Background: morphometric analysis of the thyroid gland alters with age, sex, race, and geographical location. The Ellipsoid method also has accuracy in evaluation of thyroid volume. Aim: to study the morphometric analysis of thyroid gland and its volume by ellipsoid method. Materials and Methods: 30 (Male-23; Female-7) cadavers with age range 55- 60 years were utilized from the Department of Anatomy, Santhiram Medical College, Nandyal to study the morphometric parameters of adult thyroid glands. The morphometric parameters like length, width, thickness and weight of the glands were measured and recorded. The volume of the thyroid gland calculated by the ellipsoid method by using morphometric parameters. The formula for evaluation of thyroid volume by ellipsoid method (π / 6 x Length x Width x Thickness) of the thyroid gland. Results: The weight of the thyroid glands was 14.02+ 0.51gms in males and 13.94+ 0.55gms in females. The average weight of the male thyroid glands was more compared to female thyroid glands in the present study. The length of the thyroid glands was 4.20+ 0.19 cm in males and 3.95+ 0.15cm in females. The width of the thyroid glands was 6.2+0.12cm in males and 6.11+ 0.14cm in females. The thickness of the thyroid glands was 1.43+ 0.07cm in males and 1.40+ 0.05cm in females. The Thyroid volume was 17.95+1.45 ml (CF: 0.479); 19.59+1.53 ml (CF: 0.524) by ellipsoid method. Male thyroid volume was more compared to the female thyroid volume in the present study. Conclusion: The ellipsoid method of evaluation of thyroid volume to be further correlated with fluid displacement method in understanding morpmetric analysis of the thyroid gland.

Impression procedure proves to be a vital initial step in achieving an accurate, passively fitting prosthesis which is an important factor for success in implant-supported prosthesis. This case report highlights a method to modify the conventional pick up technique by splinting Impression copings with dental floss and auto polymerizing acrylic resin in order to improve the accuracy of the impression.

For many years medical community has attempted to standardize its approach to the assessment of patients. The vital signs are a valuable parameter with which to assess and monitor a patient's response to supportive treatment and antidote therapy. Vital signs play an important role in the practice of medical toxicology beyond evaluating and monitoring a patient's overall status as they are frequently valuable physiological clues to toxicology and disease gravity. In 1970’s two paediatric physicians Howard C Mortenson and Joseph Greensher, coined a term “Toxidromes” which is a combination word of toxic syndromes. They have quoted “Some common combination of manifestation which we have termed toxidromes can give a clue to the drug involved” in an article “The unknown Poison”. Aim: This paper aims to provide an understanding on the various vital signs and symptoms which is observed during poison treatment. Methodology: An extensive review of literature was carried out to elicit information on various vital signs and toxic syndromes. Results: The study revealed that the health care professionals on understanding various toxidromes can help them to identify the type of poison, its antidote and the can provide a better treatment. Conclusion: The healthcare professionals has to undergo training on toxidromes. Which can improve the treatment and outcome in any poisoning case

In this article, an Intelligent Decision System (IDS) is proposed for reducing block call rate in Wideband Code Division Multiple Access (WCDMA). Firstly, the network environment was characterized and parameters that impact on network accessibility studied. From the characterization result, the software related causes of block calls were studied and grouped into cases. We further developed an IDS model that links the various network states and generate an output under a transfer function. The IDS uses cases from previous experience to predict and resolve the network snags that led to block calls. Also, the system performance was validated by comparing the data obtained from real life network with that of simulation and the result shows a great improvement on the system. The novel aspect of our research are the development of a model linking all the network parameters and developing an intelligent decision system that reduces block call in a WCDMA network.

This before-and-after study (without controls) with educational intervention was conducted at a municipal medical college to evaluate the effect of experiential learning in medical students by using narratives that focus on the affective domain. Medical students aged 18+ years, of either gender, were explained about the study. The participants took a pre-test, which was designed to seek the response of participants to ten bioethics-related narratives. Subsequently, the students were exposed to bioethics training wherein the narratives were discussed and a post-test, identical to the pre-test, was administered. A total of 120 students (53.33% females; 46.67% males) participated in the study. The gender differences in the pre- and post-test responses were not statistically significant. The difference was not statistically significant in pre- and post-test responses to questions in two narratives – surrogacy by childless couple and medical termination of pregnancy in case of congenital anomaly. The significant improvement in the post-test scores of participating students implied that they have inculcated the values learnt in their training. Narratives can simulate real-life situations and discussion on these narratives can help students in internalizing theoretical ethical concepts, improve moral reasoning and facilitate in handling certain ethical dilemmas that can improve doctor-patient relationship

This study was conducted to assess the nurses‟ knowledge & practices regarding crash cart. “Emergency nurses require a strong knowledge base in every area of nursing during their practices, from pathophysiology to psychology, pharmacology, policies and procedures, and everything in between” [1]. Drug administration is a fundamental part of every day in nursing profession. No medication is completely safe and protected in this manner. Therefore, nurses need to have an intensive and broad knowledge of the medications and its method of organization in the compelling treatment of patients whose life lies in her grasp [2]. A quantitative descriptive cross-sectional study design was performed to assess the nurses‟ knowledge and practices regarding crash cart. Data was collected through simple random sampling technique. I select public health tertiary hospital to collect relevant information and data of my study from nurses working in it. There are 265 nurses in hospital I selected 160 of them by using sampling technique with 5% estimation error. The data was analyzed through SPSS 16 version. The results were shown in tables and graphs. The main results found are,(n= 94) 58.8% participant are respondent medication checked periodically and exchanged based date on expiry, and (n=66) 41.3% participant are respondent medication not checked periodically and exchanged based date expiry. In conclusion, I would say the areas of improvement entitle to the nursing staff with increased knowledge, practice and responsibility, accountability for improving management for crash cart within the public health tertiary hospital Lahore.

Background: The SCR is an operational indicator for the DOTS strategy of Revised National Tuberculosis Control Programme (RNTCP) in india. The present study was undertaken to determine the relationship between sputum smear grading and smear conversion rate among the category I smear positive pulmonary tuberculosis patients undergoing DOTS. Methods: A prospective cohort study was carried out among category I pulmonary smear positive patients registered at the DOTS centres of District TB centre Karuvelipady, Government hospital Ernakulam ,Government hospital Paravur. The patients with pre-treatment sputum grading 3+ were placed in High positive cohort (HP cohort) and those with pre-treatment sputum grading as 2+,1+ and scanty were placed in Low positive cohort (LP cohort) were followed periodically at two months (end of Intensive phase ),at three months (after one month extension of Intensive phase),at two months of Continuation Phase and then at the end of the treatment to record the sputum AFB result and treatment outcome as per the RNTCP guidelines. Accordingly, a total of 397 category I patients with 213 in HP cohort and 184 LP cohort were enrolled in the study during November 2016 to January 2017. Data were analyzed using Medcalc Online calculator. Results: After two months (end of the intensive phase), SCR was 53.52% (114 of 213) among the High Positive and 69.56% (128 of 184) in the Low Positive cohort (p-0.001).After three months (one month’s extension of intensive phase),cumulative SCR was 74.17% (158 of 213) in the High positive and 84.25% (155 of 184) in the Low Positive cohort(p-0.01).Cure rate was 68.07% (145 of 213) in the High Positive and 77.71% (143 of 184) in the Low Positive cohort. Default rate was 23% (49 of 213) in the High Positive and 12.5% (23 of 184) in the Low Positive cohort. Failure rate was 3.28% (7 of 213) in the High positive and 4.89% in the Low positive Cohort (9 of 184).Twelve patients (5.63%) died in HP Cohort, nine patients in LP Cohort (p-0.23). Treatment outcome was further compared among the patients according to their sputum status achieved at two and three months of the treatment after ignoring their initial sputum status. The cure rates for the patients who converted at two months was 92.56% (224 of 242) and for those who did not convert at two months, was 55.65% (64 of 115) (p- 0.00001). Similarly, the cure rate for the patients who converted at three months was 78.04% (64 of 82) and for those who did not convert at three months was 0% (74) (p-0.00).

The objective of this study is to identify the factors that intervene in the choice of university among upper secondary students. A 95% reliability was used for the investigation. Students from the National College of Technical Professional Education (CONALEP) were asked. The results obtained were the geographical location of the IES and the prestige of the academic program with 68.8%, then the facilities dimension with 60.33%, followed by the recommendation dimension towards the IES with 55.2%. The dimension that scored the least was the Prestige dimension of the IES with 32.2%.

Background: The vermiform appendix is a wormlike diverticulum, arising from the posteromedial wall of the caecum, about 2cm from the ileocecal orifice. A cadaveric study was conducted to ascertain the average length, the most recurrent position and the location of the vermiform appendix with respect to the tenia coli. Materials and Methods: The study had a sample size of 41 cadavers gotten from the anatomical laboratory of five Universities within the south-south geopolitical zones in Nigeria. The length of the vermiform appendix was measured using a broom stick placed at its base to get the whole length of the vermiform appendix, stretched from base to its tip then measured with a digital venire calliper to deduce the length. This procedure is carried out two or more times and the average is taken. Results and Discussions: The average length of the vermiform appendix irrespective of sex was 8.7±0.89cm, while the average length for males and females were 8.80±0.9cm had 8.36±0.73cm respectively. The location of the vermiform appendix to the taeniae coli was found constant at the confluence of the three muscular bands of the taeniae coli which forms the musculature of the vermiform appendix. The most common position of the tip of the vermiform appendix was the retrocaecal position-22(53.7%), while the other positions are pelvic-11(26.8%), postileal-4(9.8%), subcaecal-3(7.3%) and preileal-1(2.4%). None was observed for the paracaecal position. Conclusion: The morphometry and the morphology of the vermiform appendix in Nigerian cadavers have been observed to follow a trend with respect to its length and position which is in tangent with most findings over the world

The objective of this project is to implement a VPA that meets the minimum characteristics for quality distance education according to experts. To this end, the validation methodology of experts was used in order to achieve the objective of the investigation. The benefits of this project will be: a growth of the institution, have a greater number of enrolled and will provide education opportunity to more population.

This study was conducted to determine the effect of n-butanol root extract of Leptadenia hastata and Packed cell volume (PCV) changes in albino rats. Thirty (30) albino rats comprising of both sexes were divided into six (6) groups (A - F) with each group containing five (5) rats. Group A and B were infected with Trypanosoma brucei brucei and treated with the extract at 100mg/kg and 200mg/kg respectively. Group C was infected but untreated control, while Group D was uninfected and untreated. Group E was infected with Trypanosoma brucei brucei and treated with diminazene aceturate at 3.5mg/kg. The proximate content and phytochemical properties of the extract were determined. After inoculation blood samples were collected daily to determine the parasitaemia and PCV according to standard laboratory technique. The proximate content analysis revealed the presence of dry matter, crude fiber, crude protein, moisture and ash, while alkaloids, carbohydrates, cardiac glycosides, saponin and terpenoids were the phytochemical constituents. Infected groups showed a prepatent period of 2 days with parasitaemia value increasing significantly (P>0.05) in groups (A and B) treated with extract in respective of the dose with the PCV fairly constant. The result of this study shows that the extract has no anti-trypanosomal activity but has haematinic potential

The aim of study is to analyze how does the political leadership of the two candidates is being represented on Twitter?; To what extent does the topic mapping of online-news coverage could affect Jokowi's electability and Prabowo's electability?; To what extent does black campaign on Twitter could affect Jokowi's electability and Prabowo's electability? Method of this research using quantitative content analysis. Data were gathered by using crawling technique. This technique uses the help of the Drone Emprit engine to capture all topic maps from online news coverage and Twitter conversations during the period 1 September 2018 at 12.00 AM Western Indonesia Time (GMT+7) until 31 December 2018 at 11:59 PM Western Indonesia Time (GMT+7) is amounting to 7,876,727 mentions with the following details: 257,819 articles from online news and 7,618,908 conversations on Twitter. Based on the Drone Emprit analysis, negative sentiments related to news and discussion about Jokowi and Prabowo did not dominate the conversation. Jokowi gets more negative sentiments in the form of SARA attacks, defamation, bodyshaming, Propaganda, hoaxes, fakenews, negative campaign, and black campaign with a comparison ratio of 9:1 to Prabowo. Interpretatively, it can be said that the supporters of the opposition have done more than black campaigns and negative campaigns rather than carrying out rational political ideas.

This complete-enumeration, before-and-after type of study (without controls), was conducted to determine the effectiveness of communication skills training for first-year MBBS students in improving their knowledge and awareness regarding communication skills. The participants (60 first-year MBBS students, aged 18 years and above, of either gender) were briefed about the study and written informed consent was obtained. The students took a pre-test containing 10 multiple choice questions (one mark each, total 10 marks) pertaining to communication in various situations. Subsequently, these students were trained in communication skills using lecture, case scenarios and role play and a post-test was administered. The questions in the post-test were identical to that in the pre-test. The difference in the overall pre- and post-test scores was significant (Z=2.811; p=0.00494) but the gender differences in the scores were not significant. This study identified vital areas to be focused upon while imparting communication skills training to medical students. The participants favourably rated the training on communication skills. Teaching communication skills to first-year MBBS students will improve their attitude towards and communication with peers and staff members and also help overcome socio-cultural barriers between students

Transseptal access from right atrium to left atrium through the fossa ovalis using transseptal puncture and patent fossa ovalis repair are widely used cardiac techniques. These techniques require through knowledge of the cardiac anatomy especially of the fossa ovalis .Evaluation of the various morphological parameters of the fossa ovalis forms an important prerequisite before undertaking any surgical procedure in this region. This study was conducted on 60 cadaveric hearts from the department of Anatomy, Government medical college, Nagpur. The right atrium was opened and the fossa ovalis was studied for its shape, size, floor and the prominence and extent of the limbus fossa ovalis was noted. The fossa ovalis was observed for the presence of any patent foramen ovale or probe patency. In majority of the cases the shape of fossa ovalis was found to be oval 66.7% cases, the average craniocaudal diameter was found to be 15.03mm, and average anteroposterior diameter was found to be 14.44mm. Limbus fossa ovalis was found to be raised in 83.33% cases and flat in 16.66% cases. Probe patency of foramen ovale was found in 15% cases but no case of patent foramen ovale was found. The floor of fossa ovalis was found to be flat in 65% cases and aneurysmal in 35% cases. In 10% cases membranous structure with multiple fenestrations or fine strand like structures were seen attached to the lower part of fossa ovalis. The findings of the present work are of immense value to interventionists and cardiologists

Antibiotics can enhance human lives by treating or preventing diseases. The prodigious, indiscriminate and improper use of antibiotics has played a substantial role in the outspread/emergence of antibiotic resistance bacteria. In the current scenario, a major public-health threat is the resistance to antibiotics. In addressing the problem on antibiotic resistance, the use of probiotics in lieu of antibiotics for treating certain diseases of host organisms has been investigated. Probiotics play a preventive role rather than a therapeutic role and is, thus, considered the opponents to antibiotics. Probiotics are live microorganisms which when administered in adequate amounts confer a health benefit on the host. Most probiotics are common members of the human intestinal tract, and they are ingested in large amounts in functional foods. This review emphasizes on how antibiotics and probiotics face each other pertaining to antimicrobial resistance