Poor response of fungal nail infection to topical treatment with antimycosis is probably related to poor drug permeation into the infected nail. Niosomes are the nano carriers which play an increasingly important role in drug delivery as they can reduce toxicity and modify pharmacokinetics and bio availability. Oxiconazole nitrate is a potent antifungal drug used in the treatment of fungal infections. The aim was to develop Oxiconazole nitrate Noisome using thin film hydration method and optimized for molar quantities of span 60 and cholesterol to impart desirable characteristics. And the formulation was evaluated for entrapment efficiency and invitro drug release. The entrapment efficiency was found in the range of 76.05-94.64%and invitro drug release in the range of 49.03-67.26%. Oxiconazole Nitrate Noisome formulated with span 60 and cholesterol in the ratio of 1.5:0.2 were found to be promising and were incoparated into 1% carbapol gel. The formulated gel was evaluated for various physicochemical parameters and antifungal activity. The invitro drug release study was carried out using phosphate buffer saline pH 7.4 and was found to be 67.95% in 6 hours. Gel formulation containing Noisome loaded with oxiconazole showed prolonged action than the non niosomal form and it can be developed successfully to improve antifungal activity.

Recurrent pancreatitis is associated with minor duodenal papilla. Minor and major duodenal papillae are necessary for the endoscopist to perform the dilation, stenting, or papillotomy of the minor papilla. 50 formalin fixed cadavers (Male - 41; Female - 9) with age group ranged between 35 - 60 years from the departments of Anatomy, J.J.M Medical College, Davengere, Karnataka & Chennai Medical College, Trichy, Tamilnadu were utilized to study the position of minor duodenal papilla related to major duodenal papilla in pancreatico-duodenal specimens. The minor duodenal papilla was present in 46 (92%) out of 50 specimens whereas in 4 specimens (8%) the minor duodenal papilla was absent. The position of the minor duodenal papilla in relation to that of major duodenal papilla was recorded. In 37 specimens (80.43%) it was anterosuperior to the major papilla and in 9 specimens (19.56%) it was directly superior to the major papilla and opens at second part of duodenum. The distance between the minor and major papillae varied from 1.3 cm to 4.3 cm, the average being 2.35 cm was noted and recorded in the present study. Endoscopy assisted surgeries need anatomical knowledge in understanding the position of the minor duodenal papilla relation to the major duodenal papilla and its clinical importance.

Automated counts are being widely accepted in diagnostic field due to various advantages. Despite the sophistication of present day instruments there is still need to depend on manual techniques for primary calibration especially in case of platelet count. Automated analyzer had pitfalls due to mimickers of platelet like particles which validated the manual count in peripheral smear regarding platelet count by leishman’s stain. A cross sectional study was conducted in a tertiary care hospital for 3 months. It includes 1200 venous samples with EDTA as the anticoagulant in vacutainers. Among the routine 100 to 120 samples/day, with platelets < 1,00,000 lakhs /cumm of 500 samples were subjected for study. Samples were processed by Symex 5000 autoanalyzer and compared with manual platelet count by leishman’s stain. About 500 samples with platelets < 100,000 lakh/cu.mm were taken for study. In 384/500(76.8 %)haematology analyzed correlated with peripheral smear review. About 116(23%) were not correlating with peripheral smear findings because it revealed RBC’s and large platelets in peripheral smear. Our study concludes there was significant correlation between automated and manual counts. But this was not applicable for very high or low platelet counts.As platelet count estimation is very important element of the diagnostic and treatment disorder.Peripheral smear examination along with automated analyzer valid in case of high or low value platelet counts.

Garment factories in India is the second largest sector for employment, approximately 60% of the population employed in the garment industry are women. Menstrual cycle is a physiological phenomenon during reproductive life of women. Its phases are influenced by alteration in the concentration of hormones such as estrogen and progesterone. Fluctuating levels of sex steroids across normal menstrual cycle affect sensory- motor association of an individual. So this study was done to assess the muscle performance capability in terms of hand grip strength (strength of upper limb muscles) as Maximum Voluntary Contraction (MVC) and time for fatigue at 30% of MVC during Menstrual, Proliferative and Secretory Phase of menstrual cycle among 54 garment workers. Maximum voluntary contraction was higher during secretory phase than proliferative and menstrual phase. And time to fatigue at 30% MVC was also found to be higher during secretory and proliferative phase compared to menstrual phase. Overall muscle performance capability was found to be better during secretory phase of menstrual cycle, may be due to increased blood flow to the muscle and glycogen storage under the influence of estrogen and progesterone. Estimation of female sex hormones during different phases and its correlation to muscle performance may reveal more facts.

Despite the availability of efficacious anti-obesity drugs (AOD), very few doctors are prescribing them to the patients. To assess the anti-obesity drug (AOD) prescription pattern in obese patients. Ninety four obese patients were studied at Department of Medicine and Department of Pharmacology, L N Medical College and research Center Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh from March 2017 to February 2018. Data analysis was done using SPSS ver 20 software. During this study 47% were prescribed metformin, 59% orlistat and 5% both drugs. Orlistat was largely prescribed independently [40 out of 50 prescriptions, 90%) and metforminon specialist recommendation (10 out of 40, 27%). Orlistat was largely prescribed in those over 16 years of age without physical comorbidities. Metformin was initiated for treatment of polycystic ovarian syndrome (70%), insulin resistance (25%) and impaired glucose-control (9%). Orlistat was the most common AOD prescribed in obese patients.

Oral mucositis (OM) is a common inflammatory complication among cancerous patients as an adverse effect of chemotherapy and radiotherapy. The aim of this study is to evaluate the healing effects of hydroalcoholic extract of Psidium Guajava leaf on oral induced mucositis induced by 5-fluorouracil using histopathologic and tissue antioxidative markers assessment in male dark brown rats. In a prospective randomized double blind animal study, OM was induced in 64 male dark brown rats that allocated in 4 groups by 5-FU (60 mg/kg) on days 0, 5, and 10 of the study. The cheek pouch was scratched with a sterile needle on once daily on days 3 and 4. Starting from day 12, gel base, topical form and 600 mg/kg dietry form of hydroalcoholic extract of Psidium Guajava leaf were administered per day. Pouch histopathology score, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, total antioxidant capacity were evaluated on day 14 and 18. DPPH scavenging activity and total phenolic content also were measured. Histopathology scores of mucositis were lower in the systemic and topical treatment groups than the gel base and control groups (P<0.05). Higher activities of SOD, GPX and TAC were detected in the topical and systemic treatment groups in comparison to the others (P<0.05). The extract was rich in total phenolic content as antioxidant. The use of extract of Psidium Guajava leave may be associated with reduced intensity of OM, increased concentration of SOD, GPX and TAC on induced OM in dark brown rats undergoing 5-FU consumption. This may be due to appropriate antioxidant activity and phenolic contents.

Preconception and pregnancy care is important for better pregnancy outcome. Awareness of both male and female is necessary for reducing maternal and neonatal morbidity and mortality in developing country like Nepal. The objective was to find out level of awareness on preconception and pregnancy care among bachelor level students of Dharan. Descriptive design was used for the study. Purposive sampling method was used to select 50 students from each college. Four colleges were selected through simple random sampling from 16 colleges and a total of 200 students who were studying bachelor final year were selected for study. Data were collected by self-administered Semi structured questionnaires. The result shows that 24.5% of total respondents heard about folic acid. Among them 7% were male respondents and 17.5% were female respondents. Majority (89%) of respondents accepts that male’s awareness is important for better pregnancy outcome. Female (mean awareness=55.2) were more aware than male (mean awareness=52.61) respondents on preconception and pregnancy care. Female were more aware on both preconception and pregnancy care. The source of information (media, newspaper) is associated with level of awareness. (p=0.010). Awareness level is related to employment status with higher proportion of employed individuals showing average awareness level (p=0.014). An equal to half (50.5%) of respondents have average awareness level on preconception and pregnancy care. The study concludes female (17.5%) have more good awareness level than male (7%) respondents.

This research aimed to investigate students’ Physics achievement through implementing STAD (Student Teams Achievement Division) derived from cooperative learning with animation as media. The population of the research was grade XII students of senior high school MAS TPI Rambung Sialang, North Sumatera Indonesia, then two classes were chosen as sample of the research in which there were 30 students for each of class. To meet the objectives of the research, quantitative research method with experimental research design was conducted, then, the instrument of the research was comprehensive multiple choice with 20 questions formulated. Through Lilefors test with L0< L = 0.1384 < 0.1610, it showed that all the data were distributed normally, then, all the data were distributed homogenously as well with Fobserved<Ftable(1.191< 1,858). Morever, based on data analysis it was found that the average score of experimental class I taught by implementing STAD (Student Teams Achievement Division) with animation as media was higher with ̅ = 14.9 than experimental class II taught by conventional model with ̅ = 12.5. Furthermore ttest was used to analyzed the data found with tobserved> ttable (2.654>1.671) that showed that there was a significant effect on students’ Physics achievement taught by implementing STAD (Student Teams Achievement Division) with animation. Based on data analysis, it could be inferred that students defintely enjoy studying in group discussion that was organized by the teacher in which the members of group consisted of student with different intelligence level so that there would be an interaction among students accross capabilities level. The students with higher intelligence were expected to assist the students with lower intelligence, then students with higher intelligence that were recognized as an expert representative from each group would have a great an opportunity to share the discussion result with other groups. Besides, the use of animation as media brought up functionally and lively understandable objects, concepts, and formulas. Hence, all the abstract concepts seemed to be effortlessly more concrete for the students

To determine antimycobacterium and dTDP rhamnose inhibitor activity of the synthesized azetidinone, thiazolidinone derivatives of thiazole, we studied different derivatives for the activity. One pot synthesis of 2-amino-4-methylthiazole-5-carboxylic acid ethyl ester has been carried out and synthesized different derivative compounds. Compounds were tested for antimicrobial activity against different strains of microorganism and antitubercular activity against M. tuberculosis H37Rv. Compounds 7c, 7d, 7i, 8d, 8e, 8g and 8h, were showed antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhosa using Gentamycin as standard, while 7b, 7e, 7f, 7i, 8b, 8e, 8f and 8i showed very strong antimycobacterial activity using rifampicine as a standard. Thiazole derivatives especially with carbonyl group scaffold inhibit an enzyme RmlC, which is an essential component for the biosynthesis of dTDP-rhamnose and produce good antimycobacterium and antimicrobial activity.

In January 2008, the Kenya government declared Free Day Secondary Education (FDSE) in all public schools in the country as a fulfillment of Education for All (EFA) which is a global commitment and strategy to give children universal education. As a result key aspects of the Free Secondary Education on academic performance remain unknown. The study was to investigate school-community support and implementation of Free Day Secondary Education in Trans-Nzoia East sub-county, Kenya. The study answers the following questions; what is the role of principals in financial management and its influence implementation of FDSE. The study adopted Human Capital Theory based upon the work of Schultz (1971), Sakamota and Powers (1995). The study adopted the descriptive survey design and the population of the study comprised of 14 Day Schools that present candidates for Kenya Certificate of Secondary Education (KCSE) in Trans-Nzoia East Sub-County. The sample size consisted of Principals, Teachers and students of 14 day secondary schools drawn from the study population. Purposive sampling was used to select the principals and class Teachers, while stratified random sampling was used to select student respondents. The instruments for data collection were questionnaires, an interview schedule for SubCounty Director of Education and document analysis.

Tea is common drinks in Saudi Arabia, as in the overall world for its desirable aroma, taste and putative positive physiological functions. According to recent estimates by FAO, approximately 5.35 million tons of tea were produced in the year 2013 with a total of 3.52 million ha land area under tea cultivation. Estimates show that approximately 70 % of the total world population consumes tea infusion (i.e., water extract of made tea). Contaminants may vary in the soil, air, or water in which the plants of tea are grown. There is an abundance of literature demonstrating the adverse health effects of various heavy metal and metalloid elements on the human organism. Our objective in this research is determination the trace metals which have directly effect on the human health and pollution of the environment. The samples were randomly collected from the markets and hyper markets in Eastern region, the collected samples of tea powder were stored at room temperature in dry containers for further process. The diluted digests analyzed by using Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP-OES). The concentrations of anion groups in the selected samples were high and might affect the health of the consumers of the tea as the result showed; SO4 was ranged between 16 to 35 mg/L, NO3 was ranged between 0.1 to 5.8 mg/L, NO2 was ranged between 0 to 0.012 mg/L, PO4 was ranged between 0.29 to 1.28 mg/L and NH3 was ranged between 0.36 to 0.49 mg/L. The concentrations of nontoxic heavy metals in tea samples also were high e.g., Ca concentration (mg/kg) the maximum concentration was 173.31 and minimum concentration was 48.55, Fe concentration (mg/kg) the maximum concentration was 49.861 in some of the samples. K concentration (mg/kg) the maximum concentration was 158.96 to 101.69, Mg concentration (mg/kg) the maximum concentration was 150.24 and minimum concentration was 24.913. About toxic heavy metals in tea samples such as Al concentration (mg/kg) the maximum concentration was 47.276 and minimum concentration was 18.925, Cd concentration (gm/kg) the maximum concentration was 0.0339 and minimum concentration was 0, Cr concentration (mg/kg) the maximum concentration was 1.9132 and minimum concentration was 0, Pb concentration (mg/kg) the maximum concentration was 72.317 and minimum concentration was 0.1185.

Recently, TVET has become a subject for discussion at summits, academic conferences and at policy circles in most developing countries including Kenya. TVET institutions facilitate the acquisition of the practical and applied skills as well as basic scientific knowledge. However, many research findings have revealed that TVET has been limited on practical skill acquisition in most countries. On the other hand, the partnership between TVET institutions and private sectors would greatly encourage and augment a partnership that will result to graduate employability and practical skill acquisition. Therefore, this study sought to establish the effect of PPP- TVET institutions collaboration on practical training. Multiple case-study design was adopted for the study. Purposive and snowball sampling techniques were applied to select TVET and enterprise officials respectively. Questionnaires and interview guides were used in data collection. Data collected was analyzed using Multiple Attribute Utility Theory, (MAUT) and results presented in tabular and graphical forms. The findings indicate that the contribution of enterprise in establishment of workshops and laboratories, donation of equipment and equipment sharing was quite low (below 30%). However, the contribution of enterprise in industrial training and internship stood was excellent (100 %). Majority of the respondents believed that enterprise contribution is considerable only in the areas of industrial training and internships. Therefore, provision should be made to involve experts from local industries as guest faculty to conduct practical classes.

The tibia is the strong weight bearing bone of the leg. It has usually a single nutrient foramen. Of late, tibia is gaining importance in determining the stature, sex and race of individuals and in the identification of missing persons. The dry bone specimens were obtained from the department of anatomy of our institution. A total of seven morphometric parameters were obtained for the study. The number of nutrient foramen present and their location were recorded. The cross sectional index, cnemicus index, length-thickness index, and the proximal - distal surface index were arrived from the data obtained. A single nutrient foramen was observed in the study; located in the upper one third of tibia in its posterior surface. The results are presented as descriptive statistics (mean ± SD); and standard errors of estimate (SEE) for right and left tibia and total tibia. The mean differences obtained are not statistically significant. The confidence interval of SD or SEM is less than 1. The two – tailed P value equals less than 1and is not statistically significant. Tibia has a single nutrient foramen in the upper one third of tibia in its posterior surface. The morphometric parameters obtained and the indices derived differed widely among the different studies. The differences may be due delicate variations in the measurements. There is a need for defining the parameters by further studies for the better utilization of morphometry of tibia.

This study aimed to examine the psychometric characteristics of the achievement motivation scale on a sample of the teachers of the Jordanian Ministry of Education in the Directorate of Education of Northwest Badia. The study sample consisted of 216 male and female teachers, who were randomly selected from different schools of the directorate; the achievement motivation scale used in this study consisted of three dimensions: ambition, perseverance, and the existence of an objective to be sought for. The results of the study showed that the achievement motivation scale used in this study had a reasonable degree of validity and reliability. The validity indicators were available through calculating the correlation coefficient between the scale and the criterion and it amounted to 0.57 that is statistically significant; they were also available through calculating the correlation of items with the total degree that it was acceptable and it ranged from (0.29 – 0.57) proving the internal consistency of the scale. With regards to the reliability of the scale, it was achieved by applying the Cronbach-alpha equation that it amounted to (0.85). In light of the findings, the researcher recommends applying the scale to greater samples and samples taken from different sectors in the fields of work, adding other dimensions of the scale, and exploring their psychometric characteristics and comparing them with what was achieved in this study.

The aim of the study was to of ventricular remodeling in patients with chronic heart failure (CHF) I-III functional class (FC). In patients with CHF left ventricular remodeling leads not only to re-structure of left ventricular (LV) which accompanied by dilatation and thinning of the cavity, reducing myocardial contractility, but also to changes of geometric shapes of left ventricular and to diastolic dysfunction of LV with domination of the disturbance of relaxation.