Poverty is a serious issue which is faced by masses around the world. This study aims to determine whether the microfinance institutions established for the purpose of reduction of poverty have been successful in achieving their objective or not. Primary data was collected for the proposed research study through structured questionnaires. In order to analyze the collected data multiple liner regression and paired t-test were applied. Outcomes illustration that microfinance has a durable positive effect on children education and enterprise financial performance. Though, there is varied indication found on food security, household expenses and household assets. No effect has been detected on housing and income smoothening of enterprise. Among other independent variables, it was exposed that number of salaried persons was originate to be very important variable contributing to the wellbeing of the microfinance clients

Diabetes is a chronic condition that occurs extremely due to a combination of sedentary lifestyle and following an imbalanced diet. Thus the medications are to be taken for life time. So there is a need for the prescribers to prescribe the medication which would be cost effective to the patients. This study was planned to analyse cost variations of antidiabetic drugs available in Indian market. There is a wide range of variations as the price of drug marketing in India. This paper gives the information regarding the drugs available for diabetes, their available brands, average cost and cost variations. Which help the physician in giving the drugs to the respective patient which are effective to them as well as which are cost efficient and are afforded easily by the patient. As a result of which there will less medication non-adherence and increased patient compliance. It was conducted by taking the maximum and minimum cost of anti- diabetic agents manufactured by different brands of same drug, strength and dosage forms. The data is obtained from the current index of medical specialties [CIMS] April-July 2018. The cost ratio and percentage cost variations were calculated for each anti-diabetic drug. The average percentage price variation of different brands of the same oral anti-diabetic drugs in Indian market is very wide.

China’s foreign exchange reserves kept growing quickly for a decade; however, they have decreased since 2014. The paper aims to test for a break date probably existing on the trend function of foreign exchange reserve series. Monthly series covered the period from January 2000 to March 2018. A standard ADF unit root test, an ERS DF-GLS test along with the modified AIC, and an MZα test along with GLS detrending were conducted. Structural shift tests were the Perron test (in a mixed IO Model C and Model A or crash model), and the Zivot-Andrews test (in a mixed IO Model C and Model A). Empirical analyses show that at least two unit roots exist in the variable, implying a robust long memory. A break point took place most likely in January 2014. US exit out of quantitative easing (QE) and federal funds interest rate hikes may be (at least partially) attributable to the shift.

А device for the isolation of nucleotide complex from biomass of Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells was developed, and the biological active substances in the extract were analyzed. The isolated nucleotide preparation can be used to stop oxidative stress and improve immunity. The developed device allows extraction of biologically active substances from Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells in series by extractants: distilled water under the action of an alternating voltage with a frequency of 105 Hz, a solution of hydrochloric acid with pH = 1.0-1.5 without using voltage. After acid extraction, the extract was neutralized with sodium hydroxide solution. The extracts obtained were combined and dried. The technical result of the device is a more complete two-fold extraction of the nucleotide complex from native Saccharomyces cerevisiae biomass. The use of our constructed device makes extraction of biologically active substances easier and complete. The content of biologically active substances, such as adenine nucleotides, amino acids, vitamins, micro-, macro- elements in the obtained extract was analyzed. A comparison of the activating effect of the isolated nucleotide preparation on Ca2+-dependent NO - synthase with T-activin was performed. Experiments showed that the nucleotide preparation, obtained by new device has a pronounced activating effect on Ca2+ -dependent NOS from rat thymocytes.

This paper examined the effect of pension industry investment on financial intermediation in Nigeria. The study used Ex-post facto research design. Its specific objectives were to examine the effect of Pension fund investment in Federal government bonds, Pension fund investment in State government bonds and Pension fund investment in Private sector bonds on financial intermediation in Nigeria. Ordinary Least Square regression was used as analysis technique. It was found that Pension fund investment in Federal government bonds has positive and no significant effect on financial intermediation in Nigeria; Pension fund investment in State government bonds has negative and no significant effect on financial intermediation in Nigeria; and Pension fund investment in Private sector bonds has positive and no significant effect on financial intermediation in Nigeria. This implies that a unit change in pension fund investment do not lead to significant increase in financial intermediation. Based on the findings of the study it was concluded that pension industry investments have insignificant effect on depth and liquidity of financial intermediation in Nigeria. It was recommended that the pension industry should spread its investments beyond financial instruments in order to widen its investments portfolio and aid a larger sphere of the economy with its intermediation.

Postoperative period is very crucial from recovery point of view. For fast and smooth recovery, postoperative period should be free of complications especially pain. It became more important in case of ceaserean section as patient also has to look after her baby. Cautious use of analgesic drugs has to be made in postoperative ceaserean section patient as they can adversely affect health of the baby also. Intraperitoneal instillation of ropivacaine is effective analgesic and has lesser side effects than pharmacological drugs. Our hypothesis is that intraperitoneal instillation of ropivacaine reduces postoperative pain in patients undergoing ceaserean section. This randomized control study was conducted on 60 patients of ASA grade 1 and 2 after taking ethics committee approval. Group I (n=30) is control group with no local infiltration and Group II (n=30) Local infiltration of 15 ml at incision site and intraperitoneal instillation of 5ml Inj. Ropivacaine 0.2%. Diastolic, systolic and mean blood pressure, heart rate were measured throughout the procedure. Time of rescue analgesia and VAS score was recorded postoperatively. Intraperitoneal instillation of 0.2% ropivacaine provides postoperative analgesia. Mean duration of rescue analgesia in group I was 115.67±4.09 that was significant (p<0.05) in comparison to group II 170.33±3.69. intraperitoneal instillation of 0.2% ropivacaine reduces postoperative pain in patients of ceaserean section under spinal anaesthesia.

It has been observed in the recent time that the bulk of studies on foreign capital flows in Nigeria focused on aggregate economic performance, neglecting the performance of industrial sub-sector. In order to move the frontiers of knowledge in this regard, the paper critically examined the relationship between international capital flows and industrial performance in Nigeria using Cointegration, DOLS and Granger Causality Approach. The study extracted data from CBN Statistical Bulletin and UNCTAD investment report from 1990-2015. Consequently, in order to address the objective of this study necessary diagnostic tests such as unit roots, co-integration and Pairwise Granger Causality Tests were estimated. The findings that emerged from this paper is as follows: long-run effect shows that foreign direct investment and external debt have a significant positive relationship with industrial performance in Nigeria. However, the remittances though have a positive relationship with industrial performance in Nigeria, but are not significant. Also, there is a unidirectional causality which runs from industrial performance to FDI inflows in Nigeria. Hence, this paper recommends that Nigerian government should see inflows of foreign capital as a viable catalyst that has the capacity to propel the expansion of the country`s industrial sector, and the policy makers in the country should embark on policy measures that will ensure the sustainability of foreign direct investment inflows and external debt towards the direction of industrial sectors in Nigeria. In the same vein, larger percentage of remittances should be tailored towards industrial sector in the country. If foreign capital flows is sustained there will be industrial revolution in the economy in the nearest future.

A simple and precise reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method for the determination of cefuroxime in human plasma was developed and validated. Using cefazolin as an internal standard (IS), 0.25 ml plasma samples were deproteinized with 90 µl of 3% trichloroacetic acid in methanol, the supernatant was extracted with 150 µl acetonitrile, and 100 µl of the second supernatant were injected into the HPLC system. Separation was achieved on Atlantis dC18 column with a mobile phase composed of 0.01 M cetyltriethylammonium bromide, 0.01 M dipotassium hydrogen phosphate (pH 6.5), and acetonitrile (30:30:40, v:v:v). The mobile phase was spiked with triethylamine (10 µl/L) and delivered at 1.0 ml/minute. The eluent was monitored spectrophotometrically at 278 nm. No interference with cefuroxime and IS peaks by extracted blank plasma components or commonly used drug was observed. The relationship between cefuroxime concentration and peak height ratio of cefuroxime to the IS was linear over the range of 0.25-14.0 μg/ml. Coefficient of variation and bias were ≤ 12.6% and ≤ 11.0%, respectively. Mean extraction recovery of cefuroxime and the IS was 99% and 95%, respectively. The method was applied to assess the stability of cefuroxime under various conditions encountered in the clinical laboratory. Cefuroxime stability in processed samples stored at room temperature for 24 hours or 48 hours at -20 °C, and in unprocessed samples for 24 hours at room temperature or 14 weeks at -20 °C was ≥ 96% and ≥ 83%, respectively.

Low accessibility to credit facilities has been devastating the small scale farming business in Nigeria. Therefore, the small scale farmers in Nigeria are encountering difficulties as these farmers cannot directly access credit facilities to boom and develop their farm business activities, and this has led to agricultural business setback in the country. This paper investigated how micro-insurance policy has influenced peace of mind among the small scale farmers in Nigeria. The study used survey research methodology, with the south-western part of Nigeria as the scope of the study. The data for this study was extracted from primary source through well structure designed questionnaires, using correlation and linear regression analysis to analyze the extracted data. And to determine the present and future relationship between examine the present and future relationship between the independent variable (micro-insurance (MI) and the set of dependent variables (health risk (HR); financial protection (FP); vulnerability risk (VR); and Poverty alleviation (PA)). The findings revealed that using micro insurance as an health risks management tool among the small scale farmers in rural areas, and the less privileges will be an efficient platform to alleviate their proneness to the risks of sickness, because it will assist this them to overcome the anxiety of hospital bills payments, and other medical expenses. The study conclude that Micro-insurance can mitigate vulnerability among the small scale farmers in the country by providing low income households, business and farmers with access to post eventuality compensation, thus compensates them for injury, damage and providing coverage for their ill-health, which invariably leads to development among the small scale farmers.

Smooth and complication free postoperative period is always desired after completion of surgery in every case but it becomes more important in case in ceaserean section as patient has to start nurture newborn immediately. All the techniques for multimodal analgesia have some or other side effects and thus they have to be used very cautiously in postoperative ceaserean section patient as they can adversely affect health of the baby also. Local infiltration of ropivacaine is effective analgesic and wit lesser side effects than pharmacological drugs. Our hypothesis is that local ropivacaine infiltration reduces postoperative pain in patients undergoing ceaserean section. This randomized control study was conducted on 60 patients of ASA grade 1 and 2 after taking ethics committee approval. Group I (n=30) is control group with no local infiltration and Group II (n=30) local infiltration of 20 ml Inj. Ropivacaine 0.2% at incision site. Diastolic, systolic and mean blood pressure, heart rate were measured throughout the procedure. Time of rescue analgesia and VAS score was recorded postoperatively. local infiltration of 0.2% ropivacaine provides postoperative analgesia. Mean duration of rescue analgesia in group I was 115.67±4.09 that was significant (p<0.05) in comparison to group II 147.17±4.67. local infiltration of 0.2% ropivacaine reduces postoperative pain in patients of ceaserean section under spinal anaesthesia.

Cavernous hemangioma is a benign vascular tumor related to single or multiple hemangiomas, probably developing from embryonic remnants of angioblastic cells. This entity is very rare and constitutes barely 0.6% of bladder tumors. However its diagnosis can be easily established by cystoscopy and confirmed by pathological examination. Hematuria is the most common mode of manifestation. Bladder hemangioma is most often sporadic, but it can be associated with a KlippelTrenaunay syndrom, in this case they are multiple. Treatment consists of tumor resection. Selective arterial embolisation is rarely used. Endoscopic treatment by photocoagulation Neodymium laser seems a satisfactory therapeutic option.

Postoperative pain in patient undergoing open prostectomy is quite uncomfortable for the patient. All the techniques for multimodal analgesia has some or the other side effects. Transversus abdominis plane (TAP) block is newer, effective and comparatively simpler to perform and provides better and denser pain relief than pharmacological agents. This randomized control study was conducted on 60 male patients of ASA grade 1 and 2 undergoing open prostectomy after taking ethics committee approval. In group R (n = 30), 0.25% Ropivacaine hydrochloride (20ml) and in group S (n=30), 20 ml of normal saline was given through TAP block after completion of surgery. Time of first rescue analgesia and total dose of analgesic consumption for 24 hour postoperatively along with pain visual analogue scale (VAS) were measured and compared along with other vitals like heart rate, SBP, DBP and MAP. Postoperative TAP block using ropivacaine just after completion of surgery results in better analgesia in post-operative period in patients undergoing open prostectomy. Time of rescue analgesia in group R was 158.5±42.08 and in group S was 68.6±98.8. Also total analgesic consumption and VAS score in postoperative period was significantly low in ropivacaine group when compared with the saline or control group (p<0.05). TAP block using roipvacaine 0.25% in open prostectomy patients provide better analgesia in postoperative period and reduces amount of total analgesic consumption and thus the side effects associated with the later.

The study was conducted to assess the extent of seropositivity of Hepatitis C among HIV positive patients at tertiary care hospital in Rajkot from June 2016 to May 2017 and evaluate the need of routine screening for this infection among such patients. The samples were tested for HIV as per Strategy III of National AIDS control organization by using different system of testing to establish diagnosis of HIV. A total of 300 confirmed HIV-positive samples were tested for anti-HCV antibodies by using one step immunochromatographic assay based on the principle of the double antigen-sandwich technique. Out of total 300 HIV positive patients, 69.67% were male and 30.00% were female. Only one was transgender. Out of 300 samples tested, 5(1.67%) were positive for HCV with 2(0.96%) of male and 3(3.33%) of female patients. Highest prevalence was observed among age group 21–30yrs i.e 2(3.77%), while not a single anti-HCV positive case were recorded in age group ≤20 and ≥51 which implies that HIV and HCV infection is more common in younger generation. We believe our data could help health professionals to deal better with HIV infected patients. We also believe our data reinforces the need of prevention programs on HIV transmission, which also lead to reduction in prevalence of Hepatitis C.

Our aim was to formulation development and evaluation of herbal face pack without adding any preservatives. Face pack was formulated with different natural ingredients (sandal wood powder, multani mitti, china rose flower powder, turmeric, rose water) which are rich sources of vitamins and minerals that are essential for the health and glow of the skin. Evaluation methods were organoleptic, physico-chemical, rheological parameters and stability along with irritancy test. All prepared formulations were standardized by different parameters. Organoleptic parameters showed that the pack was smooth and rheological findings proved the flow properties of the pack as it was found to be free flowing and non-sticky in nature. The results showed that the formulation was stable on all aspects. Stability tests performed revealed the inert nature of the pack. Irritancy test was showed that no irritancy after use. Face packs are generally used to increase the fairness, glow and smoothness of the skin. They are non-toxic, non-allergic and having lesser side effects. Thus in the present work, it was a very good attempt to formulate and evaluate the herbal face pack containing natural herbal ingredients.

Chikungunya Fever is one of the most important arboviral infections of medical significance. It is characterized by an abrupt onset of fever with severe arthralgia followed by constitutional symptoms and rash lasting for 1-7 days. The disease is almost self-limiting and rarely fatal. Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is a RNA virus belonging to the family Togaviridae, Genus Alpha virus. Aim of the study is to know the seroprevalence of Chikungunya infection in a Tertiary Care Hospital in Jamnagar, Gujarat, India. A retrospective study was conducted at a Microbiology Department, Shree M.P. Shah Govt. Medical College, Jamnagar, Gujarat. Serum samples were collected from 382 suspected cases of Chikungunya fever and tested for Chikungunya IgM antibodies by ELISA over a 1 year period from July 2017 to June 2018. Of the 382 serum samples tested, 67 (17.54%) were positive for Chikungunya IgM antibodies. Out of these 67 positive samples, males were 30 (44.78%) and females were 37 (55.22%). The most affected age group was 31 to 45 years 22 (32.84%), followed by 16 to 30 years 17 (25.36%). From the present study it can be concluded that the Chikungunya cases are on rise. Hence, Chikungunya has become a major public health problem in India. Favorable mosquitogenic condition during monsoon period is primarily responsible for the rapid spread of Chikungunya. This requires continuous monitoring of the viral circulation in both endemic and nonendemic areas and rapid implementation of Chikungunya control programme. For these infections early detection and access to proper medical care will cause lower fatality rate.