Objective: This study was carried out to determine awareness and willingness to eye donations among undergraduate medical students. Methods: A cross sectional survey was done at Al-Nafees Medical College Islamabad during the months of March to July 2018. Total 250 students were enrolled by applying simple random sampling. A self administered structured questionnaire was applied for data collection. Data was entered and analyzed by using statistical package for social sciences (SPSS version 23). Results: Out of the selected 247 students, 124(50.2%) were male and 123(49.8%) were female. 234(94.7%) knew about eye donations and 106(51.8%) knew that cornea is transplanted into the receiver’s eye. Only 32(13%) knew about eye banks in Pakistan whereas only 67(27.1%) students were agree to donate their eyes. Conclusion: From the current study it was concluded that most of the medical students were aware of eye donations but they did not know the further detail of eye donation and majority was not ready to bestow their eyes

Ultrasonography is a widely used imaging technique that has many clinical applications. Most hospitals will offer women at least 2 ultrasound scans during their pregnancy. The first is usually at around 8 to 14 weeks and is sometimes called the ‘dating scan’ because it can help to determine when the baby is due. Anomaly scan is an ultrasound scan that is carried out around weeks 19 to 20 of your pregnancy. Neural tube defects are abnormalities that occur in the development of the spinal cord and brain in the fetus. This scan aims to identify any physical problems with the baby. During the anomaly scan, we can identify the neural tube defects. Exorbitant choice sonography has improved it practical to picture the developing embryo and analyze fetal anomalies previously the twentieth week of pregnancy. Contingent upon the kind of neural tube defects distinguished, early end of the pregnancy might be thought about. The sonographer, just as the whole obstetric gathering, should be cognizant that there's a range of conditions with different discoveries related to a neural tube defect. Learning and awareness of these conditions will make an examination and control less demanding

A comparative analysis of endothelial cell loss was done after manual small incision cataract surgery and phacoemulsification with 50 patients in each group in a tertiary care eye hospital in India. Follow up was done upto 8 weeks for visual acuity, mean endothelial cell density, corneal thickness and change in hexagonality. Analysis was done on TOPCON- 3000P specular microscope. Males and females were equally distributed mainly in 51-60 years of age group. The visual acuity in group A (phacoemulsification) was 6/6 in 68% patients while in group B it was 6/6 in 40% patients. There was more decrease in mean endothelial cell density in group A (phacoemulsification) 4.24% vs 3.87%. Corneal edema occurred in both the groups initially but was not statistically significant. The overall loss of hexagonal cells is not statistically significant between phacoemulsification and manual small incision cataract surgery. All through our study, there was more corneal edema, endothelial cell loss and decrease in hexagonality in phacoemulsification group. However, the difference was not statistically significant. Hence, both the surgeries are safe pertaining to corneal endothelial health

Aim: To evaluate muscle relaxant property of Cuminum Cyminum in albino rats. Methodology: This is an experimental study conducted at Department of Pharmacology, Dr. S. N. Medical College, Jodhpur (Rajasthan) on albino rats to find out the muscle relaxant property of Cuminum Cyminum standard drug was diazepam. Adult albino rats of either sex (100-150g) were divided into 3 groups. Group I consisting of 6 animals, served as control and received distilled water. Group II subdivided into three groups II-A, II-B, II-C, consisting of six animals each, received Cuminum cyminum in three doses of 300mg, 750 mg, 1000mg per orally respectively. Group III subdivided into three groups III-A, III-B, III-C, consisting of 6 animals each, received the standard drug in three doses per orally. Result: Cumin were tested as muscle relaxant and compared with diazepam as standard drug. P- value for fall-off time was not significant in all the three doses of Cuminum cyminum. Fall-off time was decreased by 0.70%, 0.91%, 2.40%, respectively with all the three doses of Cuminum cyminum. Conclusion: Skeletal muscle relaxant property of Cuminum cyminum aqueous solvent extract was not significant. It may be because extract got heat thermal degradation so it may be lost some of its property. According to some studies and animal models cumins alcohol solvent extract is having muscle relaxant property while it is having relaxant property for tracheal smooth muscle

Behçet’s disease is a systemic vasculitides, characterized clinically by recurrent mucocutaneous lesions but vital organs may by affected like central nervous which can increased the morbi-mortality especially among young patients. Infliximab, is a promising therapeutic approach for this disease especially in those with manifestations refractory to the standard immunosuppressive therapy. We report 3 cases of refractory neuro-Behçet’s disease with a dramatical clinical improvement under infleximab

Although each drug causes unique physiological and neurological effects, all drugs overlap in one important way, All drugs cause changes in the brain, some in ways that may be long-lasting or even permanent. These brain changes can have significant effects on mood and cause depression, ultimately lessening a person's ability to lead their best and healthiest life. Your brain regulates all the body's basic functions, including every breath and each heartbeat, while enabling you to interpret and respond to experience. It shapes thoughts and emotions and determines your behavior. Despite some commonality, the short- and long-term health effects of drugs are distinct, with each one potentially affecting life spans in a different way. Opioids include heroin and prescription pain relievers such as oxycodone, hydrocodone, codeine, morphine and fentanyl. All members of the same chemical family, these drugs interact with the opioid receptors on nerve cells in both the body and the brain. Out of everyone who tries heroin for the first time, nearly one in four become addicted. Repeated heroin use changes the physical structure Wang, X et al., (2012) and physiology of the brain, creating long-term imbalances in neuronal and hormonal systems that are not easily reversed Ignar, D. M et al., (1990) & Kreek, M. J et al., (1984). Studies have shown some deterioration of the brain’s white matter due to heroin use, which may affect decision-making abilities, the ability to regulate behavior, and responses to stressful situations Li, W et al., (2013), Qiu, Y et al., (2013) & Liu, J et al., (2011). Heroin also produces profound degrees of tolerance and physical dependence. Tolerance occurs when more and more of the drug is required to achieve the same effects

Introduction: Von Hippel-Lindau disease (VHL) is a multi-systemic disease characterized by abnormal multiplication of blood vessels, with haemangioblastomas and cysts, as well as other neoformations in the blood Several organs. We report the case of a patient; we try to put the point on this pathology. Case Report: 14-year-old patient, consults for a BAV of the OD whose examination finds an intra vitreous haemorrhage,retinal capillary haemangioma and a lower exudative retinal detachment. The patientreceived an IVT of anti VEGF initially followed by an endocular surgery. Postoperative visual acuity was not improved with a follow-up of 6 months. Discussion: The clinical definition of VHL disease is based on the presence of two major lesions, one of which is hemangioblastoma. The absence of family history, or a single injury in the presence of a family history. Complementary examination is based on angiographyto fluorescein. Complications can range from simple exudates to DR or even phtyse of the globe. The treatmentis essentially based on argon laser coagulation, cryotherapy, anti-VEGF and retinovitealstage of complications. Conclusion: VHL is a hereditary disorder with multi-systemic involvement, hence the interest of an examination complete follow-up, regular monitoring and genetic counseling in any patient suspected of having the diseaseas well as his family

The article is devoted to the study of the issues of determining the patterns of air pressure losses along the length of the pneumatic conveying pipeline for raw cotton, with different flow parameters and different diameters of the pipeline.

Replantation of the avulsed tooth immediately is the ideal emergency management. Accounting for about 0.5-16% of injuries caused by trauma in the permanent dentition creates a strenuous situation for the patient and dentist. Its prevalence is more common in children with maximum cases occurring in ages between 7 to 9 years old, when the development of root is incomplete and also the maxillary central incisors are the most common site involved, thus creating a negative psychological impact on the child as well as the parent owing to esthetic reasons. Therefore, esthetics and function of the avulsed tooth can be restored by immediate or delayed replantation. In the present case report we will discuss the management of an avulsed tooth in a 21 years male patient in maxillary anterior region. In this case after 18 months, replantation of avulsed tooth was successfully achieved even it has to be replanted in unfavorable conditions. The tooth was asymptomatic, firm and radiographically no signs of resorption or infection were observed.

American writer Edgar Allan Poe and English writer Agatha Christie both are masters of detective novels. The former is the pioneer of detective stories and the latter is the “golden age” of detective novels. Both of them have achieved great successes and enjoyed a great reputation. The Mystery of Marie Roget and Five Little Pigs are representatives of the “armchair detective mode” novels written by Allan Poe and Agatha respectively. The former mainly uses the first person perspective and male narrative voice, and it realizes the transformation from "the first person external perspective" to "the first person internal perspective", while the latter mainly uses the third person perspective and female narrative voice, and it changes from zero focalization into internal focalization. By analyzing the differences between two novels regarding narrative perspectives and narrative voices, it shows that Edgar Allan Poe strictly upholds the "unity of effect" theory in his creation and Agatha Christie adheres to her simple feminist consciousness in her novels

Chronic renal failure (CRF) is a life-threatening disease in which a patient needs a long-term treatment such as hemodialysis, kidney replacement to save his life. Aim: this study was aimed to identify the relation between stressors, self efficacy and level of hope for patients with CRF, undergoing hemodialysis. Design: a descriptive correlation research design was utilized in this study. Setting: The study was conducted at King Fahd unit for hemodialysis at, ELManial hospital, Cairo University. Subjects: a purposive sample of 160 patients with CRF undergoing hemodialysis. Tool of data collection: Socio-demographic datasheet,hemodialysis stressor scale(HSS) ,self efficacy scale &Herth hope scale. Results: Showed that more than two thirds of the studied subjects undergoing hemodialysis for more than 24 months less than two third of them were suffering from moderate degree of stress, more than fifty percent of the studied subjects had high levels of hope, while less than fifty percent of them had a moderate level of hope. Conclusion: The highest percentage of the studied subjects were suffering from moderate degree of psychosocial stressors, such as depression, sadness, changed in family responsibility and dependence on others, statistically significant negative correlation was found between stress and self-efficacy. Moreover, a negative correlation was found between stress and level of hope while, there is no, statistically significant correlation between self-efficacy and level of hope. Recommendation: Supportive and therapeutic intervention program should be provided for both patients with chronic renal failure and their families to alleviate their stress ,increase sense of hope and improve their quality of life.

As the age increase the comorbidities also increases and also chance of polypharmacy. Polypharmacy is termed as the concurrent use of multiple medications (5 or more drugs), whether prescription or over-the-counter, by a single patient. The use of multiple drugs increases the risk of inappropriate pre¬scribing and significantly lowers adherence to drug regimens and results in DDIs. The main aim of study to find drug interactions in elderly patients as a result of polypharmacy and also determine the drug use. A retrospective, observational study was carried out to find among elderly in-patients age above or equal to 60 years for over a period of 3 months. Data was collected from medical record department (MRD) in a pre-designed format which includes demographic details, drugs prescribed, drug per prescription and drug- drugs interactions (DDIs) encountered, DDIs are calculated using drugs.com. during the study we found that average number of drugs are 8.9 (±5.6) and mean age was 70.69 ± 6.89 year between the range 60 -88 years. Drugs involving moderate drug interaction (66.95%) were predominately seen when compared to minor (20.87%) and major (12.18%) drug interactions. The study reveals that there is statistically significant (p<0.05) between the number of drugs per prescription and frequency of drug interactions. Highest number of inappropriate drug combinations are seen between aspirin and anticoagulants like enoxaparin and heparin. Polypharmacy is a risk factor in elderly which will results in serious consequences like ADRs and DDIs. These problems can be overcome by strictly monitoring which will helps in maintaining the quality of life in elderly

Background: Satisfaction of patients is an important segment of dental care and it may be influenced by individuals’ socio-demographic characteristics. Prosthodontists must understand that esthetic issues are common and have major importance for their patients. Aims of the study: This study was to know the patient satisfaction, who visited the College of Dentistry Clinic for prosthodontics needs. Material and methods: This was an observational analytical cross-sectional study, which was carried out on the patients, visited for the replacement of teeth. The patients above the age of 14 years were selected from the CBCT register that was scheduled for treatment of implant, fixed or removable partial denture prosthesis. Total of 139 patients (75 males and 64 females) were included in the study. The questionnaire consists of basic information about age, gender, educational level, nationality, smoking habits, visit of treatment and the treatment providers and also asked satisfaction on treatment provided. Results: Out of 75 male patients, 60 (80%) were satisfied and 54 females out of 64 patients (84%) were satisfied with the treatment provided (P = 0.329). Seventy-six (79%) Saudis and only 38 (59%) non-Saudi satisfied with the treatment. There was no difference in satisfaction among age-wise of patients. New visitors and who went to get treatment from students and interns were more satisfied with their visit to the college clinic. Conclusion: The patients who were new and got treatment with students and interns were more satisfied. There was not much difference of satisfaction among age differences of the patients.

Vernal conjunctivitis is a bilateral, recurrent inflammation of conjunctiva that tends to occur in children.The prominent features are itching, photophobia, redness, tearing, mild ptosis and thick ropy yellow mucoid discharge. The main clinical signs are cobblestone papillary hypertrophy, hyperemia of upper tarsal conjunctiva localized edema and Trantas dots. The three forms of vernal conjunctivitis are palpebral, limbal and mixed. Wide range of treatment modalities are now available for vernal keratoconjunctivitis.This study included 80 patients of both sex in the age group 5-25 years with any form and severity of vernal keratoconjunctivitis. Patients were randomly divided into two groups A and B. Group A patients were given cyclosporine (0.05%) eye drops and group B patients were given fluorometholone (0.1%) eye drops. The results were statistically analyzed by Mann Whitney Test and p value of <0.05 was taken as statistically significant. Maximum numbers of patients were below 15 years of age in both the groups and, in both groups; males were more than females.Most of the eyes presented with palpebral type of disease in both groups.Patients had maximum symptomatic relief at the end of fourth week in both the groups. Response to fluorometholone (0.1%) was significantly better than cyclosporine (0.05%)

Background: The morphometric parameters of mandibular ramus play an important role in predictive variable in sex determination of mandible. Aim: to study the morphometric predictability of mandibular ramus in sex determination of mandible. Materials and Methods: 40 dry human mandible bones of unknown sex were utilized to study the height and breadth of the ramus of mandible and its accuracy factor in sex determination. The dry mandible bones were collected from the Department of Anatomy as well as from the undergraduate students of Santhiram Medical College & Hospital, Nandyal. The parameters like height, breadth of the mandibular ramus were measured by using sliding calipers. Results: The height of the ramus of mandible on the right side was 108.85 + 9.84 and on the left side, it was 108.82 + 9.89 in the present study. The maximum breadth of ramus was 43.62 + 5.09. The minimum breadth of ramus was 57.85 + 8.08. Conclusion: Morphometric variations of mandibular ramus may be an important anatomic factor for sex determination and unfavorable anatomic factor in difficult laryngoscopy.