Aim: The study aimed to compare the efficacy of saline infusion sonohysterography (SIS) in investigation of abnormal uterine bleeding in perimenopausal women with transvaginal sonography (TVS) and histopathological examination of hysterectomy specimen. Method: The study was carried in50 women with Abnormal uterine bleeding and were subjected to Transvaginal sonography, Saline infusion sonography and D and C for diagnosing underlying pathology of AUB. The comparative efficacy of TVS and SIS were correlated with HPE results from hysterectomy and the same identified as Gold standard. In the present study menorrhagia was the most common bleeding pattern. Results: Among 15 cases diagnosed as endometrial hyperplasia in TVS, 2 were found to have polyps using SIS.1 case of endometrial hyperplasia was found to have irregular hyperplasia using SIS, which was suggestive of malignancy. TVS diagnosed 1 case of endometrial polyp as a submucous fibroid. SIS correctly diagnosed 10 cases of hyperplasia and 1 case of irregular hyperplasia suggestive of malignancy.4 cases of polyps were diagnosed as endometrial hyperplasia in TVS and 1 case of adenocarcinoma as submucous fibroid. SIS diagnosed all polyps correctly and diagnosed 1 adenocarcinoma as irregular hyperplasia. Conclusion: The use of saline infusion sonohysterography to enhance the visualization of the endometrium increases the diagnostic accuracy of TVS to approach that of diagnostic hysteroscopy and may even replace it. It is an alternative to hysteroscopy with the additional advantage of evaluating Myometrial and adnexal pathology besides being less invasive and cost effective

Background & Objective: Hepatitis B and Hepatitis C are significant problems in the management of haemodialysis patients. We aimed to investigate the incidence and prevalence of HBV and HCV infection in the hemodialysis patients as well as risk factors for infection. Methodology: All adult patients receiving maintenance hemodialysis (n=217) in General hospital, gandhinagar were studied between September to December 2018. Testing for Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and anti-HCV antibodies was performed at Department of Microbiology, GMERS medical college, Gandhinagar. Results: The prevalence and incidence rates were 2.30% in HBV patients and 5.06 in HCV patients respectively. There was a significant correlation of the prevalence and seroconversion of HCV and HBV with number of blood transfusion and duration of heamodialysis. Conclusion: Patients on maintenance hemodialysis have lower incidence and prevalence of HCV infection and lower rates of HBV infection in this study.

India is estimated to have the largest numbers of stillbirths globally, and the Indian government has adopted a target of <10 stillbirths per 1,000 births by 2030 through the India Newborn Action Plan (INAP) [1]. This study was conducted to analyze the maternal and fetal etiologies of intrauterine fetal death and to suggest preventive steps. 4800 patients with 25 ante partum deaths (5.20 per 1000 births) were studied in last four years. 56% were unbooked, 80% were illiterate and 60% were from very low socio economic status.16% had pre eclamptic toxemia, 12% had abruption placente, 8% had congenital anomaly in fetus and 4% mothers had anemia. Most of the etiological factors are manageable with regular ante natal care and timely treatment at tertiary care centre

Blood transfusion is most important part of medical treatment and is also associated with risk of transfusion transmitted infections (TTIs). Hence screening of blood bags is important to ensure safe blood transfusion. The present study was done to evaluate the ability of nucleic acid testing (NAT) and to compare it with ELISA assay to detect Window period for HBV, HCV, and HIV in the donor population of the blood bank of Karwar institute of Medical sciences, Karwar, Karnataka. A total of 3183 donors were screened over 4 ½ years to assess the seroprevalence of infectious disease markers. Blood units were screened for the five commonest TTIs namely HIV I & II, HBsAg, HCV syphilis and malaria using screening test like ELISA and Rapid Kit, peripheral smear and VDRL tests. All reactive sample were retested. Seropositive blood bags were discarded. All non-reactive samples were sent for confirmation testing by NAT technique for HIV I & II, HBsAg, HCV to reduce the risk of TTIs in the recipients, thus providing an additional layer of blood safety. Out of 3183 blood donors, 17 were seropositive for the TTIs. Totally 14 units were positive for HBV infection, out of those 13 were detected HbsAg positive by ELISA and 1 seropositive donor which was not detected by the serological test was detected by the NAT. NAT implementation is likely to reduce the TTIs and its implementation will be a valuable addition to the existing safety efforts.

Two different micro-emulsions based on methyl meth acrylate / butyl acrylate copolymers have been synthesized to be used as retanning agents for chrome tanned leather. The main difference and characteristics of the two prepared copolymers were studied. The nano particle size of the two co-polymers was confirmed using transmission electron microscope (TEM). The characterization of the two prepared copolymers were investigated. The properties of the retanned leather, namely, physico-mechanical properties as water absorption, tear strength; tensile strength and elongation at break were measured. Thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) technique was used to examine the thermal stability of the retanned leather. Texture of the grain surface and fibers were inspected using Scanning electron microscope (SEM). The retanned leather showed an improvement in its physico-mechanical properties, as well as enhancement of its thermal stability. Also, it has uniform dyestuff, softness and firmness grain. All these promising results provide evidence to the applicability of the prepared copolymer emulsions as efficient retanning agents.

This study aims to look at the rate of primary productivity utilization in Jakarta waters by fisheries activities which are divided into two main zones using the Human appropriation of net primary production approach and the primary production recquirement. The fishery zone is divided based on the type of vessel weight size, namely zone I for ships with sizes <5GT and zone II for 5-10GT vessel sizes. The method used in calculating PRRi is to use the approach of Pauly and Chirstensen (1995) while for HANPP we transform the approach of Erb et al. 2009 to the Djau 2013 approach to see the value of HANPP fisheries. From the analysis, it can be seen that the PPR value for zone I is equal to 1,63 x 108 kgC.y-1 while for zone II amounting to 1,44 x 108 kgC.y-1. For HANPP value for zona II is equal 5,12 x 1010 kj and zone I 4,04 x 1010 kj. Total value (zona I dan II) PPRo = 9,88 x1010 , PPRh = 7 x 109 kj, and HANPP total = 9,17 x 1010 kj. The conclusion from this analysis is shown that harvesting rate of primary productivity by fisheries in Jakarta waters reaches more than 95% of total energy availability it means that the fisheries activities has given considerable pressure to the waters.

Rape violently asserts masculinity in a patriarchal society, which assigns women a subordinate position. The study focuses on nature and consequences of rape victimization, their sufferings under criminal justice system and adaptation problems in society. As descriptive study, content analysis and case studies basic methods were used. About 211 rape cases as secondary data and 23 rape cases as primary data were estimated in 2012. Most of victims were unmarried (age between 16-20) and more become victimized by acquaintance person where anger rape committed most (48.3% from newspapers and 100% from cases studies). Refuse of love was main factor for causing rape. Offender arrested rate was low (20.2%). running of trial process were less (44%). Medical test had completed for maximum cases (90.9%).suffering too much under criminal justice system was responsible for not reporting to police. Shame, fear, helplessness, frozen feelings were active as post traumatic situation. Free movement discards and degradation of quality of life arouse for adjustment problems after victimization. Findings were presented basis on objectives and explained by social structural, cultural, and institutional victimization theory. The study conducted for social awareness and for the improvement of criminal justice system towards rape victims.

The aim of our study is to assess the frequency of urinary tract infections in clean catch midstream urine, to isolate the urinary tract infection causing organism and their anti microbial sensitivity to various antibiotics in chronic renal failure patients undergoing hemodialysis. Our study was carried out in the time span of 12 months from January 2018 to December 2018 at GMERS Medical College Gandhinagar, Gujarat. The study included 1225 patients of all age group who had clinically evident chronic renal failure and taking hemodialysis. Out of 1225 patients presented clinically as chronic renal failure and taking hemodialysis, 365(29.80%) patients were culture positive and 860(70.20%) patients were culture negative. Out of 1225 patients of CRF taking hemodialysis 891(72.73%) were male and 334(27.27%) were female. In the present study maximum number of patients 97 were from age group 61-70 years followed by 57 patients from 21-30 years age group. Out of 365 cultures positive isolates 301(82.47%) were gram negative isolates and 64(17.53%) were gram positive isolates. Both gram negative and gram positive isolates are 100% sensitive to imipenam and least sensitive to amoxicillin 15.28% and 10.94% respectively. MDR in gram negative isolates were 19.27% and in gram positive isolates were 12.69%. our study is helpful in need for continous evaluation of local antibiotics sensitivity patterns for the formulation of rational antibiotic policy which will reduces further spread of antimicrobial resistance.

Background: With increasing rate of institutional deliveries, PPIUCD serves as an effective method of contraception that can be easily availed to the parturient at the health care facility. Objective: The present study evaluates the awareness and acceptance rates of PPIUCD among parturient at the time of delivery in both vaginal delivery and caesarean section. The continuation rate was also assessed at the first postpartum visit that is at 6 weeks. Method: This prospective interventional study was conducted in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kamla Raja Hospital, Gwalior for a period of one year from Nov 2014 to Nov 2015. 100 cases of normal vaginal delivery and 100 cases of lower segment caesarean section were randomly selected and CuT 380A was inserted after obtaining their written consent. Result: Mean age of the study sample was 27.5 years ± 3.5years. The acceptance rate was higher when the counselling was done in early labor (61.5%). It was higher in primigravida (53%) than multigravida (47%). Its long term effect is the commonest reason for accepting this method. Most common complication that resulted in removal of PPIUCD was excessive bleeding per vaginum in vaginal delivery and pain in lower abdomen in caesarean section. Spontaneous expulsion of the device was noted in 3% of vaginal insertions and none in the cesarean insertion. Conclusion: PPIUCD is an excellent long term contraceptive method to limit or space child births offered to a woman in a setting when she is highly motivated and genuinely needs it.

Jute seed production season, methods and related practices for yield and their economics were selected for its being large concentration point in relation to production methods, yield and cost in Bangladesh. The technical review paper provides crucial insights regarding the past, present status and future prospects of jute seed scenarios of the country. The whole contents of the article covering all aspects of jute seed including strategies in overcoming the acute jute seed shortage of the country. Data were collected from different print media like different annual reports and journals during the year 2018 at Agronomy Division, Bangladesh Jute Research Institute (BJRI), Dhaka. Jute is grown in about 0.8 million hectares of land by about 3.5-4.0 million farmers. To cultivate that amount of land, the it require about 5000 to 5500 tons of seed. One of the most important problems for jute production in Bangladesh is the non-availability of quality seed at proper time of sowing. Only about 15%-20% quality jute seeds are supplied by institutional sources however the rest amount of quality seeds yet to be managed to supply. Bangladesh Jute Research Institute (BJRI) produces nucleus seed to produce “Breeder seed” duly certified by Seed Certification Agency (SCA). Bangladesh Agricultural Development Corporation (BADC) collects Breeder seeds from BJRI for producing Foundation seeds at its own multiplication farms. BADC produces certified seeds through its contract growers. Besides, BJRI also produces 8-10 tons of Truthfully Leveled Seed (TLS) and distributed to the farmers. Since its inception BJRI has developed 42 varieties of jute fibre crops. Jute seed could be produced by direct seeding, plant top/stem cutting and seedling transplanting methods, called improved methods. In traditional method it took 240 to 270 days of field duration for seed production. In contrast 120 to 160 days of field duration required for any improved method. Seed sowing generally done during March-April for jute fibre, a part of matured plant’s of the same land kept for seed production in traditional system. However, in off-season, June-July was proved appropriate sowing time for Corchorus capsularis L.

Chronic renal failure is one of the slowest progressive and irreversible diseases of kidney function which is characterized by low glomerular filtration (GRF). Chronic kidney diseases (CKD) is the 17thcause of disability and 12th major cause of death. Dialysis is the artificial way of carrying out removal of toxic metabolic products from blood, when the kidneys are not functioning. Even though there is a dramatic improvement of dialysis technology and pharmacological treatment, mortality rates for dialysis patients are still high. In India within a year approximately 9-13% hemodialysiate patients die. Highest cause of mortality among CKD is sudden cardiac death (SCD), in which death occurs from sudden unexpected cessation of cardiac activity with hemodynamic collapse. Serum creatinine and urea are considered as the most sensitive markers for the detection of the renal failure. In CKD patients one finds both hyperkalemia and hypokalemia which can be due to a decreased kidney function or due to diuretic administration eventhough their impact on mortality and end-stage renal disease (ESRD) is not very well understood. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the pre and post dialysis samples for values of renal biochemical markers like serum urea, creatinine and electrolytes. Total 68 CKD patients were observed. Statistically significant difference was observed between pre and post dialysis blood urea, serum creatinine, sodium and potassium levels. Hemodialysis is an effective and efficient process in removing these undesirable metabolites, helps increase life expectancy.

The use of preservatives in inhibiting and retarding the growth of microorganism responsible for the spoilage or decay of food substance is of great interest. The anti-microbial activities of plant extracts like pawpaw form the basis for many applications, including raw and processed food preservation, pharmaceuticals, alternative medicines and natural therapies. Therefore, this work was aimed at evaluating the preservative effect of pawpaw (carica papaya) seed extract on some selected food materials. T-solo variety of pawpaw was obtained from Akintola Farm, Kinnira, Ogbomoso and the seeds were fermented. Extracts from the fermented seeds were obtained using petroleum ether, n-hexane and hot aqueous solvents. Antioxidative study was carried out on the crude extracts using 1,1- diphenyl-1- picrylhydrazil radical (DPPH) assay. Total Viable Bacteria (TVB) and Total Fungi Count (TFC) of akara, fish, soymilk and dairy milk were carried out. The DPPH were 42.14, 33.28, 18.85% for petroleum ether, n-hexane and hot aqueous extracts, respectively. The TVB and TFC of akara, fish, soymilk and dairy milk samples ranged (1.00 -1.42 x104, 0.60-1.57 x102; 1.30- 2.28x104, 1.50-2.22x102; 1.43-2.37x104, 0.80-2.86 x102 cfu/g and 1.20-2.60 x 104, 1.05 - 1.67 x 102 cfu/g), respectively.

Background: Patients with acute bronchiolitis are more prone to develop heart failure even in those without underlying cardiac diseases. Clinical assessment of heart failure in such subjects is a challenge. Our objective was to evaluate the diagnostic utility of myocardial performance index and B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) as predictors of Heart failure during acute bronchiolitis and correlate them to clinical manifestation. Method: 50 subjects with acute bronchiolitis were enrolled in the study over one year duration; 30 healthy subjects of matched age and gender as control group. Heart failure was identified according to clinical, cardiomegaly in X ray and modified ROS classification. We assess the association between clinical manifestations, echocardiographic findings and serum BNP in subjects with bronchiolitis with and without heart failure. Results: 30% of subjects with bronchiolitis developed heart failure. There is significant decreased tricuspid and mitral annular plane systolic excursion and significant increase in pulmonary artery systolic pressure, myocardial performance index (MPI) and BNP during acute bronchiolitis especially among those who developed heart failure. Regression analysis revealed that MPI and BNP are independent predictors of heart failure during acute bronchiolitis. Conclusion: MPI is a valuable echocardiographic marker for early detection of heart failure while BNP is a useful circulating biomarker that can be used to differentiate respiratory distress due to heart failure from pulmonary diseases. It can also be used to estimate the prognosis, as well as to predict cardiac complication in infants presented with acute bronchiolitis

The main purpose of this research is to find out the relationship between capital structure (debt-equity) as and Profitability of the listed cement companies in Pakistan Stock Exchange. Further specific objective is to find out relation of debt equity with gross profit, earning per share, and return on capital and return on equity. The sample is taken from 10 cement companies which are listed on Pakistan stock exchange. The secondary data is taken from 2011 to 2018 (i.e. 8 years). Mean and standard deviation of all ratios and Pearson product correlation analysis is performed with the help of Eviews 9 to find the relationship between capital structure and profitability. This research determines that debt / equity (Capital Structure) is adversely linked with the profitability, it suggests that decrease in the profitability of the organizations is due to increase in debt capital & vice versa.

Introduction: Alcoholic cirrhosis is the end spectrum of alcoholic liver disease (ALD), which includes fatty liver or simple steatosis, alcoholic hepatitis, fibrosis, cirrhosis and super-imposed hepatocellular carcinoma. Although several studies have been conducted on dyslipidemia in cirrhotics in developed countries, there is a paucity of data in this regard in India. As there is a high prevalence of chronic liver disease in our country, we conducted this study to determine lipid levels in patients with cirrhosis and to assess if it relates to the severity of cirrhosis according to pughcriteria. Materials and methods: This is a cross sectional case-control study conducted on alcoholic cirrhotic patients and 50 healthy individuals (controls) without history of alcohol consumption. All the cases were investigated for fasting lipid profile and ultrasonographic evidence of cirrhosis. Biochemical tests including liver function tests were performed, which assisted in the diagnosis of alcoholic cirrhosis. These include serum bilirubin, total serum protein, serum albumin, serum globulin, aspartateaminotranferase (AST), alanineaminotransferase (ALT) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP). The data was collected systematically and analysed statistically according to the standard statistical methods. Results: Serum total, LDL, HDL, VLDL, cholesterol and trigylceride level in patients with cirrhosis is inversely correlate with severity of cirrhosis