The paper investigates the practice of domestic rainwater harvesting by residents of the study area to supplement intermittent water supplies from the public water works. Data was collected through the use of questionnaire in August 2016 and 2017, the peak of the rainy season. Results showed overwhelming percentage of respondents collects rainwater (99%) but do not drink the water collected (96%). The harvested rainwater is used for domestic needs and provides savings in income and time in search of water by residents.

Superficial fungal infections are generally more prevalent in tropical environments because of the enhancement of their growth by the high temperatures and high humidity conditions prevalent in these regions. The aim of this study is to investigate the antifungal potency of herbal ointments formulated with aqueous extract of Cassia alata. The in vitro antifungal activity of crude extract of leaves of Cassia alata as well as herbal ointments were determined against Candida albicans, Trichophyton mentagrophyte, Aspergillus niger and Penicillium using the Agar cup plate method. Herbal ointments were prepared by incorporating the crude extract of Cassia alata (10 % w/w) into ointment bases and evaluated for their in vitro antifungal efficacy. The crude extract showed moderate antifungal activity against Candida albicans, Trichophyton mentagrophyte and Aspergillus niger with zones of inhibition of 23 mm, 21 mm and 19 mm respectively at 200 mg/ml but no activity against Penicillium. The antifungal activity was retained in the herbal ointments with higher zones of inhibition for corresponding concentrations. The formulation containing Cassia alata extract in aqueous cream showed comparatively better antifungal activity. The herbal ointment also compared favourably with a commercial brand of Miconazole cream used as standard. This study shows that Cassia alata possesses antifungal activity and also has high potential as antifungal agent when formulated as ointment for topical use and could therefore explain the successes claimed in the folk use of the plant in the treatment of common skin conditions, hence the need to have herbal topical dosage forms.

The role of university today is to greatly contribute in the development of Start-Up Business in accordance with its capacity as an intellectual source through the formation of the students’ atmosphere into a reliable entrepreneur in the future. The strategy is to create an entrepreneurial atmosphere in the university through a business and technology incubation model development that focuses on start-up business based on the creative economy sub-sector. The purpose of this research is to strengthen the incubation institute of the business and technology in the university with the approach of model and method of work, the development of business incubation program, and also to produce tenants of start-up business in the university. The result of this research found that there is effective model of business start-up development in university through an ideal and effective business incubation that is replicated and implemented by other universities. The next finding in establishing an entrepreneurial atmosphere model is through a start-up competition program among universities.

Ectopic pregnancy is an entity which when reports to emergency department requires prompt diagnosis and treatment. Index of suspicion is high in fertile women but it poses challenge and demands knowledge to manage if the woman has history of sterilization where suspicion of pregnancy is far remote. We present one such experience of ruptured ectopic pregnancy in a woman who had history of bilateral tubal sterilization 6 years back.

Patients undergoing surgery are most feared of postoperative pain. All the techniques for multimodal analgesia has some or the other side effects. Transversus abdominis plane (TAP) block is newer, effective and comparatively simpler to perform and provides better and denser pain relief than pharmacological agents. It could be used in abdominal and inguinal surgeries. This randomized control study was conducted on 60 male patients of ASA grade 1 and 2 undergoing open prostectomy after taking ethics committee approval. In group L (n = 30), 0.25% Levobupivacaine hydrochloride (20ml) and in group S (n=30), 20 ml of normal saline was given through TAP block after completion of surgery. Time of first rescue analgesia and total dose of analgesic consumption for 24 hour postoperatively along with pain visual analogue scale (VAS) were measured and compared along with other vitals like heart rate, SBP, DBP and MAP. Postoperatively, TAP block using levobupivacaine just after completion of surgery results in better analgesia in post-operative period in patients undergoing open prostectomy. Time of rescue analgesia in group L was 209.3±27.25min and in group S was 70.6±9.8 min. Also total analgesic dose consumption and VAS score in postoperative period was significantly low in levobupivacaine group when compared with the saline or control group (p<0.05). TAP block using levobupivacaine 0.25% in open prostectomy patients provide better analgesia in postoperative period and reduces amount of total analgesic consumption and thus the side effects associated with the later.

Virtual Learning Environment (VLE) in higher learning institutions presents a podium for academic material accessibility that entails creation, evaluation, communication and general course administration with customizable interfaces. Virtual learning environments are online based platforms which are used to ease the student’s course content access and improving learning ability. Virtual learning environments bear features such as collaborative tools, embedded external recourses, detailed reporting logs, roles and permissions and calendars. However without finding out the factors for the low adoption rates, the effort to implement VLE remains in question. This paper discovers the factors that have brought about the low adoption rates of VLE in higher learning institution. The study adopted both qualitative and quantitative case study research approach and a purposive (non-probability) sampling technique where both staff and student respondents were selected from the case study institutions. A survey questionnaire was administered to 22 staff members and 305 students making a total of 327 respondents using Chris Morgan (1999) formula for sample determination. The results indicated power fluctuations, poor internet connections, and luck of management support, slow computers, and skills to access the VLE platforms as the major factors. The research suggests that, institutional readiness assessment, Virtual learning environments implementation framework, implementation policy formulation, training of trainers and improving the infrastructure should be given a high priority if VLE are to be successfully implemented in higher learning institutions.

The aim of the present study was to increase the solubility and thereby improve the oral bioavailability of Furosemide by incorporating the drug in nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC) and in solid lipid nanoparticle (SLN) and also to compare the efficiency of NLC over SLN. Both the NLC and SLN were prepared by solvent diffusion method using labrafil m 2130 as solid lipid, capryol pgmc as liquid lipid, and tween 80 as surfactant. Properties of Furosemide loaded NLCs & SLNs such as drug content, entrapment efficiency, loading capacity, particle size, PDI , zeta potential, morphology, storage stability, in vitro drug release and mechanism of drug release were investigated and compared. Drug content, entrapment efficiency, loading capacity, average particle size, PDI and zeta potential of Furosemide NLC were found to 83.56%, 75.50%, 25.63%, 99.24nm, 0.302 and -31.2mV and that of Furosemide SLN were found to 84.55%, 71.07%, 24.62%, 193.4nm, 0.835 and -36.1mV respectively. Morphology study by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis showed spherical particles with smooth surfaces. As compared to in-vitro drug release of Furosemide pure drug, both the NLC and SLN showed fast initial release followed by a sustained release, best fitted to Higuchi equation. Pure drug followed Zero order release kinetics. Furosemide NLC showed higher entrapment efficiency, drug loading capacity, in-vitro drug release, reduced the drug expulsion in storage when compared to SLN. This investigation demonstrated the efficiency of NLC over SLN for improved oral bioavailability of Furosemide and it was deduced that the liquid lipid (capryol pgmc)was the principal formulation factor responsible for the improvement in characteristics and pharmacokinetics of NLCs.

Language teachers in India continue to struggle with effective development and successful implementation of a task-based lesson. The current paper presents a template for teachers to frame and execute language tasks to achieve desired outcomes. The paper begins with a brief discussion of tasks, and then follows a discussion on three-tier task-based learning framework, model and lesson. A teaching unit/ sample lesson is also included to illustrate the method. The sample lesson presented was developed for elementary stage students studying in schools of India. The developed plan focused on vocabulary and structures needed to make reservations in different paid establishments. Any task-based lesson primarily includes pedagogical tasks that mirror the real-world tasks. Owing to its usability outside the boundaries of the classroom, a task-based lesson becomes more meaningful and apropos to students. Such basic lesson can be used as a model to teach relevant vocabulary and sentence structures pertaining to other real world tasks including talking about clothes and fashion, calling customer care for help, other telephonic conversations etc.

We had investigated the xanthine oxidase inhibitory activity and uric acid lowering effect of newly marketed xanthine oxidase inhibitor, febuxostat and compared its effect with allopurinol in vitro. In hyperuricemic animal model serum uric acid, lowering effect of these drugs was evaluated. Serial dilutions of febuxostat and allopurinol were made, ranging from100 µg/ml to 0.75µg/ml. Xanthine oxidase inhibition was carried out in vitro. Hyperuricemia was induced in Wistar rats by potassium oxonate injection on day 1, 3 and 7. Febuxostat and allopurinol (5mg/kg) once daily was given for 7 days. Serum uric acid was measured on day zero, 1, 3 and 7 by uricase method. Michaelis Menten equation was applied to calculate IC50, Vmax and Km. IC50 of allopurinol and febuxostat were 9.07 and 8.77 µg/ml respectively. Km and Vmax of febuxostat were 8.89 and 107.13 where as allopurinol showed Km 7.77 and Vmax 194.14.Graded dose response was observed for both allopurinol and febuxostat. Hyperuricemia was successfully induced with potassium oxonate. Treatment with allopurinol reduced serum uric acid levels up to 3.21±0.8mg/dl on day 7, but reduction was less than febuxostat 0.81 ± 0.12 mg/dl. From this study, we have concluded that febuxostat is an effective option for cases of hyperuricemia.

Solid waste management has emerged as one of the greatest challenges facing environmentalprotection agencies and the communities in developing countries and the increasing waste generation has become a topic of water pollution and environmental concern in the metropolis.This study seeks to evaluate the management of solid waste in Lagos State and proffers workable solutions to these challenges which will improve environmental sustainability.In this study, solid waste management challenges are characterized by inefficient collection methods, insufficient coverage of the collection system and some level of improper waste disposal. Observation of the environment, and direct interviews with people in the area was also conducted. The data obtained were analyzed and the study indicates that wastes generation, sorting, handling and disposal were mostly implicated, and that dumping and landfill are some of the current methods being adopted in the disposal of wastes within Lagos, composting and incineration are less often adopted just as industry best practice methods like recycling and re-use are less frequently used. It was also seen that the main type of waste disposal system used in Ajah is the PSP, which is meant to make waste management better, but due to challenges in pick up times, it seems to have a drawback. The analysis shows us that the use of PSP is the most prominent waste disposal system practiced but with a challenge of pick up timing. The most generated type of waste within the study area happens to be the food waste. To this effect, recommendations were given to bring solutions as follows;People should be treated as active partners in the process of change, there will be a more likely successful situation of waste management; Relevant information should be presented to the people and even with an increase of awareness to a certain level, additional monitoring and sustained management over a long period of time is necessary; The monthly environmental sanitation practice should be taken more seriously and the waste collection trucks from LAWMA should immediately after the sanitation if not during the sanitation, go round to collect the refuse that will be heaped on roads during the sanitation practice; The state assembly should formulate laws on waste management which will go as far as individual waste practice and ensure that the laws are enforced by government agencies; Monthly awards to neatest areas should be instituted to encourage the people of the areas to keep their environment clean always by properly handling and storing their wastes. Government should not only make laws, but sponsor public health and environmental education programmes regularly and also make environmental education part of the education curriculum at all school levels.

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an important cause of neurological disability. Familial MS is uncommon in India and is seen mostly in the high prevalence countries like United States of America, Canada and New Zealand. In the present paper, two members of the same family were diagnosed as having MS. As the disease is uncommon, there was initial diagnostic difficulty in the first case. The clinical and radiological findings are described with a note on the treatment and follow up.

The social imperatives underlying the naming of the child seereer and the protocol that rules outdoor ceremony remain an original and fascinating research topic. The seereer first name has an informative character on, for instance, the geographical origin, the circumstances of birth, the date of birth, the sex, the character, among others, of the child. This study on the Seereer traditional naming system is semantically oriented to provide a better understanding of such a cultural fact. The article tries also to explore the origin of some seereer names. It also aims to study the process of the traditional way of naming of seereer people, to show how the name is given, who is entitled to give the name, then to draw up the typology of names in the Seereer culture, so as to list the social peculiarities of first names, the social factors of choice, through a decipherment of the semantic content (message to be grasped), the social value and the symbolism that the seereer first name encodes. Through the seereer first name, appears a set of things of a strong sociocultural connotation. The terminology of the Seereer names includes items with value of simulation, conjuration, prayers, etc.

Vernal keratoconjunctivitis (VKC) is an unusually severe allergic eye disease, occurring mainly in children. Giant papillae are frequently observed on the upper tarsal conjunctiva and expose, sometimes, to severe corneal complications, involving the visual prognosis. Other allergic states, conjunctival staphylococcus aerus and worm intestinal infection, were frequently associated with VKC. We report the case of a 9-year-old girl followed for five years for severe vernal keratoconjunctivitis resistant to treatment with topical corticosteroid. In front of, the high ASLO title, the isolation of pyogenic streptococcus in the throat swab culture, and the presence of a chronic pansinusitis, the diagnosis of a post-streptococcal syndrome was retained. The patient is treated with protected amoxicillin for 12 days. The evolution was spectacular with almost total disappearance of the giant papillae without any recurrence, after 6 months of follow-up. In our knowledge, this case is the first case of vernal keratoconjunctivitis with giant papillae reported as being a post-streptococcal immune complication. Ophthalmologists, confronted to vernal keratoconjunctivitis, should consider post-streptococcal syndrome as a possible cause. The search for an increasing title of ASLO and streptococcal infectious evidence can establishes the association.

This study aims to analyze the behavior of the use of Information Systems in registered taxpayers at the Palembang Middle Tax Service Office through the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology. Specifically the purpose of this study was to examine trust in government, hedonic motivation, and social influence on the Behavior Intention and User Behavior of e-faktur and test Behavior Intentions towards User Behavior of e-faktur. This research is Quantitative Descriptive Research. The sampling method is proportional stratified random sampling method. The number of samples was 282 respondents are director and accounting major in company who registered in Middle Tax Service Office Palembang. The method in this study is statistics using SmartPLS 3.0. The results of this study indicate that trust in government has a significant effect on Behavior Intention whereas behavior does not have an effect as well as Hedonic Motivation which has a significant positive effect on behavioral intentions while behavior does not affect. Social Influence does not have a significant effect on the Behavior Intention and User Behavior of e-faktur. As well as Variable Intentions of Behavior towards User Behavior e-faktur has a significant effect. In the next study we suggested adding gender, age, experience and voluntary variables.

Extended-spectrum – beta lactamases (ESBLs) are increasingly detected globally among Escherichia coli (E.Coli) and Klebsiella pneumoniae (K.pneumoniae). This study was designed to determine the prevalence and antibiogram of ESBLs produced by E.coli and K.pneumoniae clinical isolates obtained from various clinical specimens through different hospitals in Khartoum state -Sudan. An analytical comparative cross-sectional study was conducted. Identification of the isolates was done by using conventional biochemical methods ESBL screening, confirmatory according to CLSI guidelines. Statistical analysis was performed using the Statistical Package of Social Sciences (SPSS). Total of 368 isolates of Escherichia coli(n=216) and Klebsiella pneumonia (n=152) isolates were processed , Overall ESBL phenotype prevalence was 36.7 %, 40.1% and 34.2% of K. Pneumoniae and E. coli isolates respectively were confirmed to be ESBL phenotype. In this study, meropenem and imipenem were the most active antimicrobial agents against them. This study was indicated high prevalence of ESBL phenotype in Khartoum-state, with multidrug resistant trend, there is a need for longitudinal and nationwide surveillance as this help in tracking antibiotic resistant and regulating antibiotic policy.