, which was considerably larger than that at the MG and OG sites. Soil nutrients such as organic C, N and K were show a small higher variation in the ungrazed areas than as compared to both moderately grazing and overgrazing, even though, a variation were generally low and differed non-significantly in all the study sites. Results on soil texture revealed that the sand, silt and clay contents were not much difference in the three land-use systems. In general, since the complex nature of soil nutrient patterns, which are largely dependent on land-uses and topography and also the current study were done based on small sample areas we call up researchers for a more broad-based additional research investigation to provide stronger and basic information in the Yabello rangelands in this regard.

Within the space of sports games, more particularly in the physical practices where participants interact operative way with others. This is particularly the case in team sports (football, basketball, volleyball, rugby, baseball, Futsal, Beach soccer...) or traditional Tunisian sports games (mini goals, 7 holes, elagfa,...) analysis by Allen Ali [1], during of which the players of a team communicate unambiguous with their partners but contre-communiquent not without malice with opponents. The purpose of our study is to show the effect of the specificity of the environment according to the rules of each sport Futsal and beach soccer on the certainty of decision-making during communications for inter and intra participated in competitive situations high level. The methodology used being an analysis of six matches, including three of the last World Cup of Futsal 2016 in Colombia and three of the last World Cup of beach soccer 2017 in the Bahamas. These analyses have come up as a result that the environment affects the shape of the sport as well as the practice environment is a determinant of practical identity during the decision-making process and affects the certainty of results.

Leaf ethanolic extracts of six Senna species namely S. occidentalis, S. hirsuta, S. siamea, S. obtusifolia, S. polyphylla and S. alata were obtained using the cold extraction method. The extracts were tested for antimicrobial activity against five organisms, namely Escherichia coli, Klebssiella pneumonia, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumonia and Salmonella typhi. The agar well diffusion method was used to carry out this test. The study on antimicrobial activities shows that ethanolic extracts of the six Senna species possess antibacterial activity against human pathogens used in this study. The antibacterial activities of the extracts were more pronounced at higher concentration than at lower concentration in the species of Senna investigated. However, Senna alata showed more antimicrobial acivity. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the plant extracts ranged from 21.5 mg/ml to 62.5 mg/ ml with Senna alata having the lowest value (31.25 mg/ ml) for the pathogen tested except Klebssiella pneumonia (65.5 mg/ml) while the other Senna species have similar minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). The antimicrobial activity of ethanolic extract of Senna alata was favourably compared with the standard drug, ciprofloxacin. The antibacterial activities of the plant extract could possibly be due to alkaloids and flavonoids. Bioactive substance from these six Senna species can therefore be employed in the formation of antimicrobial agent for the treatment of various bacterial infections or diseases.

This paper attempts to discuss the need for fostering 21st century skills in schools, especially in English Language classrooms. Our school systems need to respond to the changing world. The new generation is to be prepared for the new careers, by connecting their learning with real life. Schools should build the young generation for the future. This is possible only when the curricula incorporate the 21st century skills to frame the syllabi to meet the changing needs. The teaching- learning process should be made challenging, inspiring, interesting and effective. Language classroom can contribute much to this effect by connecting physical and virtual environment that can connect the learners with a “variety of learning resources, and with people of different cultural backgrounds.” This may enhance learning experiences and individual development. The present century is technology rich and immensely complex. Learners in the present century need abundant opportunities to participate in connected learning environments that can ensure perfect learner engagement. Classroom environment should provide the learners with the opportunities to acquire the skills like critical thinking, problem solving, creativity, innovation, celebration, team work, leadership, cross-cultural understanding, etc. This can equip the learners with the ability to face the challenges of the modern society. Learning is a lifelong process .So the learners must get chances to update themselves with the latest trends and information. English is the ideal context for introducing and building 21st century skills

Background: The presence of a mass in head, neck and face region often pose a challenging diagnostic problem to the clinician who is confronted with a maze of possibilities. The routine work up comprises of clinical history, clinical examination and other diagnostic aids like radiology which often fail to resolve the vexing problem regarding the nature of the mass. An early recognition and categorization of lesions is essential for treatment. Aim of the Study: To assess the utility of FNAC as an initial diagnostic modality in patients with swellings in the head, neck and face region. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted in the Department of General Pathology of D.Y. Patil Medical College. The ethical clearance for study protocol was obtained from ethical committee of the institution. The present study emphasizes on the diagnostic utility of the fine needle aspiration of head, neck and face swellings. This study is undertaken from February 2015- June 2016. All the patients referred to the department of pathology for FNAC of swellings in the region of head, neck and face, were analysed. A total number of 484 FNAC cases are analysed in this study.

Flours were prepared from seven cassava varieties (Agbablé3, Bonoua2, Bondoukou4, Boufouh3, Boufouh4, Soclopouopo3, Totoba2) evaluated for their physicochemical properties. The physicochemical parameters of the seven varieties show significant differences (p <0.05). The results showed that moisture content of flours ranged from 10.88±0.02 (Bonoua2) to 12.92±0.31% (Agbaglé3), starch from 28.71±0.34 (Socloppouopo3) to 44.06±0.56% (Totoba2) carbohydrates from 92.70 ±0.05% (Totoba2) to 94.72±0.27 (Bonoua2), organic matter from 85.3±0.27 (Totoba2) to 87.4±0.18% (Bondoukou4), and energy value from 347.56±0.03 (Agbable3) to 361.95±0.01 to kcal/100g (Bonoua2). Physicochemical parameters at low content are the protein ranging from 1.37±0.14 (Soclopouopo3 and Boufouh4) to 2.23±0.13% (Boufouh3), lipids from 0.77±0.03 (Bonoua2) to 1.29±0.11(Boufouh4), ash from 1.29±0.1(Agbablé3) to 2.62±0.01 (Soclopouopo3), fibers from 1.03±0.24 (Soclopouopo3) to 1.08±0.06% (Boufouh3 and 4) and total sugar from 1.30±0.04(Soclopouopo3)-3.35±0.05(Bonoua2). The most dominant minerals are potassium, calcium and phosphorus whose content are respectively 328±0.1 (Totoba2) to 1207 mg/100g (Bondoukou4), 82±0.01 (Boufouh4) to 338±0.26 mg/100g (Bonoua2) and from 20±0.05 (Totoba2) to 100±0.41 mg/100g (Bonoua2). From the data obtained it can be concluded that cassava varieties should not be abandoned because of poor cooking quality and high cyanogenic potential. These varieties could be used for other purposes such as starch production, glucose, adhesives, fuel alcohol, animal feed and other industrial Uses.

Vermiculture employ earthworms for decomposition of organic waste for production of organic manure. The importance of earthworms is known since time immemorial and it is considered natural plough by the farmers. Earthworms are one of the most important fauna of agro-ecosystems which dominate the biomass of invertebrates in many soils of temperate and tropical regions of the world. The benefits are now globally realized that earthworms can contribute much to the management of different pedo-ecosystems. They are useful in land reclamation, soil improvement and organic waste management in addition to their use as a protein-rich source of animal feed. Earthworms eat and mix large amount of soil or in burrows, depending upon the species concerned. Their casts contain high concentration of organic material, silt, clay and cations such as iron, calcium, magnesium and potassium. Earthworms also release nitrogen in to soil in their casts and urine. Earthworms change the physical characteristics of soil by aerating during rain or irrigation. Earthworms thus enhance incorporation and decomposition of organic matter, increase soil aggregate, improve porosity and water infiltration and increase microbial activity. Vermiculture may be a boon for Fiji which is a small Island nation located in the South Pacific, 3000 km east of Australia and 1930 km south of the equator. It is endowed with excellent climate which is very much suitable for vermicomposting. The land and climate of Fiji are very good for growing horticultural crops such as vegetables and fruits. Fiji farmers use imported chemical fertilizers which is costly resulting farming as an expensive venture. The export market for organically produced crops is increasing worldwide providing excellent opportunity to the farmers to use organic manure produced locally. To meet the farmers‟ demands of organic manure there is a vast scope of vermiculture. The availability of plenty amount of plant biomass, number of suitable earthworm species and excellent tropical climate are in favour of simple vermiculture technology.

The present project constitutes an investigation about the factors that intervene in first semester students when choosing a university. The study employs a 95% reliability in the first semester of the Engineering in Business Management degree. The results obtained in this research were various factors that are involved in the choice of a university environment such as family, economic or skills

The automated hematology analyzer providing CBC has become the keystone of modern hematology laboratories and has replaced the traditional manual methods. Morphological typing of anemia is routinely done based on RBC indices like MCV, MCH, MCHC and RDW and also by peripheral smear examination. In this study morphological typing of different types of anemia were done by indices obtained from automated analyzer and by peripheral smear and were compared.400 cases of anemia were analyzed by sysmex XT 1800i analyzer and results compared and correlated. Out of 400 cases 351 cases showed a concordant typing and 49 cases showed a non-concordant typing and 12.25% of cases required a peripheral smear review for the correct typing of anemia. The sensitivity and specificity of the sysmex XT 1800i analyzer were calculated as 97% and 91% respectively for the detection of microcytes, 96.5% and 97.5% respectively for the detection of macrocytes and 91% and 90.5% respectively for the detection of normocytes. Most of the non-concordant cases belonged to the category of normocytic normochromic anemia with raised RDW. Morphological typing of anemia from the RBC indices and RDW showed a high sensitivity and specificity, except for some cases with a raised RDW which required an additional peripheral smear examination for the correct typing. So manual peripheral smear examination still holds important role in the modern laboratory practice as it provides us with many information for the proper diagnosis and management.

It has been reported that there are effects of deep breathing and breath holding on the cardiovascular and blood pressure parameters. It is generally seen that BP tends to decrease during inhalation and increase during exhalation these changes may alter blood pressure measurements resulting in measured blood pressures being different. This study aims to find the effects of slow deep breathing practice on the blood pressure and Heart rate of young healthy adult male and female medical students. Methods: This study was conducted in the Department of Physiology, RVM Institute of Medical Sciences, Laxmakapally, Telangana. A total of n=50 subjects were selected randomly; the subjects were the medical students of RVM institute. Out of which (n=25) Group (M) males and (n=25) Group (F) were females. The baseline parameters of the subjects were recorded at the beginning of the study and the subjects were then trained for slow deep breathing @ 6 breaths per minute for a period of 3 months under the supervision of the investigator. Subjects are asked to take slow and maximal inspiration lasting for five seconds, followed by maximal expiration which also lasts for five seconds at a rate of 6 breaths per minute during each practice. A standard BP measurement was performed using a pneumatic cuff while listening to "Korotkoff sounds". All cardiovascular functional parameters were recorded before the trial, during breath-holding, and during recovery. Results: The values of SBP parameters in Group (M) Male before and after training were found to be significant. The DBP change in initial and final values in this group was not significant. The respiratory rates changes were also found to be significant in the Group (M). In the Group (F) no parameter was found to be changed significantly between the initial and final readings. The intergroup comparison of the parameters in the final readings shows a significant change in both SBP and DBP. Conclusion: it can be concluded that slow deep breathing for a period of 3 months decreases the blood pressure and heart rates and improves the autonomic functions. The effects are more marked in the male participants as compared to females of the same age group. The effect of slow deep breathing for long durations tends to improve the parasympathetic tone

Aim: The aim of the present study was to perform clinico-histopathological correlation of skin lesions in all patients with a clinical suspicion of Hansen’s disease. Materials and Methods: A 3 year retrospective study from 2016-2018 was carried out with all the clinically suspected cases of Hansen’s disease along with histopathological examination of skin biopsies. Results: Out of the 60 cases diagnosed as Hansen’s disease, majority belonged to age goup 31-40 years with a male preponderance. Most number of cases diagnosed were of Borderline tuberculoid type (24/60). Overall clinicohistopathological correlation was 58.3%. Maximum correlation was evident at the polar ends of the spectrum with a slightly better correlation for lepromatous leprosy (75%). Conclusion: Correlation between clinical and histopathological features is required for accurate classification of Hansen’s disease. Clinical detection and histopathological diagnosis of borderline lesions remains challenging and hence the need for interpretation along with the clinical findings.