Background: The word “wound” is as old as man’s creation. Wound can be defined as an injury to the body in which the skin, tissue or organ is broken by some external force such as a blow or surgical incision, with damage to the underlying tissue. AIM: This study was aimed at evaluating Wound Morphometry with respect to wound size and rate of wound contraction using tomatoe seed. Materials and Methods: The Solanum lycopersicum seeds were prepared using 28.0g of blended S. lycopersicum seeds after drying. 24 male wistar rats separated into two groups; experimental and control (of 12 each) was used in this research. A wound size of 2cm by 2cm which exposed the panniculus adiposus was inflicted on the right dorso-lateral shaved aspect of the thorax after anaesthetizing. The wound sizes were immediately measured using a 4cm by 4cm template of transparent sheet and placed on a graph sheet for counting of the small blocks. The experimental group were administered the seed extract while control group was merely dressed without seed extract. Results and Disccusion: The rats treated with L. esculentum (experimental) had a mean wound healing (closure) day of 15.75 ± 1.49 while those treated without seed extract had a mean wound healing (closure) day of 19.50 ± 1.73. Conclusion: The seed of Cherry tomato (Lycopersicon Esculentum) was concluded to have accelerating contracting/ healing (closure) effect with respect to the statistical significant mean value on wound healing (closure) day.

Objectives: This study was undertaken to compare the urine protein to creatinine ratio with 24-hour urine protein estimation in pregnancy complicated by hypertension and to establish the cut-off value of the urine protein to creatinine ratio for predicting significant 24-hour proteinuria. Design: This is a comparative study and consists of a single group of 240 subjects. Setting: This study was conducted in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology in collaboration with the Department of Biochemistry, JIPMER, Pondicherry, India, from February 2011 to January 2013. Population: The subjects included 240 pregnant women admitted after 20 weeks of gestation to the JIPMER hospital with hypertension (≥140/90 mmHg). Patients with known cases of renal diseases, diabetes and urinary tract infection were excluded. Methods: A first voided morning sample was obtained for urine protein and creatinine estimation and urine culture. Subsequent urine samples were collected for the 24-hour urine protein estimation. Main outcome measures: The spot urine protein to creatinine ratio and 24-hour urine protein were significantly correlated (r=0.98; P<0.0001). The cut-off value for the protein to creatinine ratio as an indicator of protein excretion ≥300 mg/day was 0.285. The sensitivity and specificity were 100% and 99.02%, respectively. The positive and negative predictive values were 100% and 99%, respectively. Results: The cut-off value for the protein to creatinine ratio as an indicator of protein excretion ≥300 mg/day was 0.285 with significant correlation. Conclusion: The spot urine protein to creatinine ratio is valuable for clinical purposes.

This study was conducted to assess prevalence of Traumatic Dental Injury among primary school children in Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA). This was a cross-sectional study based on clinical examination. It was conducted at private and public schools of Riyadh. 400 schoolchildren aged 8-11 years old were selected. Traumatic Dental Injury was recorded using epidemiologic classification adopted by (WHO) 1992 and modified by Andreasen et al. The data obtained were compiled systematically and then statistically analyzed; study revealed the prevalence of Traumatic Dental Injury (TDI) in primary schools of Riyadh was 13.6%, also showed higher prevalence in public schools than in private schools (7.3% vs 6.3%), 9 year old children had the highest prevalence of TDI (6.04%), followed by 8 years old children (5.8%). Maxilla scored higher prevalence of TDI than mandible (10.8 % vs 0.76%) and both Central & Lateral incisor teeth are the most commonly affected anterior teeth. Enamel fracture was the most common traumatic injury (48.1%). This study recorded low prevalence of TDI among primary school children, and recommended periodic oral health education programs targeting causes and methods of prevention of TDIs.

Cow mattress is one of the industrial products related to agriculture. Cow mattress is used for cows safety when laying down and standing up, hard type of cow mattress is usually used for cows, and soft type for calves. This research aims to find out mechanical properties of cow mattress compound reinforced with carbon black as a filler varied with SIR-20 rubber: modulus 100%, tensile strength and elongation. The results showed that the highest value of modulus 100% was 2.81 MPa at the composition of carbon black is 40 bsk , and the lowest value of modulus 100% at without carbon black, the tensile strength of hard cow mattress reached the standard value (13.52 MPa) at the composition of black caron is 40 bsk and soft type reached at the composition without carbon black (10,17 MPa), elongation of hard type cow mattress reached standard value (473%) at the composition of black carbon is 30 bs and soft cow mattress at the composition of black carbon is40 bsk (424,33%).

Wilms’ tumor is the commonest renal tumor occurring in 1:10000 children worldwide. One of the important determinants of outcome in childrens are Histopathological features it helps in assessing prognosis and treatment. It is a retrospective study 60 children found to have wilms’ tumor. In our study all cases showed favourable histology 100%, triphasic pattern was seen in 43.3% and monophasic pattern accounted for 56.6% of which the epithelial predominance was seen in 38%, blastemal in 44% and FWRT in 18% which is helpful in assessing outcome of children with wilms’ tumor.

Background: During pregnancy, thyroid dysfunction has been associated with a number of adverse outcomes. The presence of anti- Thyroid Peroxidase Antibody (anti-TPO) also results in post-partum complications. Hypothyroidism is closely associated with the presence of anti-TPO. The study aimed to evaluate anti-TPO and thyroid function tests in first trimester of pregnancy. Materials and Methods: The study was carried out at Department of Biochemistry, Medical College and SSG Hospital, Vadodara, Gujarat, India over a period of one year after prior approval from institutional ethics committee. Total 200 normal pregnant women in their first trimester were randomly selected after informed written consent. Women having known thyroid dysfunction, other endocrinopathies, undergone thyroid surgery or taking thyroid medications were excluded. Overnight fasting blood samples from participants were analyzed for anti-TPO, thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), total T3 and total T4. Results: Mean maternal age was 25.56 ± 3.32 years. Out of 200, total 30 (15%) pregnant women of first trimester had TSH level >2.5 mIU/l. Out of these 30 females, 9 (4.5%) had overt hypothyroidism & 21 (10.5%) had subclinical hypothyroidism. Among these 30 hypothyroid women, 26 (13%) had found anti-TPO positive (anti-TPO >35 IU//ml) which also showed a significant positive correlation with TSH level and negative correlation with T3 and T4 level. Conclusion: Hypothyroidism especially sub-clinical hypothyroidism is prevalent among pregnant women with positive correlation with anti-TPO. It is suggested that anti-TPO should be added as a screening test in first trimester of pregnancy which can be useful to identify early thyroid dysfunction

Citizenship education essentially prepares students as citizens as well as good citizens. The learning process must be understood as part of the process of civilizing students so that it becomes a cultured and ethical human person. Thus the development of morality in the learning process is expected to be carried out through the planting of values in students so that they have attitudes and behavior in accordance with the ethics that apply in society. This study aims: (1) To find out data on morality development of students through citizenship education, (2) To determine the contribution of morality guidance through civic education to student ethics, and (3) To determine whether there is influence in morality education through ethics education students. This research uses descriptive quantitative approach method, which was carried out at North Gunungsitoli Junior High School Student. The population is a total of 38 students in class VIII. The entire population is at the same time determined as the research sample (total sampling). To get the data, a questionnaire instrument was used, both for morality development and student ethics. Moral guidance through citizenship education is still classified as not so too student ethics are classified as poor with an average questionnaire value of 57.84. The contribution of morality guidance through citizenship education to student ethics is 73.27%. There is the influence of morality coaching through citizenship education on student ethics, this is based on hypothesis testing using the t-test results obtained t-value = 9.935 greater than t-table = 1.689 In line with the findings of this study, researchers provide several suggestions, among others (1) Teachers should be in the learning process citizenship education provides exemplary and moral guidance to students. (2) Citizenship education subject teachers should develop students' awareness to uphold the ethics that apply in society. (3) Teachers should not make punishment as the only tool to provide guidance to students.

This study aimed to find a lupus pattern of dyslipidemia in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE).Thirty SLE cases and thirty age matched controls are included in this study. Fasting venous blood was collected and base line investigations, lipid profile, apoB and apoA1 estimations were done. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS package 19. The groups were compared using Student’s t test. Analysis of lipid profile across the cases and controls reveals that the mean triglycerides, the mean Low Density Lipoproteins and the mean Very Low Density Lipoproteins were higher among cases with statistical significance and the mean total cholesterol and the mean High Density Lipoproteins seen more in controls with statistically insignificant p value. Apo B values were high and low APOA1 values seen in SLE compared to controls. Higher Apo B/Apo A1 ratio in SLE cases. This ratio implies that the number of small dense LDL particles are the most atherogenic particles that are easily oxidize and promote inflammation and growth of plaques. This elevated lipid profile and apolipoprotein levels in SLE patients throws light on the fact that SLE patients are at increased risk for Coronary Artery Disease.

This study dealt with finding the topics perceived to be difficult in Biology by Senior School students in Isoko North Local Government Area of Delta South Senatorial District of Delta State. The researchers adopted descriptive survey research design in carrying out this study. Six research questions were formulated to guide the study. The population of the study was 904 Senior School III students. 200 (130 female and 70 male) Senior School III formed the sample. The instrument used for data collection was Student‟s Perception on the Difficult Topics in Biology. Cronbach Alpha statistic revealed that the reliability index of the instrument was 0.81. The instrument contained Biology topics as contained in West African Senior School Certificate Examinations Syllabus and Regulations, which the respondents responded to on the basis of Very Difficult, Difficult, Very Easy and Easy and rated as 4, 3, 2 and 1, respectively. The percentage statistic was used to analyse data, using 50% as the cut-off. The result of the analysis among others was that nervous coordination was perceived as the most difficult topic in Biology by both the male and female Senior School students in Isoko North Local Government Area, Delta State. Recommendations were given to improve teaching and learning strategies.

In a recent article Morton et al. reported about a new-born female with mitochondrial disorder(MID) due to a mutation in the AIFM1 gene on chromosome Xq26.1 encoding for a mitochondrial matrix protein with oxidoreductase activity involved in electron transport, apoptosis, ferredoxin metabolism, reactive oxygen species generation, and immune system regulation. The patient obviously manifested also in the lungs with follicular bronchiolitis and hypertrophic walls of pulmonary arteries. Overall, this interesting report could be enriched by genetic investigation of the aunt with multiple sclerosis, a more detailed description of the nerve conduction and electromyographic studies, revision of the cerebral MRIs, prospective investigations of clinically unaffected organs, and by excluding autonomic neuropathy

Objective: The purpose of this study was to identify the frequency, type and location of dental anomalies accidentally detected in children attending pediatric dentistry clinics. Materials and Methods: A retrospective cross sectional study based on collecting diagnostic records: panoramic radiographs, medical and dental histories of patients during a one-year period (from September 2013 to September 2014). Records were evaluated by two calibrated examiners for the following developmental dental anomalies; Number (Supernumerary Teeth, Hypodontia), size (Macrodontia, Microdontia), position (transposition, impaction), shape (Fusion, Taurodontism, Dilaceration, Dwarfed root, Hypercemntosis, Dense Invaginatus, Dense Evaginatus, Talon cusp, Enamel pearls), Acquired pathological conditions (External resorption, Hypercementosis). Descriptive statistics were performed for the data. Results: A total of 1311 records met the inclusion criteria, 682 were males (52 %) and 629 were females (48%) of age range from 6 to 20 years. The frequency of developmental dental anomalies detected was 29.8% and the highest at age of 14 (9.1%). The distribution of dental anomalies had no significant difference between genders. The most prevalent dental anomaly was Hypodontia (9.7%) followed by canine impaction (9%), Dilaceration (7.1%) and other teeth impaction (3.2%) (except the 3rd molar). The occurrence of Fusion, Dwarfed root and Odontoma were less frequent than other dental anomalies with percentage of 0.1%. Conclusions: Most of the dental anomalies present in childhood. Dental examination with radiographic screening of developmental dental anomalies in early childhood should be emphasized as part of routine dental care to allow early detection, intervention and eventually an appropriate management.

Introduction: Urbanization is associated with higher prevalence of cardiovascular disease worldwide. Aortic stiffness, as measured by pulse wave velocity (Pwv) is a validated predictor of cardiovascular disease. However, in India, there are few population-based studies regarding pulse wave velocity and augmentation index (Aix). Method: Our aim is to determine vascular ageing measured by pulse wave velocity and the arterial augmentation index in urban population. Pulse wave velocity and augmentation index and was measured in 292 urban population subjects without any ECG changes. Results: Normal PWV and the 95% confidence intervals values were obtained in 20-29 year age group (compared to 30–39, 40–49, and 50–60 age groups. The mean Pwv found was 5.85 m/s ± 1.25 (range: 4.86–8.47). PWV increases linearly with aging with a high degree of correlation; with low dispersion in younger subjects. Pwv progressively increases 6–8% with each decade of life; this tendency is more pronounced after 40 years. A significant increase of Pwv between hypertensive versus nonhypertensive, diabetes vs non-diabetes groups were demonstrated. This is the first population-based study from urban population of Nellore that provides normal values of the Pwv in these region. Augmentation index was also increased significantly in both diabetic and hypertensive groups. Conclusion: The findings of present study suggest that, although related, peripheral augmentation index AIx and Pwv provide early identification of high risk groups. Implication of life style modification is the first intervention to consider in adults followed by drug therapy to control risk factors. Specifically, AIx might provide a more sensitive marker of arterial aging in younger individuals

Gullies proliferate the landscape of the Ajalli Sandstones (AS) geological formation in the North Central Nigeria. This study was carried out to assess the vulnerability to gully erosion of the Ajalli Sandstones geological sediments, and to examine the relationship between gully length and average gully sediment volume on this formation. Soil samples, collected from each sidewall of 15 gully erosion sites at two depth ranges, the rilling depth, d1 (0 – 60 cm) and the gullying depth, d2 (60 – 120 cm), were tested to determine their particle size distribution using the hydrometer method as well as compute their erodibility indices (K). Further, samples were collected using sampling tubes to determine the soils’ dry bulk density (DBD). Additionally, 37 gullies developed on the AS formation were measured to determine their lengths (L), average widths (W), and average depths (D). From each gully, three additional variables of average gully sediment volume (V), average cross sectional area (A), and average form factor (W/D) were computed. For the two respective depth ranges, the particle size distributions, the K values, and the DBD as well as the sets of six variables of L, W, D, C, A, and W/D from each gully were analysed using descriptive statistics. And the pairs of L and V for each gully were further analysed using inferential statistics to examine their relationship. Results show that the rilling depth (d1) and the gullying depth (d2) are both highly erodible with the mean %sand d1 + %siltd1 = 95%, %clayd1 = 5%, Kd1 = 24.40, and DBDd1 = 1.31 g/cm3; and the mean %sandd2 + %siltd2 = 82%, %clayd2 = 18%, Kd2 = 8.40, and DBDd2 = 1.34 g/cm3. The cross sectional shape of the gullies formed on the AS is trapezoidal. The mean W/D ratio on this formation is 1.46. This shows that the surface soil is eroding faster than the subsurface soil. The length is significantly, positively, but moderately correlated with the average sediment volume. And a simple bivariate regression shows that the relationship between gully length and the average gully sediment volume is of the form: V = 27,066.643 + 147.213L (R = 0.503, R2 x 100 = 25.30%). The study also shows that gully length is a moderate predictor of average sediment volume on homogeneous, erodible formations.

We report the case of a girl of 2 years and a half, without a notion of consanguinity, admitted for erythema of both cheeks which appeared 40 days after birth. In view of the notion of photosensitivity and the appearance of poikiloderma found in the clinical examination, the diagnosis of Rothmund Thomson syndrome was retained. Rothmund Thomson syndrome is a rare genetic disorder with autosomal recessive inheritance. It is characterized by the early onset of poikiloderma associated with various cutaneous and extra-cutaneous abnormalities with an abnormally high incidence of cutaneous cancers. There is no treatment of the disease, the care is limited to its consequences

The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of school language policy on pupils‟ achievement in English composition in public primary schools in Trans-Nzoia West sub-county. The study adopted the descriptive survey research design. The target population was 1,715 class 8 pupils, 120 teachers of English and 9l head teachers. Purposive sampling techniques were employed to select 73 head teachers and 92 teachers of English who were involved in the study. The 313 pupils who participated in the study were selected using proportionate stratified sampling procedures. Data were collected using the teachers‟ questionnaires, the head teachers‟ interview schedule and pupils‟ English composition achievement test. The content and face validity of the three instruments were examined by the researcher in consultation with experts from the department of Curriculum and Education Management of Laikipia University. The English teachers‟ questionnaire and the English composition achievement test were piloted in 5 schools in Kwanza Subcounty and their reliabilities estimated using the Cronbach coefficient alpha method and the Kuder-Richardson 21 formula respectively. The reliability coefficients of English teachers‟ questionnaire and the English composition achievement test were .898 and .916 respectively. Data were analyzed with the aid of the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 22. The hypothesis was tested at the .05 level of significance using simple regression. The results of the study revealed that school language policy influences pupils‟ achievement in English composition. The results of the study should assist teachers to manage and improve the quality of instruction in English composition. The results of the study should also help the policymakers in the Ministry of Education Science and Technology to develop a suitable language policy for implementation in all schools in Kenya.