Background: Background: Vitamin B12 (B12) deficiency leads to a wide spectrum of disorders affecting all age groups. However, reports on B12 status in vegetarian adults in India are limited. Hence, we determined the prevalence of B12 in the northern Indian vegetarian population. Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted in an urban north Indian population amongst 200 apparently adults distributed into 3 age groups: <20, 21-40 and >40 years. Plasma concentrations of B12 were analyzed. Results: The overall prevalence of B12 deficiency was 45%. B12 deficiency was higher in vegetarians (35.5%) compared to those consuming non vegetarian diet (9.5%). Conclusions: These results indicate a higher prevalence of B12 deficiency in apparently healthy vegetarian adults in a north Indian population

The profunda femoris artery is very important branch of femoral artery supplying the thigh. One of its important branches is medial circumflex femoral artery. Knowledge about variation in its origin is important for the surgeons and radiologists. The present study was conducted in 50 embalmed cadavers in the department of Anatomy, Stanley Medical College. The medial circumflex femoral arteries were seen originating from profunda femoris artery in 84 %. In 16% medial circumflex femoral arteries were seen originating from the femoral artery at the same level of profunda femoris artery.

This research aims to analyze employee performance of rattan industries in Central Sulawesi. This is descriptive quantitative research. The research population were comprised of all employees and owners of rattan-based small- and medium-scale industries (industri kecil dan menengah or IKM) based in the city of Palu and regencies in Central Sulawesi, amounting to 245 people. Its sample size consisted of 152 people. It employed a research variable, which was employee performance that was divided into 4 dimensions: working quality, working quantity, cooperation, and sense of responsibility. Data were analyzed descriptively using the application SPSS. Findings suggest that the majority of the research respondents were male (96.9%) aged 30-40 years (42.0%). In terms of education, most respondents were senior high school graduates (96.71%) and had worked for 1-5 years (53.0%). They generally had never formally attended job training (77.0%). Employee performance based on the dimensions of working quality and sense of responsibility fell into a high category while viewed from the dimensions of working quantity and cooperation, it fell into a moderate category. Based on the findings, it can be concluded that the performance of employees of the rattan industries in Central Sulawesi was high in running a rattan business. However, employees need to strengthen their cooperation in order that their working quantity increases and their working quality improves

The crevicular incision is a very simple incision. It has many applications in various surgeries like flap surgery, apicoectomy, transalveolar extraction, bone biopsy and orthognathic surgery. In the management of fracture mandible, a routine vestibular incision is used. There are many complications associated with the vestibular incision like infection, wound dehiscence, mental nerve injury. These postoperative complications are rare with the crevicular incision. Like in other oral surgeries it can also be used as one of the approach to access fracture in the mandible. It not only provides wide surgical exposure but simultaneously it gives more visibility to both upper and lower limits of the fracture line. Since this incision crosses the sulcus of gingiva it can affect the health of gingival tissues. With this question, we planned this study to find out the outcome of the crevicular incision on periodontal health if used in open reduction & internal fixation. This study was done on patients with isolated mandibular fractures of symphysis and body region. Comparison of crevicular incision (study group) with a vestibular incision (control group) was done on the basis of certain periodontal indices (Gingival index, Pocket probing depth, Clinical Attachment level) which was recorded preoperatively and postoperatively after 6 weeks, and 12weeks. The results of the current study revealed that well performed ORIF for fracture mandible by using crevicular incision does not lead to periodontal problems. It showed almost similar long-term outcomes compared to the vestibular incision in ORIF.

One effort to improve competence and provide opportunities to develop employees is to provide a competitive remuneration package. The purpose of this study is to understand and uncover the behavior of Seafarers in shipping companies. Seafarers who take over professions. The approach of this research is qualitative methods, with the model of the fenomological approach (Alfraed Schutz), religious phenomenology, conventional (Bogdan Biken) and IFIAS which see social behavior as behavior oriented to the past, present and future of someone who has switched professions. The results of this study show about seaman behavior. 1. Behavior change is formed by predisposing factors, enabling factors, driving factors and information factors, 2. Transfer of aspirational professions and religiosity in pursuing life as a form of career and professional motivation, 3. For seafarers age is a very strategic consideration, where in his life he has left all the life of his social interaction in the general public, 4. The profession has experienced the initial conditions of a high tension of life caused by desire and anxiety, 5. Transfer of the profession done by someone due to a different social status with others

This paper focuses on some strategies and procedures that can be used to teach speaking to beginners and intermediate students in Senegal where the majority of the students has not only a lack of opportunities and are seldom exposed to the English language, but also are found to be silent, shy or have a profound fear of being wrong. Since more importance is given to reading and writing skills, communicative activities such as introductions, role plays, use of fables and talking tasks are efficient alternatives to improve students’ oral communication skills in junior and high secondary public schools in Senegal by integrating lessons with the National curriculum for English language. This study also claims that students’ use of mobile phones which is forbidden by the schools legislation is inevitable to improve speaking skills in the process of foreign language learning. It shows that despite resources constraints in many remote areas, it is possible to improve students’ oral communication skills in a relaxed and stress free environment.

Any uterine bleeding outside the normal volume , duration, regularity or frequency is considered Abnormal uterine bleeding (AUB).AUB is the most common and distressing gynaecological complaint of women attending gynaecological consultation.It is used to classify AUB on the basis of etiology-Polyp, Adenomyosis, Leiomyoma, Malignancy, Coagulopathy, Hyperplasia, Ovulatory dysfunction, Endometrial, Iatrogenic and Not yet classified .Primary disorders of the endometrium are common causes of AUB in both perimenopausal and postmenopausal women. The histopathology pattern of endometrium include proliferative pattern, secretory pattern, simple hyperplasia, complex hyperplasia, atrophic endometrium and disordered proliferation. Endometrial carcinoma is one of the common cause of postmenopausal bleeding. The endometrium is evaluated by Trans Vaginal ultrasound (TVS), Hysteroscopy and endometrial biopsy. Endometrial sample is obtained by fractional curettage and office endometrial biopsy using Pipelles’ aspirator. The present study is designed to evaluate the endometrial pattern on histopathology and to correlate the endometrial thickness by Transvaginal Ultrasound and endometrial pattern in perimenopausal women with AUB. This is a retrospective study conducted in Annapoorana Medical College and Hospital, Salem from December 2016 to November 2018. Women presenting with Abnormal uterine bleeding who underwent Endometrial sampling and Trans Vaginal Ultrasound as initial part of management is taken for the study. Endometrial sampling was obtained either by fractional curettage or office endometrial biopsy in our institution. Endometrial thickness was obtained by transvaginal ultrasound using 7.5 MHZ transvaginal transducer before obtaining endometrial sampling. Observations were made and the results were analysed to find the correlation between endometrial thickness and study the endometrial pattern

Globally, the changing demands of society require that learners be trained with innovation and creativity in mind. The United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) 2030, specifically SDG4, aim to ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and the promotion of lifelong learning opportunities for all students. The technical model of education has been known to stifle learning opportunities for students and promote inequality. In keeping with the world wide mandate for inclusive education that values that right of all students to meaningful education, what is taught and valued as outcomes for all students is an important consideration of the education system. Curricula should be seen as having a positive effect as levers for the sustainable, inclusive, fair and cohesive development of a country. This position paper focuses on current practice in Trinidad and Tobago‟s school system and describes how it is lacking with regard to the flexibility of the curriculum that is needed for inclusive education implementation. The paper gives a brief overview of the technical and post-modern perspectives of curriculum and aims to justify how a shift to the post-modern perspective might be better suited for our present time. Implications for practice relating to teacher practice, curriculum content and student outcomes, which will all result from increasing the relevance and applicability of our curriculum, are also presented

Infertility affects about 10-15% of reproductive age couples globally. WHO estimates 60-80 million couples worldwide. WHO estimates the overall prevalence of infertility to be between 3.9 to 16.8% (WHO estimate 2004) [2]. Diagnostic hysterolaparoscopy is an effective modality for evaluation of tubal and peritoneal pathologies, endometriois, pelvic adhesions and intra uterine pathologies, which are not identified with other imaging modalities and routine pelvic examinations. Tubal patency is evaluated simultaneously by direct visualization of spillage of dye through the tubes. This retrospective study is undertaken to evaluate the effectiveness of diagnostic hysterolaparoscopy in infertility workup. Results were analyzed and the abnormal pathologies were categorized. Safety and advantages of Diagnostic hysterolaparoscopy procedure was observed

Background: Hemoglobinopathies including Thalassemia with an estimated 10,000 live births each year and Sickle cell disease (SCD) with an estimated 5,200 live births each year, are a major public health problem in India specially in scheduled tribes, who have a high prevalence of socio-economic disadvantage and are frequently medically underserved [1]. In Bastar, the land of tribes as about 70% of population comprises of tribals, which is 26.76% of the total tribal population of Chhattisgarh [2]. Hence this work was an attempt to compare anthropometrically between Sickling and Non-Sickling individuals of tribal population of Bastar Division, Chhattisgarh. Aims & Objectives: To compare anthropometrically between sickling and non-sickling individuals of tribal population of Bastar division, Chhattisgarh. Material and methods: An observational case-control study of 138 sickle cell disease patients with electrophoresis/sickle solubility test positive, aged 5yrs to 30yrs and 138 sickle solubility negative age and sex matched controls was done. Anthropometrical parameters like height, weight, upper and lower limb lengths were statistically compared. Results: In males, in the age group of 5-14yrs, the parameters that were statistically significant were of axial skeleton and limb lengths. This suggests that it is the most vulnerable group. In the age group of 20-30yrs the parameters that were statistically significant were hemoglobin concentration (p<0.0001), weight (p=0.004), maximum calf circumference (p=0.02) and BMI (p=0.02). In females, statistically significant difference for hemoglobin concentration between the cases and controls in all three age groups was seen i.e.,5-14yrs(p=0.05), 15-19yrs(0.001), 20-30yrs (p<0.0001) and in the age group of 15-20yrs, t-test for weight between cases and controls in female group showed significant difference (p= 0.01). Conclusions: From the above results and low SES, it may be stated that the poor growth status of the cases may be due to the SCD and poor socio-economic conditions.

Introduction: Rudimentary horn is a developmental anomaly of the uterus. Pregnancy in a rudimentary horn is rare. The Diagnosis of the rudimentary horn pregnancy is very difficult and needs high index of suspicion. Case: We present a case of pregnancy in a non-communicating rudimentary horn that was difficult to diagnosis in the 1st presentation. The diagnosis was suspected when the case did not respond to the medical termination of pregnancy by misoprostol; and also by mechanical methods. Following that a suspicion of an abnormally located pregnancy was made and confirmed by radiology modalities. Patient had surgical resection of the rudimentary horn. Conclusion: Despite recent advances in ultrasound, the diagnosis of pregnancy in the rudimentary horn remains difficult, and high index of suspicion is needed in these cases.

The present project constitutes an investigation about the factors that intervene in first semester students when choosing a university. The study employs 95% reliability for students in the first semester of the Computer Systems Engineering degree. The results obtained were that the factor that most influences students is the consideration factor of the university, other factors that also take into account are: geographical location and social consideration.

This study explored whether there were correlations among internal and external control personality traits, fashion anxiety, online word of mouth, the Bandwagon effect, and consumer involvement. The online questionnaire was adopted in this study, with online consumers who used new shopping websites as sample sources. After deleting invalid questionnaires, there were 265 valid samples. The analysis results show that: (1) Consumers with the fashion anxiety characteristic care more about others and are subject to external influence. Therefore, internal and external control personality traits have a significant positive impact on fashion anxiety; (2) Consumers with external control personality traits are more likely to believe others or the external environment, leading to greater likelihood for the Bandwagon effect to result. Therefore, the internal and external control personality traits produce a positive impact on the Bandwagon effect; (3) Internal and external control personality traits produce a significant positive impact on online word of mouth; (4) Consumer involvement varies with different personality traits. Therefore, internal and external control personality traits produce a significant positive impact on consumer involvement; (5) Consumers with fashion anxiety characteristic are likely to follow others. Therefore, fashion anxiety produces a significant positive impact on the Bandwagon effect; (6) The results on the interaction between consumers’ Bandwagon effect and online word of mouth show that the Bandwagon effect and online word of mouth have a reciprocal effect; (7) Consumer involvement produces a significant positive impact on the Bandwagon effect; (8) compared to consumers with higher involvement, consumers with lower involvement trust online word of mouth more. Therefore, consumer involvement produces a significant positive impact online word of mouth.

Introduction: The styloid process is a cylindrical bony projection extending from petrous part of temporal bone. It lies in front of the stylomastoid foramen and projects downwards, forwards, and slightly towards the medial side. Many important neurovascular structures are adjacent to it. Due to morphological variations of styloid process these structures may be compressed. Abnormal elongation of styloid process may pose threat to anaesthetist while performing intubation. Methods: Study was carried out on 100 (65 males, 35 females) adult dry skulls. The measurements taken ie. styloid process length, and interstyloid distance of the skull between the tip and base. All the parameters were measured using a digital Vernier caliper in millimetres on both the sides. Results: We found mean length of styloid process in males on right side 22.70 mm and on left 22.16 mm. In females, it was 22.30 mm on right and 21.28 mm on left side. The interstyloid distances of skull at the base and the tip of the styloid processes were noted. The mean distances at the base and the tip were 75.26 ± 0.3752 mm and 69.14 ± 0.3493 mm respectively in male, those in female were 72.15 ± 0.6525 mm and 67.00 ± 0.5043 mm respectively. The differences between male and female were statistically significant at the base (P<0.05) and at the tip (P<0.05). Although no statistically significant difference was found in length of styloid process between males and females. The occurrence of elongated styloid process was not associated with the gender. By this study it can be said that the styloid process can be utilised for the sex identification by measuring the interstyloid distance at the base or the tip of these processes. Conclusions: The results of this study suggested that the styloid process can be utilised for sex identification by measuring the interstyloid distance at both the base and the tip of these processes. Neurovascular structures which lie within the territory of styloid process may be compressed due to its anatomical variation. This data may be useful for clinicians, surgeons, radiologists, anaesthetists and anatomists as an academic interest.

Proliferative verrucous leukoplakia (PVL) is a rare form of oral leukoplakia, which was first described in 1985 by Hansen et al. Since then, various published case series have presented PVL as a disease with aggressive biological behavior due to its high probability of recurrence and a high rate of malignant transformation, usually higher than 70%. PVL is a long-term progressive condition, which is observed more frequently in elderly women, over 60 years at the time of diagnosis. We here by present a case of oral proliferative verrucous leukoplakia of retromolar triangle including gingivobuccal sulcus where nasolabial flap was used for reconstruction of the defect