The knowledge of the anatomy of a region becomes very important for doctors of different specialties both in making accurate diagnosis and to give a proper treatment for an individual. Radiologists need to understand the existence of variations in an artery in order to reduce the error in making diagnosis. The ulnar artery is the major artery of the front of forearm and the knowledge of its anatomy and variations in its origin is necessary in all specialties. The study was conducted in Department of Anatomy, Government Stanley Medical College, Chennai and 50 upper limbs comprising from 25 adult human cadavers preserved by embalming with formalin were studied by conventional dissection method. The ulnar artery arises as the terminal branch of brachial artery in significant proportion. The ulnar artery may arise proximal to the elbow or high up in the axilla. 96% of the specimens the ulnar artery arises from the brachial artery as a terminal branch. High origins, the origin of ulnar artery from lower third brachial artery was seen in 2% and from the axillary artery in 2%.

This cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted at a health care facility in a metropolitan city to determine the socio-demographic profile of HIV sero-positive individuals. Written informed consent was obtained from 338 HIV sero-positive persons (173 females; 51.19%; 165 males; 48.81%), aged 18-60 years. Each participant was interviewed and socio-demographic profile was recorded on a pre-validated formatted questionnaire. The mean age of female participants was 35.94  8.07 years (95% CI: 34.63–37.15 years), while that for males was 39.27  8.67 years (95% CI: 37.95–40.59 years), exhibiting highly significant (p=0.0003) gender difference. Most participants belonged to middle and lower middle socio-economic classes. The gender differences were significant among the college educated (p=0.049), the unemployed (p=0.0009), semi-skilled workers (p<0.0001) and skilled workers (p<0.0001). Likewise, significant gender differences were found among participants who were single (p=0.002), married (p=0.007) and those who were widowed/separated/divorced (p<0.0001). Focused intervention for the HIV negative spouses will reduce the possibility of female sero-positivity and mother-to-child transmission of HIV. The findings of this study reveal that HIV-related interventions need to be focused on socio-demographic sub-groups, such as, housewives, semi-skilled and skilled workers and males with higher literacy levels

Background: Papanicolaou (PAP) smear is a simple, non invasive and cost effective method for detection of precancerous changes in the cervix. It is effectively used as a screening tool in cervical cancer screening program to identify precancerous lesions so that treatment can be started promptly and thus development of invasive cancer can be prevented. Aim: To study the correlation between PAP smear and cervical biopsy in malignant and non malignant lesions of cervix. Materials and methods: Prospective cross sectional study was conducted in a tertiary care hospital in Chennai. It included all cases between September 2012 and September 2017 in which both PAP smear and cervical biopsy were done. Cyto-histopathological correlation was done. Results: Out of the 377 cases, on PAP smears 85% of cases were reported as inflammatory smears. Premalignant lesions like LSIL and HSIL were reported in 6.1 % and 4.5% of cases respectively.0.7% of cases were directly diagnosed as SCC. 3.1% of cases were reported as ASCUS. Cytohistopathological correlation was done. Sensitivity in the present study was 81.3%, Specificity was 92%. Positive predictive value and negative predictive value were 77.6% and 86.5% respectively. Diagnostic accuracy of Pap smear in the present study was 84.5%

Myrianthus aboreus is a medicinal plant that is widely distributed in Africa but common in Delta and Edo states of Nigeria. It is applied in folklore remedies in the treatment of some illnesses. This study was done to investigate the antidiabetic potential of the leaf of Myrianthus aboreus and it’s effects on some biochemical parameters of male wistar rats. The rats were divided into four (4) groups of five (5) rats each. Group one (1) which served as non diabetic control received normal saline only. Group 2 served as diabetic control and received normal saline after induction. Group three (3) and group four (4) were diabetic rats treated with 500mg/kg bw and 1000mg/kg bw of the hydromethanolic leaf extract of Myrianthus aboreus respectively, for a period of four (4) weeks. The results obtained showed that the higher dose extract caused a significant decrease in blood glucose level in week 4 of the study.The changes observed in the plasma concentrations of electrolytes, urea and creatinine were not statistically significant. This study showed that, the leaf extract of Myrianthus aboreus demonstrated hypoglycemic effects in alloxan induced diabetic wistar rats

Background: The study titled ―A cross-sectional analysis of Seropositivity of Hepatitis B & Hepatitis C amongst blood volunteer donors at tertiary health care centre: 10 year study. Method: Records of blood donors collected in the past decade were evaluated and information regarding screening tests was being noted. In addition, a questionnaire was being prepared to collected information about all subjects such as general profile, history of exposure to risky procedures or behaviours, family history of Hepatitis B infection, immunization against Hepatitis B in three doses etc. Result: The above table shows distribution of donors according to type of donor. 54028 (90.81%) donors were Replacement Donors while only 5467 (9.19%) donors were Voluntary Donors. Out of the total 59495 donors in past 10 years, 1020 (1.71%) were diagnosed to be HBsAg positive. Out of the total 59495 donors in past 10 years, 475 (0.79%) were diagnosed to be HCV positive. 74 (1.35%) of voluntary donors in last 10 years came out to be Hepatitis B positive. 58 (1.06%) of voluntary donors in last 10 years came out to be Hepatitis C positive. The above table shows the year-wise number of total donors and voluntary donors. It also shows the number of HBsAg. As per the above tables, there was significantly higher seropositivity among replacement donors as compared to voluntary donors. Conclusion: A large proportion of HBsAg and HCV infected individuals are not aware of their infective status. It is not only dangerous to not know this as these infections are also sexually transmitted to the spouse or any other sexual partners of such individuals. Also, at the time of emergency for the need of blood, such individuals may be a false assurance of source of blood until being tested and refused by the blood bank before actual donation. This may aggravate the situation by rendering in need to search for another source of blood. An increased public health education on the subject is necessary especially for those at a higher risk. Also, voluntary blood donation should be encouraged to fetch safe and tested blood in contrast to the replacement donation where transfusion-transmitted infections tend to be much higher.

Patients with a severe inflammatory bowel disease or who have corticodependance should be treated by thiopurine drugs, azathioprine and 6-mercaptopurine. Although the drugs are usually well tolerated, adverse reactions can occur like bone marrow suppression which is dose-dependent and a delayed side effect requiring regular complete blood count monitoring. We describe a patient with ulcerative colitis who developed azathioprine-induced pancytopenia

Introduction: Bone tumours remain a diagnostic challenge to orthopedic surgeons and pathologists. This leads more concern in developing countries due to limited diagnostic and therapeutic facilities. We analyzed entire spectrum of bone lesions, their demographs like age, sex, anatomical site of occurrence, their relative frequency and histological features in a tertiary care hospital of India. Aim: To study spectrum of various bone lesions and their relative frequency at a tertiary care hospital, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India. Materials and Methods: This is retrospective hospital based cross sectional study of 103 cases of bone lesions diagnosed on histopathological examination at department of pathology, tertiary care hospital, Ahmedabad, Gujarat over a period of one year. All data were retrieved from clinical case notes of patients. The data was entered in Microsoft excel sheet and analyzed using frequency distribution and percentages. Results: Out of the 103 cases of bone lesions, age ranged from 5 to 71 years with male to female ratio of 1:1. Nonneoplastic lesions were 62.2% with osteomyelitis as the most common pathology accounting 36%. There were 39(37.8%) neoplastic lesions with 59% benign tumours and 41% were malignant tumours. Osteoclastoma (07/23) 30.4% and osteogenic sarcoma (06/16) 37.5% were most common benign and malignant bone tumours detected respectively. Lower end of Femur (19.4%) followed by upper end of tibia (13.5%) were common presenting sites for bone lesions. Conclusion: Bone lesions were common at both extremes of age with no specific sex predilection. Primary bone tumours were mainly benign, occurred predominantly in second decade of life with male predilection. Femur and tibia were common involved sites. Chronic osteomyelitis was the commonest nonneoplastic lesion, while osteoclastoma and osteosarcoma were most common benign and primary malignant bone tumours respectively.

This study analyses the profile of blood donor such as their age, sex, educational status and socio-economic status, their willingness for repeat blood donation. The blood donors who came to donate blood at blood bank, Govt. Sivagangai Medical College in the year 2018 were the sample population of the study. This analysis will help in implementation of steps to convert voluntary blood donor to routine repeat blood donors which will reduce the scarcity of blood

Background: Alteration in the hormone status either due to primary intrinsic ovarian abnormalities or secondary disturbances in the hypothalamo - Pituitary - ovarian axis results in AUB. The etiology of AUB is often related to anovulatory disturbances and ovulatory disturbances. However, there is a need to evaluate the endometrial changes specific for ovulatory and anovulatory causes of AUB at the histological level. This study was carried out to evaluate the histomorphological pattern of endometrium in Abnormal Uterine Bleeding. Methods: This cross sectional study was carried out among 100 women who were diagnosed with AUB in our tertiary care hospital between 2012 and 2014. Endometrial biopsy sample was taken on the third week of menstrual cycle. The samples received were carefully examined for the presence of mucus & large blood clots, and, if found were removed. One slide stained with conventional Haematoxylin & Eosin, second slide with Per iodic acid Schiff method and third slide was stained with Gomeri's method for reticulin stain. Results: A total of 100 cases were analyzed in this study and majority of the cases consisted of anovulatory disturbances (62%) followed by ovulatory disturbances (34%). While majority of the anovulatory cases were irregular proliferation (27%), majority of the ovulatory cases were deficient secretory state with co-ordinated delay (11%). Conclusion: In the modern era of minimally invasive surgical and diagnostic procedures, there is a growing need for the histopathologist to develop acumen for diagnosis of AUB. This study has extensively highlighted the variations in the endometrial presentation for an in depth analysis of AUB.

The controversy surrounding the major determinants of FDI inflows in Africa motivated this study. Past empirical studies have failed to examine how the growth rate of the economy could affect FDI inflows in the continent. The study employed a panel OLS to pool annual data from three largest economies in Africa between 1990 and 2017. This paper identified that, there exists active and passive determinants of FDI inflows in Africa. However, the study reveals that the active determinants of FDI inflows in Africa are market size and the growth rate of economy while the passive determinants are GDP per capita and past FDI inflows. Therefore, the study recommends that the policy makers in Africa need to embark on economic reforms and policies that will promote the expansion of the market size that will guarantee sustainable economic growth in the continent, this in turn will serve as a catalyst that will stimulate further attraction of FDI inflows into Africa.

Background: Traumatic brain injury is defined as an alteration in brain function caused by an external force; it is responsible for high mortality around the world. Hyperglycemia aggravates underlying brain damage and influences both morbidity and mortality in critically ill patients. Aim: The aim of our study is to examine the relationship between blood glucose and outcome after traumatic brain injury in Sudanese Patients. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study conducted at the National Center for Neurological Sciences from October 2015 to October 2018; blood specimens were obtained from 210 TBI patients and processed for plasma glucose measurement. Results: Two hundred and ten patients with TBI were enrolled in the study, 91.0% were males and 9.0% were females. The most affected age group ranged between 19-34 years in 75 patients. The present study revealed that normoglycemia (Glucose level 70-180 mg/dl) was detected in 79.0%of patients, while dysglycemia was detected in 21% of patients. Moreover, in this study, regarding the outcome and blood glucose, among dysglycemic patients (44), 61.1% of the hypoglycemic patients were found with mild disability according to GOS classification, while 66.6% of the hyperglycemic patients died. Conclusion: This study demonstrated a significant difference in blood glucose levels among patients with TBI.

Blood Transfusion is a life saving procedure but it involves the risk of transmission of certain diseases like HIV, HBV, HCV, Syphilis and Malaria. So, the donated blood is screened in the blood bank for the above diseases. A survey of the reactivity of the above disease was done at Government Royapettah Hospital for the years 2014 to 2018

Background: Hepatitis E is an important public-health concern as a major cause of enterically transmitted hepatitis worldwide, spread primarily by faecal contaminated drinking water and is responsible for over 50% of cases of acute viral hepatitis in endemic countries. Aims & Objectives: To determine incidence of hepatitis E in jaundice patients admitted to the Tertiary care hospital, Jamnagar. 1) To assess Prevalence of Hepatitis E in various Socio-economic strata. 2) To determine various age and sex specific prevalence of Hepatitis E. Material & Methods: Total 377 blood samples of patient suspected of acute viral hepatitis were collected and tested for anti HEV IgM antibody by ELISA method (RecombiLISA). Observation and Result: Out of 377 patients, 48 patients (12.8%) showed anti HEV IgM antibodies. The anti HEV IgM antibodies were more in the 14-40 years (87.5%). Hepatitis E virus IgM antibodies positivity rate was more common in Males compare to females. Conclusion: HEV infection is maximum in young adults (14-40 years) than in pediatric and old age groups. Males (79%) are more seen to be infected with HEV than females (21%). In this present study there is no evidence of HEV in children's. Prevalence of HEV cases is mostly found in area of contamination of water.

We report the case of a girl of 2 years and a half, without a notion of consanguinity, admitted for erythema of both cheeks which appeared 40 days after birth. In view of the notion of photosensitivity and the appearance of poikiloderma found in the clinical examination, the diagnosis of Rothmund Thomson syndrome was retained. Rothmund Thomson syndrome is a rare genetic disorder with autosomal recessive inheritance. It is characterized by the early onset of poikiloderma associated with various cutaneous and extra-cutaneous abnormalities with an abnormally high incidence of cutaneous cancers. There is no treatment of the disease, the care is limited to its consequences

Wilms’ tumor being the most common malignant renal tumor in children with long term survival rates, proper staging and assessment of invasion is important. Our study is a retrospective study of 60 children diagnosed to have wilms’ tumor. out of 60 cases, 25 cases were stage II accounting for 41.7%, 36.7% were stage III, 11.7% were stage I and 10% were stage IV (NWTS staging). 45% of cases were found to have capsular / vascular invasion which is the most common route of spread of wilms’ tumor; the next being parenchymal invasion with 23%, followed by hilar/renal sinus invasion – 20 %