Background: Good communication between the clinics and the laboratories and among the health professionals enhances diagnostic capability, efficiency and better management of the patient and is necessary for accurate and precise results. The study was carried out to audit and assess communication flow between the clinic and laboratory at the Haematology Department of the University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital - Enugu. Method: A total of 1000 laboratory request forms were collated in the study and each of these forms was monitored from time of inception till dispatch. Information in the laboratory request forms were grouped into four categories; patient’s biodata, clinical information, laboratory parameters and administrative parameters and analyzed statistically. Results: In patients biodata; age, sex and ethnic group fell short by 74.7%, 13.3% and 35.7% respectively. In clinical information category; clinical detail, provisional diagnosis, previous haematological requests and nature of specimen were insufficiently completed in 68.0%, 14.0%, 84.4% and 7.4% of the forms respectively. Ward, referring doctor and hospital reference number, were deficient by 1.2%, 2.4% and 65.0% respectively. Date, time of collection and date of arrival in the laboratory were lacking in all the forms. Out of the 1000 samples that arrived to the laboratory, 2% were inadequately collected or clotted and hence rejected. The information about these specimens was not communicated to the clinic/ward either through telephone or immediate dispatch for necessary repeat collection. Conclusion: We observed poor information communication between the clinicians and the laboratory and this may affect the accuracy of results. The inclusion of formal training in investigations, collection and handling of pathological samples in medical curriculum and training of practicing doctors through continuing education is recommended. Advances in technology or change in procedure should be adequately communicated to all concerned in the utility of laboratory results. Pathologists should play the critical roles of not only interpreting the results of the tests but also the continuing education of young doctors.

Retinal nerve fiber layer thickness is affected in several ocular and systemic conditions, most commonly glaucoma and diabetic retinopathy. The present cross sectional study was conducted to compare the retinal nerve fiber layer thickness in patients of type 2 diabetes mellitus, and patients of primary angle glaucoma suffering from type 2 diabetes mellitus. A total of 120 consecutive eyes of 60 patients were assigned to 2 groups of 30 patients each of type 2 diabetes mellitus and patients of primary open angle glaucoma suffering from type 2 diabetes mellitus. Retinal nerve fiber layer thickness was measured with spectral-domain optical coherence tomography. Readings from all the areas of retina (superior nasal, inferior nasal, inferior temporal, superior temporal, nasal upper, nasal lower, temporal lower, temporal upper) were measured in both eyes. The presence of type 2 diabetes mellitus in patients of primary open angle glaucoma significantly affected the thickness of retinal nerve fiber layer specially in superonasal and inferotemporal quadrants as compared to patients of primary open angle glaucoma or diabetes mellitus individually. RNFLT is negatively correlated with the duration of glaucoma, duration of diabetes and HBA1c levels. Hence care should be taken in interpreting optical coherence tomography readings in patients of primary open angle glaucoma having diabetes mellitus, and such patients should not be over treated. The changes in retinal nerve fiber layer thickness can be used to monitor the progression or regression of diseases affecting nerve fiber layer and efficacy of treatment modalities in individual cases.

The aim of this article is to report three cases of multiple impacted supernumerary teeth and review the literature, analyzing their prevalence, etiology and classification. Supernumerary teeth are those that exceed the normal dental formula. They are more common in men, more common in the upper maxilla, and more prevalent in permanent dentition. Complications associated with supernumerary teeth include dental impaction, delayed eruption, ectopic eruption, overcrowding, spacing anomalies and the formation of follicular cysts. The treatment of supernumerary teeth depends on their type, position, and possible complications, detected clinically and radiographically. No clear consensus exists as to the best time to extract unerupted supernumerary teeth

Background: Hepatitis B virus infection is a major global health problem and of immense clinical importance. Hepatitis B virus infection can lead to hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and is found to be associated with macrocytic anemia. The mechanism of anaemia largely depends on red cell membrane integrity. Osmotic fragility (OF) of red cells was therefore evaluated in patients with HBV infections to access the diagnostic/prognostic utility. Methods: A total of 1744 patients from surgical and medical wards/clinics of Alex Ekwueme University Teaching Hospital Abakiliki were screening serologically for HBV using immunochromatographic strip method and positive samples were confirmed by the use of One Step Hepatitis B Multi-5 Test. A total of 100 subjects (50 HBV positive and 50 HBV negative) were evaluated for osmotic fragility of red blood cells. Results: HBV prevalence rate of 3.5% was found among the patients. The osmotic fragility of red blood cells were significantly (p<0.05) decreased in Hepatitis B virus positive individuals compared to Hepatitis B virus negative individuals. Significant (p<0.05) differences were observed in the osmotic fragility of the two groups at 0.9%, 0.8%, 0.7%, 0.6%, 0.5%, 0.4%, 0.3%, 0.2% and 0.1% saline. The mean corpuscular fragility (MCF) which is the sodium chloride concentration causing 50% hemolysis for Hepatitis B positive individuals was 0.33% saline while that of Hepatitis B negative individuals was 0.41% saline. Conclusion: The HBV positive patients showed decreased OF compared with HBV negative control population. This study was on small population of HBV positive subjects without disease staging. Further studies using more sample size and clinical staging is recommended to clearly associate OF as a diagnostic or prognostic marker in HBV infection

This paper proposes a simple HPLC method for the identification of vitamin D3 in fortified milk powder. The method was applied to the determination of the vitamin D3 (as cholecalciferol) concentration in commercial products containing known amounts of vitamin D, under the following chromatographic conditions: C 18, 5 µrn, 120 A, 4.6 x 150 mm column, a mobile phase consisted of methanol and UV (DAD) set at 265 nm. The linearity range was established between 0.01-0.2 μg/ml of cholecalciferol prior to the analysis. The extraction was performed with dichloromethane: methane 1:1 (v/v) prior to the analysis. The limit of quantification was 50 ng/ml. Rapid determination of vitamin D through the chromatographic method represents a good solution for its quantification in the fortified milk powder.

Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) are soil-dwelling microorganisms that live in association with plant roots. PGPR can play an important role in agricultural by enhancing crop production as well as increasing plant resistance against damaging pests and diseases. In the case of the destructive viral disease of cereal crops barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV), there is currently no treatment available after a plant becomes infected. Control of this aphid-transmitted viral disease is limited to resistant plant cultivars and/or chemical control of vector populations. With increasing environmental pressures to move towards sustainable agriculture, PGPR-based disease control provides a viable alternative to chemical pesticide applications. Here, we aimed to review the potential use of PGPR Azospirillum brasilense to protect wheat plants against barley yellow dwarf virus, and the underlying mechanisms for PGPR-mediated changes on plant-virus-vector interactions.

An esthetic smile is a common cosmetic concern in the dental field. Excessive gingival display (EGD), also called gummy smile (GS), is one of the main complaints related to an unsatisfying dental smile; it is said to be present when the gingival display exceeds 4 mm. The dental smile is achieved by a harmonious relationship between the size, shape, arrangement, and color of the anterior teeth; lip framework; and gingival contour. Altered passive eruption (AEP) is characterized by short square-shaped teeth occuring when the gingiva covers the crown of the teeth excessively. Altered passive eruption is one of the causes of GS along with maxillary lip length, bony maxillary excess, hyperactive upper lip, anterior dentoalveolar extrusion, and vertical maxillary excess. There are various options for periodontal management of EGD, such as surgical or laser gingivectomy, esthetic crown lengthening, forced eruption, lip repositioning surgery, use of Botox, or a combination of these. The aim of this paper is to review main etiologies and for proper diagnosis before the clinician can settle on the management. Dental professionals should also outline the principles of an acceptable esthetic smile, which should be the target of each GS correction procedure.

Soft tissue repair following injury can be very challenging for a reconstructive surgeon. The goals of management of facial trauma are the preservation of form and function. The management of facial soft-tissue trauma is particularly critical where injuries can cause not only esthetic deformities but also can affect neural function, normal mastication, visual fields, and salivary outflow. Special consideration must be given to injuries of functional structures such as the facial nerve, ductal systems or organs, and ensuring appropriated management of these structures. This article discusses on few case report and a review of literature pertaining to facial soft tissue injuries.

Introduction: There are various methods for dental rehabilitation but osseointegrated oral implants are now a days one of the most successful method to restore oral esthetics and function. But still immediate implants are often deferred or avoided at a site where infection is present because of the fear of failure. Recent experimental studies and updated literature have shown that with meticulous socket debridement and prophylactic use of antibiotics, successful outcome can be achieved for implants placed in infected socket. Aim and Objectives: The aim of this present study was to evaluate the feasibility of immediately placed dental implant into infected and debrided dentoalveolar socket and Clinico radiographic evaluation to assess the osseointegration of immediately placed dental implants. Materials and Method: A total of Twelve implants were placed in 10 patients reporting to Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery at Guru Nanak Dev Dental College and Research Institute Sunam. All implants were immediately placed following extraction of tooth having periapical pathology where the extraction socket was thoroughly debrided and curetted to remove any granulation tissue and necrotic bone from the socket and treated with clindamycin prior to implant placement. Patients were examined on 1st day, 7th day, 1 month and 3 months post-operatively. Results: The various parameters evaluated included pain, inflammation, infection/suppuration, detectable implant mobility and periimplant radiolucency. Where pain, inflammation and infection was evaluated at 1st day, 7th day, 1 month and 3 months postoperatively and implant mobility and periimplant radiolucency was checked at 3rd month after implant surgery. None of the implants failed during the healing or follow-up period in our study. No peri-implant complications were seen either. Conclusion: It can be concluded that successful immediate implant placement in infected dentoalveolar socket depends upon the meticulous debridement of alveolar socket and controlled regeneration of alveolar defect.

Radicular cyst is the most common odontogenic cystic lesion of inflammatory origin. It is also known as periapical cyst, apical periodontal cyst, root end cyst, or dental cyst. It arises from epithelial residues in the periodontal ligament as a result of inflammation. This condition is usually asymptomatic but can result in a slow-growth tumefaction in the affected region. Radiographically, the archetypal description of the lesion is a round or oval, well circumscribed radiolucent image involving the apex of the infected tooth. In the management of these lesions the endodontic treatment only is not sufficient and it should be associated with surgical management. This paper presents a case of endodontics cum surgical management of large radicular cyst in the maxillary anterior region with complete resorption of maxillary nasal floor.

Repair of a bilateral cleft lip deformity is challenging yet rewarding. Many surgeons find it hard to achieve results comparable to those of unilateral repairs. Poorly planned surgeries can leave noticeable residual deformities. There is a combination of genetic and environmental factors that may affect development of cleft lip in weeks 4 to 10 of gestation. Bilateral cleft lip and palate is recognized by the presence of a central echodense mass in the region of the upper lip. This mass is known as the premaxillary protrusion and it represents abnormal alveolar and gingival tissue due to uninhibited growth of the premaxilla caused by lack of continuity of the bony, gingival and lip structures. This case report is going to throw light on the unique surgical technique for severly prominent premaxilla in bilateral cleft lip and palate using reductive ostectomy on the vomero-premaxillary suture.

Background: Leukaemia is a complex form of blood malignancy characterized by a high mortality rate, despite significant improvement in cancer treatments. The consumption of fruits and vegetables are inversely related to the incidence and mortality of cancer, as a result of the high level of polyphenols found in some fruits that has been reported to be potentially chemotherapeutic and having a considerable effect on haematological malignancies. Objectives: To explore the effect of Imatinib, Doxorubicin, and/or polyphenols (emodin, rhein, apigenin and cis-stilbene) on the proliferation, and apoptosis of myeloid and lymphoid leukaemia cells compared to non-tumour cells. Methods: one myeloid (K562), one lymphoid (CCRF-CEM), a leukaemia cell line and one non-tumour normal cell line (CD133) were treated with Imatinib, Doxorubicin, and/or different doses of polyphenols. The activity of leukaemia cell proliferation was assessed by Cell Titer-Glo® luminescent assay; the morphological changes of apoptosis, which includes DNA fragmentation and nuclear condensation, were detected by DAPI staining. Results: Emodin, cis-stilbene, apigenin and rhein showed different levels of effect on inhibition of ATP level and inducing apoptosis in K562 myeloid cells, CCRF-CEM lymphoid cells and CD133+ normal cells when these types of polyphenols used separately and combined with Imatinib or Doxorubicin. Generally, the CCRF-CEM lymphoid leukaemia cell line was more sensitive to polyphenol treatments alone and when combined with Doxorubicin compared to the K562 myeloid leukaemia cell line and CD133+ non-tumour cells. Conclusion: These results suggest that polyphenols have different effects according to the type of cell and polyphenol. The variant effect between leukaemia cells and non-tumour cell suggests that polyphenols are a potentially therapeutic agent for leukaemia. Polyphenols can enhance the effect of chemotherapy and reduce the required dose to induce cell death in cancer cells.

The word “cosmetics” actually stems from its use in Ancient Rome. They were typically produced by female slaves known as “cosmetae,” which is where the word “cosmetics” stemmed from. Cosmetics are used to enhance appearance. Makeup has been around for many centuries. The first known people who used cosmetics to enhance their beauty were the Egyptians. Makeup those days was just simple eye coloring or some material for the body. Now-a-days makeup plays an important role for both men and women. In evolutionary psychology, social competition of appearance strengthens women’s desires for ideal beauty. According to “The Origin of Species”, humans have evolved to transfer genes to future generations through sexual selection that regards the body condition of ideal beauty as excellent fertility. Additionally, since women’s beauty has recently been considered a competitive advantage to create social power, a body that meets the social standards of a culture could achieve limited social resources. That's right, even men have become more beauty conscious and are concerned about their looks. Cosmetics can be produced in the organic and hypoallergenic form to meet the demands of users. Makeup is used as a beauty aid to help build up the self-esteem and confidence of an individual. The importance of cosmetics has increased as many people want to stay young and attractive. Cosmetics are readily available today in the form of creams, lipstick, perfumes, eye shadows, nail polishes, hair sprays etc. Other cosmetics like face powder give glow to the skin after applying the base cream. Then we have lipsticks, which are applied by many women of all ages. They are made from wax and cocoa butter in the desired amount. Cosmetics like creams, gels, and colognes are used on a daily basis by both women and men. Creams act as a cleanser for the face in many circumstances. More recently anti-ageing creams have been manufactured which can retain younger looking skin for many years. The best cleansing agents are cleansing cream, soap and water. Cosmetic creams serve as a skin food for hard, dry and chapped skin. It mainly lubricates, softens and removes unwanted dirt from the skin. Some popular fat creams that are used include Vaseline and Lanolin. ...

Background: Acute onset seizure is one of the common causes of childhood hospitalization with significant mortality and morbidity. There is limited data regarding acute seizures episodes and its outcome from developing countries. Current study aims to find the common etiology of seizure and classify seizure types in various age groups. It was also aimed to find outcome in relation to diagnosis, abnormal imaging, EEG and requirement of monotherapy or polytherapy. Material and Method: This was a hospital based prospective study carried out in the department of Pediatrics, Calcutta National Medical College and Hospital from June 2016 to May 2017. Children aged 1 month to 12 years presented with acute onset seizure were enrolled. Variables collected were demographics, clinical presentation, laboratory tests, brain imaging, elect- roencephalography, diagnosis and therapy. The data was analysed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) for Windows version 16.0 (SPSS Inc ; Chicago, IL, USA). Results: A total of 491 patients were admitted for acute onset seizure with 289(58.8%) males and 202(41%) females. Among these patient 280(57%) presented with fever and 55(10.9%) children presented with status epilepticus. Generalised onset tonic clonic was the most common seizure type, central nervous system infection was the most common etiology in all the age groups. Final outcome was made at the time of discharge as discharged without sequelae, dischaeged with sequelae and death. Patient with CNS infection had highest mortality. Conclusion: CNS infection and febrile seizure were common cause of seizure in fewer than 5 children. Group of children presenting with unprovoked seizure require long term follow up studies including neurophysiologic studies and neuroimaging for better understanding of childhood seizure disorder in developing countries.

Intra-uterine copper devices (IUCD) are one of the most widely used reversible contraceptive methods used in India due to its lost cost, easy availability and long duration of action. However it is associated with few complications, one of the most important among which is uterine perforation and IUCD migration. IUCD might migrate into abdominal cavity, intestine and very rarely into the urinary bladder. Authors hereby report a rare case of 35 years old woman who presented with suprapubic pain since 1 month and found to have lost Copper T in the urinary bladder, which was inserted 14 years back postpartum. Laparotomy with cystotomy was done and complete IUCD was retrieved from wall and cavity of bladder successfully. Authors hereby review the literature regarding migrated IUCD found in the urinary bladder