Introduction: Transfusion of blood and its components is a life saving measure in various medical and surgical emergencies. Transfusion carries the risk of transmitting the life threatening transfusion transmissible infections (TTIs) agents like Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), Hepatitis B Virus (HBV), Hepatitis C Virus (HCV), Syphilis and Malaria. Aim & Objectives: To estimate the prevalence of Major Transfusion-Transmissible Infections among Blood Donors at a rural tertiary healthcare teaching hospital of North India. Materials and Methods: The present study was conducted on 7405 blood donors who donated blood in the Blood Transfusion Department, BPS Government medical college for women, Khanpur Kalan, Sonipat over a period of one year. For testing purpose, ELISA kits of 4th generation for HIV І & ІІ, while 3rd generation kits for HBsAg and HCV were used. Syphilis antigen was screened by Anti-TP Test and malaria was screened by the Pan Antigen Card Test. Results: Amongst a total of 7405 donors, 7235 (97.7%) were male donors and only 170 were (2.3%) female donors. There were 6987 (95.3%) voluntary donors whereas 418 (5.7%) replacement donors. The overall seroprevalence of 2.84 % (211 cases of TTI in 7405 donors) was observed. The prevalence of HIV, HBsAg, HCV, Syphilis and Malaria are 0.06%, 1.18%, 1.02%, 0.56% and 0% respectively. Conclusion: Voluntary donations are safer as compared to replacement ones and should be encouraged. Proper efforts in planned way should be made to increase the number of voluntary donors with a target of 100% and reduce replacement donations to a minimum.

Background: Everyone expected in the workplace will behave in a professional manner, and treat each other with dignity and respect. Many times clinical nurses behaving with manager nurses inappropriately and they think inappropriate behavior is a sufficient remedy, because they often don’t realize that their actions are causing a problem. Inappropriate behavior of the clinical nurses increased turnover rates in nurse managers, also reduced job satisfaction and reducing leader abilities. Objective: The objective of the study was to measure the inappropriate behavior of the clinical nurses’ influence the nurse managers’ performance in Services hospital, Lahore. Methodology: Cross- sectional descriptive and co-relational study was conduct to measure the inappropriate behavior of the clinical nurses’ influence the nurse managers’ performance. One hundred and thirty nurse managers (n=130) were selected for that research and linear regression was used to show the correlation between the variables. Results: The results of the study showed the positive relationship between the inappropriate behavior of the clinical nurses and nurse manager’s performance. The inappropriate behavior of the clinical nurses have 30.2% (p>0.05) relationship with nurse managers performance. Conclusion: This study concludes that the inappropriate behavior of the clinical nurses influence the nurse mangers performance. The results of the study showed the with beta value .549 with (p=0.00) and R square value is 30.2%. Overall results of the study show positive relationship between the inappropriate behavior of the clinical nurses and nurse manager’s performance.

Objectives: The aim of this study is to establish accurate diagnostic treatment decision threshold of proximal carious lesion in relation to the angle and depth of radiolucency in radiographic image in Saudi population. Methods: Bitewing x-rays were examined to detect the level of lesion depth and angle. Criteria for lesion depth were divided into four categories (E1, E2, DEJ & D). Radiolucincies in the bitewing radiograph extending less than or equal to outer half of enamel(E1), more than the inner half of enamel and before DEJ(E2), at the Dentinoenamel junction(DEJ), less than or equal to the outer half of dentin(D). Angle and Depth were also measured using SIDEXIS XG software (Sirona, Bensheim, Germany). Clinically, cavitation was evaluated at proximal tooth surfaces directly after the extraction of the adjacent tooth or missing proximal contact with the adjacent tooth due to several different indications (Decayed, orthodontic reasons, etc.). Independent T-test was used to correlate between (lesion depth & angle of radiolucency) with clinical cavitation. Chi-square test was used to correlate lesion depth of four categories with clinical cavitation. Results: 116 approximal surfaces with (age mean=31 years old) had (41 cavitated, 75 non-cavitated) proximal surfaces. Premolar 56.9% and Molar 43.1%. There is significant relationship between cavitation and increasing depth in proximal surface that gave P-value= (0.000). A significant relationship was found between clinical cavitation and the angle of approximal enamel surface with P-value = (0.024). Conclusion: With limitations in this study, dentists should be aware of contrast of the approximal lesion angle (determined by three points, most coronal radiolucent point, the deepest axial point and the most apical radiolucent point) of bitewing x-rays to evaluate operative intervention in proximal surface. The more increase in angle the less tendency toward cavitation.

Retinoblastoma is the most common intraocular malignancy in infancy and childhood. The incidence varies in different populations. Mutations of the retinoblastoma susceptibility gene have been implicated in malignant retinoblastoma. This research seeks to identify any mutations that could be present in exon 19 and have implications in the pathogenesis of retinoblastoma among children in Calabar. Children (9) with retinoblastoma attending the University of Calabar teaching Hospital (UCTH), Dept of Opthalmology. 30 unrelated and unmatched controls with no history of retinoblastoma were recruited into the study. 2- 3mls of blood was collected from each child, genomic DNA was extracted from blood, PCRs and sequencing were performed on exon 19. The nucleotide sequences of the RB1 gene were decoded from the chromatogram using Bioedit software and aligned manually. Multiple sequence alignment was performed using CLUSTAL W. The RB1 gene mutation frequencies were 2(22.2%) and 3(33.3%) for missense mutations and deletions respectively. Sequencing revealed two missense mutations namely: g.98A>G (p.Y33C) and g.154A>G (p.I52V) in a male patient and a female patient. Deletions include: g.1delC, g.1-12delCAGGAAAACCA, g.45-46delAA, g.14- 21delTTATTAAA and g.1-55delCAGGAA…..TTC were all observed in male (bilateral) cases of retinoblastoma 3(11.1%). These mutations were absent in 6(66.6%) children and the control subjects. Two missense and five deletions were observed in four males and a female patient. The RB1 gene mutation frequency was low among the retinoblastoma children, implying that these mutations were not directly responsible for retinoblastoma, the main causal mutation may be present in other exons. Exon 19 needs to be investigated in a larger population.

Background: Adequate knowledge empowers healthcare providers to succeed in their roles as promoters of public health. However, it has been reported that even healthcare workers are not exempted from having poor knowledge of epilepsy. Identification of such gaps in knowledge, albeit at an early stage, is beneficial. Objectives: To assess epilepsy knowledge among final year medical students in Calabar, Nigeria, in order to identify existing knowledge gap and generate data to guide design of training modules, on epilepsy, for healthcare professionals. Methods: With the use of convenience sampling method, we conducted a survey on epilepsy knowledge, among final year medical students of the University of Calabar, using a structured questionnaire incorporating the epilepsy knowledge scale. Data analysis was done with version 20 of the SPSS statistical package. Results: Seventy nine medical students, with 4 to 8 years duration of medical training, participated in the study. 2.5%, 19.0%, 51.9%, 25.3% and 1.3% of them had very poor, poor, borderline, good and very good levels of epilepsy knowledge, respectively. Conclusion: The respondents had poor knowledge of epilepsy, which could impact the quality of epilepsy care in the region. The identified gaps should be considered while designing training modules for healthcare professionals

Hypophosphatasia is a rare inherited metabolic disorder characterized by a deficiency of alkaline phosphatase activity. It is characterized by a defect in bone and tooth mineralization. There are remarkable dental manifestations, mainly, the premature loss of fully-rooted deciduous teeth and delayed eruption of permanent teeth. This clinical report describes the oral management of a patient with juvenile hypophosphatasia, followed 10 years in the department of dentistry at the Rabta Hospital-Tunis-Tunisia. Removable prostheses were made to establish an acceptable masticatory function, speech, occlusion and aesthetics for the patient.

The study compared the knowledge and practice of dental students regarding infection control policies in College of Dentistry, Taibah University, KSA. Self-administrated questionnaire were applied to dental students of 3rd, 4th and 5th year (n = 51). Chi-square test were used for statistical analysis of data. Significance level was set at p < 0.05. The response rate was 100%. Knowledge of the students regarding infection control policies, none of the respondent obtained a full score of 13 (highest knowledge). The lowest score obtained (15) and 16% of respondent obtained this score. The highest score was 23 (poor knowledge). (57%) of third year students had an acceptable score of less than 18. The best score for fifth year students was 15 (29.4%) and the worst score of 21 was found in two students. The knowledge of students in relation to their year of study showed no significant differences (P > 0.05). Almost 70% of respondents did not know the correct procedures to follow after having a needle stick injury. There were no sig- nificant differences (P > 0.05) between the student’s knowledge regarding the procedure to follow after a needle stick injury and the year of study. After comparing the knowledge of students to their observed practices in the clinics, Two thirds of the students reported not to wash their hands before and after each patient. (67.6%) of students don’t wash their hands before the procedures and (15.8%) of students don’t wash their hands after treating patient. More than 90% of respondents who were observed did not wear goggles whilst treating patients.

The Indian Diasporas in Gulf countries contributing the development of building of remittances. The migrants are not contributing into development of economy of India but also grass root level comprises to community and households level. In these consequences, present paper explored the role of Indian migrants in the development of community and their households at root. They remitted individual remittances to their households as well as their community at root which led to the demonstration impact of migration in the sample rural areas of Lucknow district. These phenomena created to the culture of migration from rural areas to Gulf countries.

According to WHO estimates, 16.7 million people around the globe die of cardiovascular disease each year. Economic transition, urbanization, industrialization and globalization bring about life style changes that promote heart disease. High blood pressure, high cholesterol and obesity are likely to become more prevalent in developing countries. Increased energy intake and sedentary lifestyle are also responsible for heart disease. The presence of one or more cardiovascular risk factors like high levels of TC, LDL, TG, glucose, insulin, BMI and a decreased HDL have been found to increase the progression of prehypertension to hypertension. Prehypertension increases the risk of MI and CAD. The present study was undertaken to know serum HDL changes in prepubertal and postmenopausal women. Life style patterns like diet, physical activity were included in study. Total 60 Subjects of age group 8-10Years (prepubertal), 46-55years (postmenopausal) female volunteered for our study. During the study period, BMI, HDL, dietaty intake and physical activity and parameters were recorded in all the subjects. HDL is gradually decreased from pre pubertal to post menopausal women. We concluded the presence of Cardio protective HDL is normally higher in prepubertal females. Lower levels of HDL increases CVD risk. This can be attributed mainly to sedentary life style, stress and dietary habits this is seen in post menopausal women.

Aim: The aim of the study was to evaluate the hemodynamic effects of radio-contrast media i.e Iohexol and Diatrizoate Sodium in patients visiting the Radiology department for CT scan. Methodology: It was an observational study, conducted at Mahatma Gandhi Hospital Jodhpur (Rajasthan). Pulse rate and blood pressure were measured three to five times, before administration of Iohexol or Diatrizoate Sodium, after 5 min and 1 hr after administration of Iohexol and after 1 hr and 2 hr starting of administration of Diatrizoate Sodium. Results: 5 minutes post-Iohexol administration increased in SBP was observed in 66.66% and decreased SBP observed in 21% participants. While 58.66% participant’s DBP decreased and 37.33% participant’s DBP increased. 1 hr post-Iohexol administration in 44% individuals recorded fall in SBP and in 56% individuals recorded rise in SBP compare to the pre-Iohexol administration. 1-hour post-Iohexol administration, in 60% participants recorded decreased DBP and in 32% participant recorded rise in DBP. In 65.33% cases, PR increased within 5 minutes after Iohexol administration while 81.33% participant’s PR was increased, 1 hr post-Iohexol administration. After 1 hr starting of Diatrizoate Sodium administration, decrease in SBP was recorded in 38.46% and increased in SBP recorded in 46.15% participants while incidence of decreased in DBP was in 38.46% cases and increased DBP was observed in 23.07% cases. 2 hr post Diatrizoate Sodium administration in 57.69% participants increased in PR observed. Conclusion: Post Iohexol administration SBP and PR were increased but DBP decreased. But these were clinically insignificant fall or rise in BP or PR except increased in PR 1 hr post-Iohexol compare to pre-Iohexol which was clinically highly significant. Post-Diatrizoate Sodium administration SBP and DBP were decreased whereas PR was increased compared to pre-Diatrizoate Sodium but this fall in BP and rise in PR is clinically insignificant

Good corporate governance (CG) practices reduce risks for investors and attract foreign investment. Corporate financial reports must be credible and reliable, relevant to enable investors to make sound financial decisions. High quality auditing contributes to investor confidence and for corporations to raise funds. In view of the critical importance of foreign investment flows for Libya‟s economic growth. This paper presents the findings of a study which examined the relationship between audit service quality, CG practices and foreign investor confidence in the Libyan banking sector. Data was collected from a literature review and a web survey, and analysis through the use of descriptive statistics revealed that good CG practices and quality audit services are positively associated with foreign investor confidence in the Libyan banking sector.

The thyroid gland is an important endocrine gland in human body. The organogenesis of thyroid gland is often disturbed leading to variety of morphological variations. The position, size of isthmus, posterior relations may vary greatly. Hence a descriptive cross sectional cadaveric study was conducted in western maharashtra population in india. The study was conducted on total of 60 thyroid glands (male-34, female-26) collected during routine dissection from adult cadavers in the anatomy department, B.J.Govt medical college, Pune. Presence or absence of isthmus, its dimentions, and posterior relations with tracheal rings were noted. Absence of isthmus was noted in total 5 cadavers, incidence is 8.33% , 3 in male cadavers ( 8.82%) and 2 in female cadavers (7.69%). Average length, breadth, thickness of isthmus was 16.1 mm, 16.53 mm, 3.24mm respectively. In maximum 13 out of 60 cadavers (21.66%) isthmus was anterior to tracheal rings 1,2,3 , in 10 cases (16.66% ) - tracheal rings 1,2,3,4. About 8 cases (13.33%) anterior to 2nd, 3rd tracheal ring. A wide variation was seen in the position of isthmus, as high as cricoid cartilage to as low as 8th tracheal ring. The size of isthmus was also varying related to only 1st tracheal ring and related to 1st to 8th tracheal rings. From the study it is evident that detail knowledge of the thyroid isthmus anatomy and its variations is necessary for surgeons and physicians to avoid undue complications during tracheostomies and in evaluation of scintigraphy.

Vilazodone is a serotonin transporter (SERT) and a partial agonist of HT1A. It has been approved by food and drug administration of United States (US FDA) for the treatment of major depressive disorder (MDD) in adults. This agent is considered as a new class of drug “serotonin partial agonist and reuptake inhibitor (SPARI)” by the World Health Organization (WHO). The authors planned to review the drug by using the key word of “vilazodone” on different data base and synthesize a working theory regarding the mechanism of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) mediated serotonergic neurotransmision. The review also focuses on 5-HT1A autoreceptors. Due to its novel mechanism of action, initially it gave hope to the clinicians and researchers as majority of depressive patients are partial responders or treatment resistant to previously available antidepressants. But later research works suggested that the vilazodone is not much different than the drug available in market. Its side effects were found to be lower than other antidepressant but higher than placebo. It can be concluded that more comparative research between vilazodone and other antidepressant is required in making better opinion about this drug

To provide satisfactory dental treatment in almost any child is not less than a challenge. Children with disabilities require more attention and care to achieve the desired outcome. To enhance the efficiency of dental treatment, measures are needed to be taken to minimize and ideally eliminate dental anxiety and/or fear among children. To the best of our knowledge, it is very evident in the available literature that sensory adaptive environment facilitates a great deal in decreasing dental anxiety, and enhances child cooperation towards treatment. Conversely, in context of Saudi Arabia, we noticed that in general population almost no one knows about it, as per our experience even majority of dentists were unfamiliar about sensory adaptation environment in the dental setting. Keeping an eye on severe difficulties in managing a child with disability, and evident efficiency of sensory adaption environment in reducing anxiety we recommend its use in government dental hospitals and clinics.

Aim: To investigate the potential capacity of limbal mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) incorporated in fibrin glue as cell delivery system in modulating wound healing after trabeculectomy. Methods: Limbal MSCs were obtained from rabbit corneoscleral tissue. MSCs adhesion on fibrin glue derived from the mixture of fibrinogen and thrombin in concentration 1:1 and 1: 0.5 were observed 2 hours after cells seeding. Cell proliferation was assayed by modified tetrazolium method (MTT assay) on day 3. Cells adhesion and viability were analyzed using independent t test (SPSS 19 version). Preliminary study in animal model was conducted in 6 rabbit eyes to observe the role of fibrin glue as cell delivery system. MSCs were labelled using PKH26 prior to subconjunctival transplantation following common trabeculectomy procedure on rabbit eyes. Two eyes were enucleated on day 7, 14, and 21 to obtain conjunctival tissue of trabeculectomy site. Frozen sectioned specimen of conjunctival tissue was observed under fluorescence microscope to analyze cells engraftment and survival. Results: Isolated cells from corneoscleral tissue showed MSCs as they were positive for CD73,CD90,CD105, and negative for CD45. There were no significant differences of cells adhesion (p=0.3) and viability (p=0.2) between fibrin glue composed of fibrinogen:thrombin 1:1 and 1:0.5. Cells engraftment and survival were observed during experimental periods on day 7,14, and 21. Cells began to migrate on day 21 as the time of fibrin glue degradation. Combined MSCs and fibrin glue may facilitate wound healing modulation after trabeculectomy. MSCs may release antifibrosis factors slowly as gradual degradation of fibrin glue. Moreover, fibrin glue properties may promote cells engraftment and survival. Conclusion: Combination of fibrin glue and MSCs may be an alternative for modulating wound healing after trabeculectomy