Smoking is one of the major cause of preventable morbidity and mortality in both developed and also in developing countries. Tobacco contains over 4000 chemical compounds and at least 400 toxins of which 60 are carcinogenic and its use is linked to over 25 diseases. The main cause of death related to smoking are atherosclerosis and cancer. Clinical observations in some areas shows that over 60% of heart diseases under 40 years of age are due to cigarette smoking. Regular smoking of any number of cigarettes is one of the important common risk factor for the development of myocardial infarction. The study is to see changes in ECG in smokers compared to nonsmokers. The study was conducted in young individuals of age between 18yrs to 25yrs .The individuals who does not smoke were selected as control and individuals who smoke are selected, ECG was recorded in control and smokers. Short term smoking of duration 02 to 05yrs produce significant cardiac electrical activity predisposing to cardiac risk. Study results showed that smokers are prone to cardiovascular risk. So in earlier stage abstinence from smoking can revert back the cardiovascular changes to nearly normal or in more severe cases to recovery with little residual damage to the heart.

Background: Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is inflammation of the nasal cavity, and paranasal sinuses (PNS) persists for over three months. CRS can be differentiated into CRS with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) or without (CRSsNP). Aim: to determine the allergic cause of sinonasal polyps using the radiological findings of multi-slice Non-contrast computed tomography of the paranasal sinuses (NCCT-PNS) and histopathology results. Materials and Methods: A total of 41 patients with sinonasal polyps were involved in this study. Multislice NCCT-PNS for each patient was taken in coronal sections. Radiological diagnoses were made. Surgical samples were taken after Functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS). Histopathological results were collected. Comparison between the NCCT-PNS and histopathology results was made. Statistical analysis was done using the SPSS program. Results: Out of 41 patients involved in this study, 14 males and 27 females. The mean age was 37.4146 ± 16.65. Polyps predominantly were affecting the nose and paranasal sinuses together (p<0.001). Polyps were predominantly bilateral (p<0.001). Sinonasal polyposis was the most commonly diagnosed (58.5%) on CT (p<0.001). Allergic polyps were the most common type of polyps (p=0.003). No significant relationship between gender and allergic or non-allergic causes of polyps (p=0.32, OR= 1.7, 95% CI 0.460-6.280). No significant relationship between gender and specific cause of polyps (p=0.779) except in fungal cause that is more in female. Conclusion: Allergic polyps are the most common type in chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP). CRSwNP affects female twice as male. Most cases of CRSwNP are bilateral and involve the nose and paranasal sinuses

Meditation produces various effects on human physiology, which are mediated via autonomic nervous system. Meditation is a simple and scientific technique to elicit physical and mental relaxation response, to change one’s attitude and transform life-style. Regular practice of it brings transformation in overall wellbeing of person. The cardiovascular morbidity is increasing in India in recent years. The present study was done to know the effect of meditation on heart rate and blood pressure in healthy volunteers above the age of 35 years. The cardiovascular status of the subjects was assessed clinically in terms of resting heart rate and blood pressure before the start of meditation practice and again after 4 months of practice of meditation. The results were compared and analysed.. From the study it was observed that significant reduction in the heart rate occurs in the subjects practicing meditation (P < 0.001). The systolic blood pressure was lowered to a highly significant level (P < 0.001). The diastolic blood pressure was reduced significantly (P < 0.001). This shows that the yoga provides significant improvement in ageing to reduce the morbidity and mortality from cardiovascular diseases. Meditation provides significant improvements in physiological cardiovascular functions by tilting of autonomic balance from sympathetic in favour of parasympathetic.

With the development of internet, people became rapidly familiar with the e-commerce concepts and tended to shop online rather than personally visit stores. Online shopping refers to electronic commerce which allows consumers to directly buy goods or services from a seller over the internet using a web browser. Even though internet usage in Sri Lanka is very high, online shopping is not much accepted in Sri Lanka yet. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between the factors which may influence online shopping and consumers’ attitude on online shopping. The quantitative survey method was conducted by distributing the questionnaires to western province people of Sri Lanka as the population. 500 people were selected to distribute the questionnaire from the districts of Gampaha, Colombo, and Kalutara to collect the data. 350 questionnaires were collected. Close-ended questions with 5 point Likert Scale was used throughout the study. The data was interpreted using analytical tool SPSS. The Multiple Regression Model was used as the key analysis tool. The study found that the consumer life style and vendor/service product characteristics significantly affecting to consumer attitude on online shopping and those two predictors showed negative relationship towards the consumer attitude on online shopping. The other two predictors (previous online shopping experience and website quality) showed positive but insignificant relationship towards consumer attitude on online shopping in western province of Sri Lanka. Hence, policy makers should pay attention to those factors and should try to minimize the negative attitude regarding online shopping in Sri Lanka. In this study, the impact to the attitude regarding online shopping by using four independent factors was found out. Therefore, future researcher can increase the research scope by adding factors such as online shopping intention and consumer online shopping behavior additionally to the four dimensions.

Background: Identification of skeletal remains is of utmost importance in medico- legal investigations. Skeletal components are often investigated for gender determination the skull and pelvis along with the mandible being a practical element to analyze gender variation in the fragmented bones of a dense layer of compact bone makes it very durable and well preserved than any other bone. When sex determination using skeleton is considered, metric analyses on the radiographs are often found to be of superior value owing to their objectivity, accuracy and reproducibility. Aims And Objectives: The following were the aims and objectives of our study:- 1) To measure the various morphometric parameters of the mandible in digital panoramic radiographs, determine variations in the morphometric parameters of the mandible, based on gender. 2) To correlate these findings in gender determination. 3) To find out which are the most reliable parameters in gender determination. Materials And Methods: A retrospective study was conducted using panoramic radiographs of 100 males and100 females, which were taken using Orthophos XG machine 64 KV, 8mA and 14.1 seconds). Twelve parameters such as maximum ramus breadth, minimum ramus breadth, condylar height, projective height of ramus, coronoid height, height of mandible, superior margin of mental foramen to inferior border, inferior margin of mental foramen to inferior border, superior margin of mental foramen to alveolar crest, gonial angle, antegonial angle and antegonial depth were measured on both sides on digital panoramic radiographs .Measurements were made using mouse driven methods and anatomical landmarks. Statistical analysis was done. Results: There was significant difference in these parameters with p value < 0.05. Conclusion: This study shows strong evidence that mandibular measurements using panoramic radiographs were reliable for gender determination and the projective height of the ramus is the most significant of all the parameters, which may be used for gender determination using the mandible.

The objective of this study is twofold: first, determining methods for setting parameters which describe thyroid gland responses at the initial stages of a given iodine-131 metabolic radiotherapy, and second, predicting treatment outcome. Radioactivity measurements were taken on patients suffering from hyperthyroidism. Two physicochemical parameters were analyzed and studied: iodine-131 thyroidal uptake and effective half-life. We thus achieved a much higher rate of success with minimal reverse results. The effective half-life, combined with thyroidal uptake, led to better predictions of success or failure for a given treatment. These set procedures allowed us to describe beforehand thyroid gland responses to metabolic radiotherapy as compared to the conventional methods exacting periods of more than six months.

The study was conducted on Haryanvi 800 adults comprising of 400 males and 400 females. Measurements were taken using standard anthropometric instruments.i.e. varnier calliper and anthropometric rod. The purpose of study was to access the bizygomatic diameter and stature and to find out the correlation between them. The data were then analysed by statistical software. The mean bizygomatic diameter for male and female were 13.08 and 12.35 respectively. The mean stature was 168.71 in male and 155.18 in female. Both the measurements were more in males then females. The results showed a statistically significant correlation between bizygomatic diameter and stature in both sexes.

The aim of this study is to determine what factors make banking companies doing earnings management in Indonesia. Based on previous research, we identify some factors can make the company doing earnings management such as tax avoidance, leverage, company size and corporate governance components for example IO (Institutional Ownership), BOC (Board of commissioner), IC (independent commissioner). The research proved that the banking companies in Indonesia applies corporate governance to improve the quality of financial statement and avoid earnings management. These results also showed that tax avoidance, leverage, size company has no significant effect on earnings management.

A blood pressure has caused a lot adverse effect to the body and as a whole society if it remains untreated. Hypertensive state causes increase in left ventricular diameter as well as mass. These two conditions can be also called as LV hypertrophy. Method: 60 male individuals aged from 35 to 45 years enrolled in the study from Dhiraj general hospital after getting ethical approval. Their general examination and history was taken after that blood pressure was recorded. Participants were divided in 4 groups based on JNC guideline. 2 D echocardiography was performed and Left ventricular mass (LVM) recorded. Left ventricular mass index (LVMI) was calculated after getting body surface area (BSA). Result: Blood pressure changes show marked variation in Left ventricular mass as well as Left ventricular mass index. Pre hypertensive and hypertensive stage 1 and stage 2 shows marked rise in LVM in comparison with normotensive individuals. Blood pressure is positively correlated with left ventricular mass and also with ventricular mass index. Out of all 4 groups Prehypertensive stage shows more risk for LVM and LVMI. Conclusion: There is multifold rise in LVM and LVMI when blood pressure increased from normal range. The left ventricular hypertrophy has one independent factor above other confounding factors.

Introduction: Since the introduction of H2 blockers and PPIs they have become one of the most commonly prescribed classes of medications in the world. These drugs are often misused and overused, which may have significant implications in the elderly. Aim: To study prevalence of irrational use of H2 blockers and PPIs in geriatric population. Methods: A retrospective study over six months period was conducted from February 2017 to Auguest2017 at a tertiary care hospital. The clinical data of total 137 patients admitted for one or more concurrent disease are included in the study. Results: In this study out of 137 patients, 102(74.4%) cases were on H2 receptors antagonist and 34(24.8%) were on PPIs which were irrationally prescribed. Mean age of the patients was 68.9 ±11.9 years. Out of 137 patients 103(75.1%) were male and 34(24.4%) female. Concurrent drugs prescribed were Antiplalets 19(13.8%) cases, CCBs 12(10.4%), ferrous sulphate13 (8.7%), steroids 10(7.2%), Digoxin 4(2.9%), Warfarin 2(1.4%), phenytoin 2 (2.9%). Conclusion: Irrational use of H2 receptor antagonists and PPIs in elderly increased with advanced age, increase in number of medications, multiple diagnoses and increased length of hospitalization. Effects and interactions were commonly encountered in many cases. Acid suppression drugs are initiated or continued for prolonged periods of time, without sufficient evaluation of the need for therapy. Proper Guidelines for physicians and counseling for the patients is required in order to reduce overuse and to prevent long term adverse effects of the drugs

This study represents correlation of five needle aspiration cytology with histopathology at the cytology department of khanpur Kalan Medical college during 3 year period only the cases where subsequent histology diagnosis was available were analyzed. All the aspirations were performed by the pathologists. Out of the total of the 89 cases cytological diagnosis was malignant in 35 cases (39.32%). Two cases were false negative. There were no false positive case in the study. A sensitivity Rate of 94.5% and specificity of rate 100% was obtained for malignancy. Positive and negative predictive value for the diagnosis of malignancy was 100% and 94.7% respectively. accuracy of the test was 97.26%. FNA specific diagnosis showed an overall agreement of 98.5% for malignant lesions. All these result compare favorably with the best reported in literature. All these factors help the clinicians in the management of malignant breast lesions.

This study sought to determine the effect of senior secondary school students’ prior knowledge of instructional objectives on their achievement in chemistry. Three research questions and three null hypotheses guided the study. The design employed was a pretest posttest experimental design. The population was four thousand six hundred and ninety-three (4393) SS2 students who were offering chemistry in all the secondary schools in Awgu Educational Zone. Chemistry achievement test (CAT) developed by the researcher was used to collect relevant data from a sample of 184 senior sec. students selected from single sex schools in Awgu Educational Zone. The CAT was face and content validated by experts in educational measurement and evaluation and chemistry education. Reliability coefficient of 0.80 was obtained for CAT using Kuder Richardson formula -20. Mean and standard deviation scores were used to test the three null hypotheses at an alpha level of 0.05. the study revealed that students taught with prior knowledge of instructional objectives (experimental group or Wipkoiob) achieved better results than students taught without prior knowledge of instructional objective (control group or Wopkoiob) and males achieved better than the females. There is no significant interaction of gender and strategy on students’ chemistry mean achievement. The researcher therefore recommended that chemistry teachers in Nigeria should present instructional objectives in their lesson plans to their students ahead of instruction.

Helicobacter pylori infection is a widespread problem all over the world. It is the major cause of peptic ulcer disease and gastric carcinomas. Among the various methods available in clinical practice are histopathology, rapid urease test (RUT), cultureand PCR carried on gastric biopsy samples.Non-invasive diagnostics like stool antigen detection are available for rapid diagnosis and treatment follow up. The purpose of the study was to validate antigen detection of H.pylori from stool specimen and also to compare the test with that of rapid urease test and histopathology. This cross sectional case study was conducted on 260 subjects with symptoms of acid peptic disease who underwent endoscopic examination and not on non steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs or proton pump inhibitors. Gastric biopsy specimen and the stool samples were collected from patients with mucosal changes. Biopsy sample was subjected for Histopathological examination and Rapid urease test. Stool Antigen detection test was performed by immunochromatography method. Among the 260 study subjects stool antigen detection was positive in 184(70.7%) of the study population. H.pylori was detected by Rapid Urease test in 225(86.5%) of the patients while Histopathological examination identified H.pylori in 230(88.46%) by Haematoxylin and Eosin (H&E) staining and 235(90.38%) by Giemsa staining respectively. The sensitivity, Specificity, Positive predictive value and negative predictive value of Stool antigen detection when compared to Biopsy results were 78.29%, 100%, 100% and 32.89% respectively. The non invasive tests like stool antigen tests for H.pylori could be used as a routine diagnostic tool in the microbiology laboratory. The lower sensitivity of the stool antigen detection in comparison to histopathology and RUT is the drawback that has to be overcome.

The prevalence of Polycystic Ovarian syndrome is very common nowadays. In this syndrome there is marked decrease in the female characters with irregular or no menstruation, excess hairs on face, chest, stomach, thumbs, or toes, decrease in breast size, hair loss, acne, depression, weight gain, pelvic pain and infertility. It affects mainly the females of reproductive age. If left untreated, may result in infertility and even uterine cancer. Very little is known about status of lipid profile in this syndrome so the objective of the study was to compare lipid Profile in women suffering from polycystic ovarian syndrome and healthy women. The study comprised of 200 women of same reproductive age. Out of which 100 were healthy women and 100 were women suffering from polycystic ovarian syndrome. Lipid Profile was tested on auto analyzer by available commercial kits. Student t test were applied to determine difference between the two. SPSS software 20.0 was used for statistical analysis. We found the women suffering from polycystic ovarian syndrome had dyslipidemia as comparison to healthy women. This shows that dyslipidemia can be a risk factor for developing polycystic ovarian syndrome

Introduction: Abnormal uterine bleeding is the most common presentation amongst women of all age groups attending the gynecology OPD. The etiology of AUB varies depending on the age group. Histopathological study of endometrial biopsies by light microscope is considered the gold standard for diagnosing the endometrial pathology of AUB. Aims & Objective: The aims and objective of this study is to determine histopathological patterns seen in endometrial biopsies of women who presented with AUB. Material and methods: The study was carried out in the Department of Pathology in Government Medical College Haldwani from January 2008 to January 2018. Biopsy sections underwent proper processing and stained with hematoxylin and eosin and were observed under microscope. Relevant patient details were collected from departmental records. Result: Total of 505 specimens of endometrial biopsies were studied. Maximum (47%) patients were between 36-45 years. Commonest pathology was disordered proliferative phase (20%). 11% showed hormone related changes. Hyperplasia was observed in 7%. Endometrial polyps were seen in 2%, Endometritis was found in 2% which included 2 cases of tubercular pathology. Endometrial carcinoma was seen in 2%. Conclusion: Maximum patients in our study belonged to the perimenopausal age group. Disordered proliferative pattern was the most common pathology observed. Endometrial carcinoma was seen only in post menopausal women. Endometrial biopsy proved to be an effective tool in histopathological characterization of endometrium and can be helpful in avoiding hysterectomy in AUB.