Introduction: The increasing proportion of the elderly among the populations of almost all countries is presenting them and their societies with specific challenges. This rise in aged population would create new problems and challenges, requiring changes in the organization of our society. For these people, oral health promotion and protection is very essential to improve the quality of life, both physically and mentally [3]. Oral health is always an inseparable part of general health and awareness plays a vital role in determining the oral health of an individual [4]. Aim: The present study was conducted to assess the prevalence of edentulousness, the prosthetic status and prosthetic need in the population of Madhuban, Bihar, India. Methodology: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among the population of Madhuban, Bihar. The sample size included 460 subjects. Belonging to an age group of 25 years and above. Result: After the examination of 460 patients. It was seen that the total of 285 were edentulous, which included partially edentulous to be 279 (60.00%) and completely edentulous to be 6(4.75 %). The data from the survey revealed the high occurrence of fixed partial denture treated patient, which was amounting to 57 out of 285, the second most prevalent were the removable partial denture which were 27 out of 285 and the least were Complete denture which were 6 out of 285. The rest of the patients without any treatment for edentulism were found to be 175. The rate of edentulism in male was more as compared to female. Conclusion: India, being an agrarian society, 72% of its total population and 80% of its geriatric population reside in rural areas [13]. In contrast, 80% of the trained dental manpower is concentrated in urban areas [14].

Heavy metal contamination by chemical processing industries is detrimental to aquatic life. In this study, a factorial experimental design technique was used to optimize the chromium removal through biosorption from synthetic solution using Sapindus trifoliatus fruit powder (soapnut) as adsorbent. The process was analyzed and modeled using factorial design 24. The four process parameters considered were pH, metal concentration, soapnut concentration and soapnut particle size at two different levels of pH (4.0 and 8.0), metal concentration (100 and 500 mg/L), Soapnut concentration (5 and 10 g) and soapnut particle size (3 and 12 mm). Experiments were carried out in a bubble column system with working volume of 2L. The efficiency of chromium removal during an exposition time of 72 h was studied. The results were statistically analyzed using the Student’s t-test and analysis of variance to define the most important process variables affecting the chromium removal efficiency. It was observed that the most significant factor affecting Cr(VI) was ascribed to metal concentration.

Background: Obesity affects life span of an individual by increasing morbidity and mortality. Obese individuals usually affected by lipid abnormalities which serve as risk factors for complications like cardiovascular disease, hypertension, diabetes mellitus etc. The study aimed to evaluate lipid profile and blood pressure in obese and non-obese. Materials and Methods: Study was carried out at Department of Medicine, GG Hospital, Jamnagar over a period of one year. Total 105 subjects were enrolled in this cross sectional study after informed consent. Body Mass Index (BMI) and blood pressure were recorded by standard protocol. Based on BMI, subjects were divided into three groups: Group I - Normal weight (18.5 to 24.9 kg/m2) , Group II - Overweight (25 to 29.9 kg/m2) Group III - Obese (more than 30 kg/m2). Overnight fasting blood samples were collected and were analyzed for parameters like serum cholesterol, serum triglycerides, serum HDL, serum LDL & serum VLDL. Results: Blood pressure was elevated in Gr-III as compared to Gr-I+II (p<0.001). Serum Cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL, VLDL were elevated in Gr-III as compared to Gr-I+II (p<0.001). HDL was decreased in Gr-III compared Gr-I+II (P<0.001). Conclusion: Obese subjects showed lipid abnormalities like elevated Cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL, VLDL levels and decreased HDL level. Elevated blood pressure is also associated with Obesity.

Air pollution is one of the main environmental problems in Tehran capital of Iran. Every day, a huge volume of exotic and destroying gases and different kinds of dangerous pollutants are added to the city air by cars, heavy vehicles, motorcycles, small workshops activities and garbage burners of hospitals. A hazardous complex is made by different types of carbon and nitrogen monoxides, sulfurs and solid particles of lead create such a harmful complex which is able to expose civilian’s lungs, eyes, skin to kill poisonous compounds made by the secondary and primary reactions. In fact, there is an exceeding number of those suffering from cancer, eyes, skin and pulmonary diseases. Carbon monoxide, nitrogen and sulfur oxides, ozone, and floating solar particles were studied as a monthly average within 12 months of a five- year statistical period. For each month the amount of the correlation the coefficient the hazardous pollutions with monthly average the number of pulmonary patients in Imam Hussein Hospital located in the east of Tehran has been determined in the same five- year- statistical period. Neural network models have been applied to predict the pollutants concentration for the next months. Since the correlation coefficients were in the best conditions, regressive relationships have been applied to predict the number of patients in Tehran and estimated the rate of the environmental destructive effects.

The liver is the largest abdominal visceral organ, occupying a substantial portion of the upper abdominal cavity. The liver has four lobes, Caudate lobe is a separate and distinct liver lobe. It is located on liver at the posterior surface. The caudate lobe has two portions joined by a narrow parenchymal bridge that is called the caudate isthmus. Caudate lobe also has its separate blood supply and biliary drainage. The complexity of liver function and its importance in body homeostasis has encouraged this study of morphology and variations of caudate lobe to better the diagnosis and analysis of clinicopathological conditions. For present study 100 cadaveric livers were obtained. Caudate lobe was studied on various parameters such as shape, size and dimensions. Various measurements were taken and data was analyzed using descriptive statistics and relational statistics. ‘Z’ test was computed to find out the association between the parameters of the present study and the studies of similar background. It was found that majority of the caudate lobes in all livers are rectangular 67 (67%) in shape followed by pyriform 21 (21%) and irregular 12 (12%) shaped. The average transverse diameter of caudate was measured 28.69 ± 7.73.The average longitudinal diameter of caudate lobe was measured 54.67 ± 10.73. A sound knowledge of the normal and variant liver anatomy is a prerequisite to having a favorable surgical outcome and commonly occurring variations assumes even more significance in the era of diagnostic imaging and minimally invasive surgical approaches.

Introduction: Identification of human being is always a problem for scientists and is based upon scientific principles. Finger prints, dental data, anthropometry & DNA analysis are the tools used for identification purposes. The new arriving tool in the field of personal identity is cheiloscopy i.e. study of lip prints which are unique for every individual and behold the potential for identification purpose. If lip prints are found at scene of crime, the presence or absence of a person can be ruled out from the scene of crime. Aim: The objective of the study was to check for any peculiar lip patterns in relation to the sex of the individual and determine the most common lip patterns by using Suzuki &Tsushihashi’s classification. Materials and methods: A study group of 100 undergraduate students (50 males and 50 females) in the age group 18-23 years were chosen randomly from our institute. Non-glossed lip stick color, white bond paper, cellophane tape, scissors, and magnifying lens were used to obtain lip prints and analyzed with the help of a personal computer and Adobe photoshop software. The lip print pattern of middle part of lower lip was considered, as it is visible in almost all the prints. Result: Majority of the study group (28 people -28%) belonged to Type IV and 6 people (6%) belonged to Type V group. The most common pattern found in female was II, while type IV was predominant among males. Conclusion: Studies show lip prints have great potential to establish individuality, show gender variation and remain unchanged forever.

The crevicular incision is a very simple incision. It has many applications in various surgeries like flap surgery, apicoectomy, transalveolar extraction, bone biopsy and orthognathic surgery. In the management of fracture mandible, a routine vestibular incision is used. There are many complications associated with the vestibular incision like infection, wound dehiscence, mental nerve injury. These postoperative complications are rare with the crevicular incision. Like in other oral surgeries it can also be used as one of the approach to access fracture in the mandible. It not only provides wide surgical exposure but simultaneously it gives more visibility to both upper and lower limits of the fracture line. Since this incision crosses the sulcus of gingiva it can affect the health of gingival tissues. With this question, we planned this study to find out the outcome of the crevicular incision on periodontal health if used in open reduction & internal fixation. This study was done on patients with isolated mandibular fractures of symphysis and body region. Comparison of crevicular incision (study group) with a vestibular incision (control group) was done on the basis of certain periodontal indices (Gingival index, Pocket probing depth, Clinical Attachment level) which was recorded preoperatively and postoperatively after 6 weeks, and 12weeks. The results of the current study revealed that well performed ORIF for fracture mandible by using crevicular incision does not lead to periodontal problems. It showed almost similar long-term outcomes compared to the vestibular incision in ORIF.

Urban transformation, after as one of the century's greatest disaster for Turkey called 17 August 1999 Marmara and 12 November 1999 earthquake in Duzce occupies places of the country's agenda. These earthquakes have shown that the majority of structures are in danger. In this context; with the idea that it would be difficult to demolish and rebuild each building individually, some regulations were adopted from time to time in the country and field based transformation studies were encouraged. However, in one of the most important metropolises of the world such as Istanbul, to make a transformation process in accordance with international standards; due to the city's history, crowdedness, the bad urbanization made up to now for individual earnings, does not seem easy. In this study, information about the urban transformation studies have been performed until recently in Turkey are given. By evaluating the results, suggestions have been made on how to make a transformation planning.

Out of their homes, Saudi women are imposed to be accompanied by their male guardians. Therefore, they suffer to complete their education. To overcome this obstacle, they currently use mobile learning (mLearning) – in the form of social networking apps such as WhatsApp or Twitter – to keep in touch with their instructors. Being specified for educational purposes, the present study used ClassDojo and Edmodo as alternatives to these apps for unlocking the potentials of mLearning for female education in KSA. Employing a quantitative, one-group design, a questionnaire was conducted for collecting data during the 2nd Semester of the academic year 2017/2018. It aimed at determining the positive perceptions of 15 Saudi female students enrolled in the last level of a teacher education programme towards mLearning.

Reading habits continue to attract the interest of researchers who are trying to assess causes for either decline of the interest in reading or encouragement means to raise the awareness of the importance of developing a reading habit. This study aims to identify the reading habits among the Lebanese residents in general and the educated populace in particular. A quantitative research approach is adopted, relying on a survey questionnaire administered to a sample of 3997 persons, selected conveniently based on their willingness to participate; they belong to different age categories and sexes. Results show that Lebanon has the lowest average reading time among all the countries considered. Findings show that Lebanese dedicate 0.75 hours of reading time. Lebanon is among the countries which are suffering from a decline in reading habits, where a Lebanese reads an average of 5 books per year. Results of this study may help add scope and direction to policy makers in the Ministry of Education and Higher Education, to universities and other teaching and learning institutions and the non-government organizations who are concerned in raising the populace interest in reading.

This study aims to examine the effect of audit quality and corporate governance on tax evasion practices. The sample used are State-Owned Enterprises (SOEs) listed in Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) period 2013-2016. Sampling method use purposive sampling with 80 sample observations. The analysis tool used is SMARTPLS 3.0. The result shows that audit quality has no significant effect on tax evasion practices in SOEs in Indonesia, while corporate governance has a significant effect on tax evasion practices in SOEs in Indonesia.

Introduction: It’s not unusual that many nurses in hospitals continue to promote obsolete care practices which are handed down and applied by tradition and custom prove to be ineffective and unnecessary, in some cases even dangerous. The expression "sacred cows" appears in America in the 19th century and in Hinduism it refers to the honored state attributed to these animals, a symbol of God's generosity for humanity: it figuratively refers to people or things treated with absolute respect, immune from any criticism or dispute, particularly to old habits and routine care practices based on tradition rather than science. These "sacred monsters" have the absolute respect and therefore it is difficult to get rid of them. Methods: To detect the persistence of sacred care cows not only in a hospital setting but also at university- level and based on an American online study, a survey was carried out using a nursing practice questionnaire with "true-false" closed-ended questions: respondents were hospital and new-graduate nurses and students of central Italy. Results: The percentage of incorrect answers shows the persistence of “non-evidence-based” practices at operative and training level. Overall, findings are consistent with those obtained by the American survey, carried out on a larger sample. Conclusions: Ritual practices, not supported by scientific evidences, are still anchored in nursing, firmly rooted in cultural background of undergraduates, skilled and experienced nurses. Training and work environments fostering the "evidence-based" culture are the greatest weapon that can make nursing free from useless, ineffective if not damaging, traditional practices.

The application of this light energy results in the modification or removal of tissue. Various parameters such as laser wavelength, energy level, mode of application and tissue characteristics will influence the effect of a particular laser on the tissue. With the advent of new technology lasers have taken the sheen away from scalpel particularly in most oral surgical procedures. The advantages of using the laser, however, are balanced by several significant disadvantages. However, if used safely and properly it can be a great tool to provide a modern and advanced oral health care. This article emphasizes on the principles of laser science, tissue interaction, types of lasers and their numerous clinical applications in the oral cavity.

Ranula presents clinically as a painless mucus pseudocyst in the floor of the mouth. They typically grow slowly and may be reported as a cycle of rupture and recurrence. Simple ranulas are mucus walled off above the mylohyoid muscle. Complex or plunging ranulas develop when the mucus extravasation extends through or around the mylohyoid muscle and deeper into the neck. Various treatment modalities have been advocated based on the size and location of the ranula. Deep plunging ranulas can be managed by surgical enucleation of the ranula along with the associated salivary gland or marsupialization whereas simple superficial ranulas can be managed by surgical enucleation or less invasive procedures. Ever since the first therapeutic use by Scott for strabismus till today, the spectrum of therapeutic applications of botulinum toxin has widened. Botulinum toxin offers a transient, reversible, relatively safe treatment option to many conditions of interest in the maxillofacial region. It can be used effectively as well as efficiently as a minimally invasive alternative to conditions which are refractory to routine medical management or require extensive surgical intervention. We present a case of a simple ranula in the floor of the mouth treated by Botulinum toxin efficiently in a non-invasive manner.

Objective: To study the clinicopathological features of xanthogranulomatous inflammation in various organs. Materials and methods: A retrospective 5 years clinico-pathological study of all xanthogranulomatous inflammatory lesions observed at our Institution from 2014 to 2018 was carried out. The clinical parameters and histopathological features were documented with review of literature. Results: Total number of xanthogranulomatous inflammatory lesions encountered in this study were 31 with maximum incidence among 41-50 years age group and Female: Male ratio of 2.1:1. Around 38.7% of cases occurred in the female genital tract. Associated findings include suppuration, necrosis & hemorrhage, actinomycosis, maduramycosis, suture material, endometriosis, calculi and filariasis in this study. Conclusion: Xanthogranulomatous inflammation that mimics malignancy clinically is being increasingly encountered in various organs thereby warranting careful histopathological examination for guiding proper treatment.