This paper aimed at investigating the relationship between oil price and some macroeconomic indicators of Saudi Arabia. The co-integration test and VECM were applied to achieve the paper objective. The time series data from (1970-2016) were used. The data was tested for stationarity, and then the co-integration test and VECM were estimated. The results reveal that there is a long run relationship between oil prices and real GDP with weak short run interactions. The result showed that rising of oil prices are negatively correlated with real GDP in the long run. Rising of oil prices may lead to a lower demand for oil in the long run, which will negatively affect government revenue and real GDP growth. The short run results suggest a positive relation between oil prices and real GDP. Rising demand in the short run will increase returns from oil export for the exporting countries. The oil price shocks have significant impact on real GDP in Saudi Arabia. This means the economy of Saudi Arabia will become highly volatile if depends on oil revenue as a major source of income. Diversifying sources of income is highly required in this case.

Anthracnose is a major and most common fungal disease of different angiospermic plants throughout the world. In the present study Colletotrichum lindemuthianum (COL) culture obtained from MTCC, Chandigarh were subcultured in PCA medium and the broth was inoculated into healthy 45-d-old cotton seedlings.

This work is achieved within the framework of research into didactic of chemistry. It highlights the impact of the teaching of chemistry, as it is currently practiced over the performance of the students at the university in DR Congo. Two Congolese universities were chosen: the "Université Pédagogique Nationale" (UPN) and the "Université de Kinshasa" (UNIKIN). The teaching-learning approach is considered as an experimental method with three independent variables namely modeling, the conceptualization and the theorization. The observations made one the process of teaching-training show that the student is not in the center of the process. The results of the test which followed these observations show that both modeling and the theorization are the most influential factors on the process of teaching-training in the two universities, while the conceptualization is an influential Factor only at UPN. The success frequencies are of 59.7% at UPN and 63.9 % at UNIKIN for students of the both universities, who are able to identify the symbolic level while responding the test. It is however a representing level of concepts, the one of creation of lower taxonomic level concepts of Bloom. Students then succeed more when recognition and understanding questions are given to them. The students’ success frequencies that are able to identify the macroscopic and microscopic while answering questions are of 5.6 % at UPN and 11.3 % at UNIKIN. It can be concluded that the macroscopic, microscopic and symbolic levels of knowledge in Chemistry are not reached by the UPN’s and UNIKIN’s students while learning notions of molecular mechanics. The teaching of molecular mechanics notions as applied nowadays at the higher education level does not facilitate the learning and the deep understanding in Chemistry.

In this study, changes in some enzymatic activities in different tuber parts of "Florido" and "Bètè-bètè" cultivars belonging to Dioscorea alata species were investigated during post-harvest storage. Indeed, the studied enzymatic activities were those of acid phosphatase and pNP-glycosidases (α-glucosidase, α-fucosidase, α- galactosidase, β-glucosidase and β-galactosidase, α-mannosidase) and polysaccharidases (amylase, cellulase and inulinase). The results showed that the different tuber parts of both cultivars contained acid phosphatase and α-mannosidase activities. Besides, "Bètè-bètè" cultivar also possessed α-galactosidase. As for the polysaccharidases activities, the different parts of both cultivars had amylase and cellulase activities. Otherwise, the detected acid phosphatase, α-mannosidase and α- galactosidase activities in yam tuber part decreased with the storage time while the amylase and cellulase activities increased with the storage time. The enzymatic activities were found to be high in the distal tuber part for both cultivars. This work revealed that both cultivars didn’t contain α-glucosidase, α-fucosidase, α-galactosidase, β-glucosidase, β-galactosidase and inulinase activities. Our results could constitute an attractive biochemistry in the understanding of yams physiology during post-harvest storage.

A cross-sectional study of gastrointestinal helminthes parasites of equine was conducted for 6 months from November 2013 to April 2014 in and around Gondar, to determine the prevalence and associated risk factors of helminthes parasites of equines. A total of 384 faecal samples (donkeys (n=238), horses and (n=146) were collected from randomly selected equine for coproscopical examination and 40 pooled samples for recovery of parasitic larvae were collected and processed in Gonder University Veterinary Parasitological Laboratory. The overall prevalence of gastrointestinal helminthes parasite was 97.4% (374/384) out of which, 28.12% were mixed infections, with the prevalence rate of 97.9% and 96.6% in donkey, and horse, respectively. Coprological examination revealed the existence of five species and four genera of helminthes parasite namely, Strongylus species 47.13 %, Cyathostomes 22.65% Trichostrongylus axei 8.07 %, Triodonthophorus species 6.77%, Parascaris equorum5.2 %, Oxyuris equi 3.12 %, Strongyloides westeri 1.56 %, Anoplocephala species 1.04 % and Gastrodiscus species 1.82 %. No significant variations(P>0.05) in prevalence of helminth parasites were noticed in relation to species, age, body condition score and sex groups of equine, except in case of Parascaris equorum in which prevalence was observed to significantly decrease and increase with age, respectively (P<0.05). The average egg per gram of faeces in this study was 114.7 with a range of 100 to 5,500. The copro-culture study revealed that Strongylus vulgaris, Strongylus edentates and Cyathostomes were the major helminths larvae identified in the area during the study period. Generally parasitism and poly parasitism were the common finding of this work. Equine diseases in general, parasitism in particular, should be given attention in the region where equines are practically participating in all agricultural activities, from tillage to harvest.

The rural milieu of Cameroon is lagging in development infrastructures. Local stake holders via local development committees invest in those areas to uplift the living standards of the populations. It is against this backdrop that this paper aims at making a comparative analysis of the actions of development committees in the Bangang Chientaincy (Bamboutos) since 1977 and in the township of Meskine (Diamare) since 1993, in order to evaluate the level of participation of local stake holders in the development of their land. Primary and secondary data have enabled us to analyze the actions of the development committee of Bangang (including its three subcommittees) with those of the Meskine central committee (including one subcommittee). The evaluation results situate respectively in Bangang and Meskine at 68% against 64% the rate of public actions accomplished by the committees, at 28% against 35% the rate of social actions, and at 4% against 1% the rate of economic actions.

Extensor digitorum communis arises from the lateral epicondyle of the humerus by the common extensor tendon, the adjacent intermuscular septa and the antebrachial fascia. It divides distally into four tendons, this tendons pass in a common synovial sheath with the tendon of extensor indicis, through a tunnel under the extensor retinaculum. The tendons run over the dorsum of the hand, one to each finger. The tendon to the index finger is accompanied by extensor indicis, which lies ulnar (medial) to it. On the dorsum of the hand, adjacent tendons are bonded by three variable intertendinous connections (juncturae tendinum), which are inclined distally and radially. The digital attachments enter a fibrous expansion on the dorsum of the proximal phalanges to which lumbrical, interosseous and digital extensor tendons all attached. This study puts in a sincere effort to study the intertendinous connections (juncturae tendinum) between the four tendons of Extensor digitorum communis. 80 upper limb specimens of human cadaver were used to study the type of intertendinous connections or juncturae tendinum (JT) between the four tendons of Extensor digitorum communis which are seen in 2nd, 3rd and 4thintermetacarpal spaces. The special findings are photographed; all the findings are tabulated and analyzed statistically. Statistically the differences between the right and left hand for the above mentioned tendons and juncturae tendinum were insignificant (p value >0.05). Type 1 JT is most common in 2nd IMS, Type 2 is common in 3rd IMS and Type 3r and Type 3y are found in 4th IMS.

Pregnancy is characterized by a great number of metabolic physiological changes. The present study was designed to assess the levels of fasting blood sugar (FBS), hemoglobin (Hb), proteinuria, systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) in pregnant women in Nnewi, Anambra State, Nigeria. A total of 100 participants aged between 18 and 36 (22.5±3.5) years were randomly recruited for the study. The participants were grouped as follows: 50 pregnant women and 50 non pregnant women. Thereafter, 5mls each of blood samples were collected from the participants into fluoride oxalate and EDTA containers for the determination of fasting blood sugar and hemoglobin levels respectively using standard method. Urine samples were also collected for urinalysis while the SBP and DBP of the subjects was measured using sphygmomanometer. The result showed that the mean FBS level was significantly lower in pregnant women compared to the control group (p<0.05), while proteinuria, SBP, and DBP were significantly higher in pregnant women than in control (p<0.05) respectively. However, the mean Hb level were similar between both groups (p>0.05). Also, FBS level was significantly lower while proteinuria, SBP and DBP were significantly higher in pregnant women with 6months of pregnancy than those with 5months of pregnancy respectively (p<0.05). Therefore, the implication of this finding is that the pregnant women had neither gestational diabetes mellitus nor anemia rather preeclampsia was predominant among the study population.

A single renal artery to each kidney is present approximately 70% of individuals. The arteries vary in their level of origin and in their calibre, obliquity and in their precise relations. Near the renal hilum, each artery divides into anterior and posterior divisions and these divide into segmental arteries supplying the renal vascular segments. The materials were 35 formalin fixed cadavers irrespective of the sex which were used for the routine dissection of the undergraduate students in the Department of Anatomy. Single renal artery was observed in 71.42% originating from abdominal aorta. Accessory renal arteries were seen in 27.14% originating from abdominal aorta. Extrahilar branches arising from renal arteries were observed in 27.15% 0f the specimens studied. The knowledge of the possible variations of renal arteries is necessary during renal transplantation surgeries, urological procedures and angiography of the renal arteries.

To investigate knowledge and practices towards preventive dentistry among undergraduate dental students and interns in Qassim university. 1. To assess the level of knowledge of preventive measures in dentistry among undergraduate dental students and interns in Qassim university. 2. To evaluate the practices of undergraduate dental students and interns in Qassim university in preventive dentistry. A ninety seven participants were involved in this study 28 third year students, 25 fourth year students, 24 fifth year students and 19 dental interns. The questionnaire was adopted from previous similar studies carried out in Nairobi dentists and Iranian dentists. Conclusions Based on the findings of this study, the following was concluded: 1. Undergraduate students and dental interns in Qassim University had vast knowledge towards preventive dentistry. 2. Undergraduate students and dental interns in Qassim University carried out most of the practices involved in preventive dentistry.

Abstract: Sepsis is a clinical syndrome that complicates severe infection and is characterized by inflammation and widespread tissue injury. The clinical process usually begins with infection, which potentially leads to sepsis and organ dysfunction [1]. It is estimated that puerperal sepsis causes at least 75,000 maternal deaths every year, mostly in low-income countries [2]. To assess specific management of maternal sepsis in High Dependency unit (HDU) and its impact on maternal outcome. Prospective study carried out at HDU in Gauhati Medical College (GMCH) and Hospital from 1st June 2017- 30th July 2018.All patients with sepsis admitted to HDU during the period of study were studied for their response to management and outcome is evaluated. Out 74 patients with sepsis admitted to HDU, 42 expired due to severe sepsis, septic shock or MODS. The total number of maternal deaths during the study period was 148 due to various causes and the total number of live births was 15802. So maternal sepsis was responsible for 28 % of maternal deaths. The calculated MMR for the period of study was 936/ lakh live births and calculated MMR for maternal sepsis was 265 / lakh live births. From this study it can be concluded that sepsis is an important cause of maternal morbidity and mortality. A positive blood culture and the antibiotic susceptibility testing of the isolates are the best guide in choosing the appropriate antimicrobial therapy in treating sepsis. Blood and blood products, vasopressors also plays important role as adjunctive treatment of sepsis.

The purpose of this study was to examine the contributions of physical facilities on effective management of public secondary schools in Uriri Sub-county, Migori County, Kenya. The research question was; How does thephysical facilitiescontribute to the management of public secondary schoolsin Uriri Sub-County, Migori County, Kenya? The study employed survey design. The study population included all head teachers, all PA chairpersons and all BOM members in the 18 public secondary schools. Purposive sampling was employed in the study. The sample therefore comprised of 18 principals, 18 PA chairpersons and 64 BOM members. Data was collected by use of questionnaires and interview guide. Four of the schools outside the study area was used in piloting the study to act as pre-test to the instruments of data collection to ensure their reliability. Face validity of the instruments was determined by three experts in the department of Educational Leadership and Policy Studies, Rongo University Collegeand the impressions on the instruments improved based on the supervisors‟ advice before using them for data collection. Quantitative data was analyzed by use of descriptive statistics in form of frequency counts, percentages. Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) software was used for data analysis. Findings revealed that there was a problem in cooperation among the members caused by lack of team work and financial knowledge which was 51 (85.0%). It was recommended that the BOM members should be involved in regular financial training and budgeting.

Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSME) sector plays a significant role in fostering entrepreneurial talent and distribution of income & wealth at grassroots level. It contributes immensely in manufacturing output, exports, generation of employment and gross domestic product. The contribution of female entrepreneurs cannot be ignored in this sector, especially in rural areas where they have strengthen the rural economy by generating employment in micro enterprises. But the growth of the female entrepreneurship has been slow owing to social attitudinal and practical problems. This paper focuses on the status of female entrepreneurs in regard to analysis of the findings of the NSS 73rd Round of NSSO, related to female entrepreneurs. It examines the obstacles of women entrepreneurs and the initiatives taken for the growth and development of women entrepreneurship. Finally suggestions have been specified for obliterating the hindrances and creating better environment for nurturing female entrepreneurship.

This study sought to establish the influence of participation in games on academic achievement across gender in secondary schools in Rongo Sub-County. The study adopted descriptive survey and correlation designs. The study population included 50 head teachers, 50 games teachers and 2000 Form Four students. The sample size was as follows: 350 form four students participating in games, 175 boys and target population. 175 girls which was 33% of the Face validity of the instruments was determined by three experts in the department from Rongo University. Test-retest method was used to establish the reliability of the instruments which was found to be 0.89 An independent t-test was performed to compare the academic achievement of girls and boys participating in games. The study found out that there was no significant difference in academic achievement among girls and boys participating in games (t 348) =0.752, p=0.453) moreover, the differences in academic achievement is however independent of the sex of the students. Girls who participate in games are likely to achieve just as much as boys who participate in games. The study concluded that Secondary schools need not discriminate on gender while participating in any games programs. The study recommended that all students should be encouraged to participate in games irrespective of their gender. The researcher paid keen attention to research ethical issues and got the informed consent of the respondents and guarded against plagiarism and ensured confidentiality.

This study was designed to investigate the levels of blood glucose and hemoglobin among malaria infected students in Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Nnewi, Anambra State, Southeast Nigeria. A total of 100 participants (75 malaria infected and 25 control subjects) aged between 18 and 30 years were randomly recruited for the study. Thereafter, 5mls of blood sample each was collected from the subjects and dispensed in unit quantity into fluoride oxalate and EDTA bottles respectively for the determination of malaria parasites, hemoglobin (Hb) and fasting blood glucose levels respectively using standard laboratory methods. The results revealed no significant difference in the mean fasting blood glucose level (p>0.05), but there was a significant decrease in the mean hemoglobin level in malaria infected students than in control (p=0.000) respectively. Also, there was no significant difference in the mean values of fasting blood glucose level obtained between students with heavy malaria infection and those with moderate malaria parasitemia (p>0.05), while the mean hemoglobin level observed in the students with heavy malaria parasitemia was significantly lower compared with students with moderate malaria parasitemia (p=0.000). The implication of this finding is that malaria infection depletes the hemoglobin level in infected persons, thus predisposing them to the risk of anaemia