This study dealt with finding the topics perceived to be difficult in Biology by Senior School students in Isoko North Local Government Area of Delta South Senatorial District of Delta State. The researchers adopted descriptive survey research design in carrying out this study. Six research questions were formulated to guide the study. The population of the study was 904 Senior School III students. 200 (130 female and 70 male) Senior School III formed the sample. The instrument used for data collection was Student‟s Perception on the Difficult Topics in Biology. Cronbach Alpha statistic revealed that the reliability index of the instrument was 0.81. The instrument contained Biology topics as contained in West African Senior School Certificate Examinations Syllabus and Regulations, which the respondents responded to on the basis of Very Difficult, Difficult, Very Easy and Easy and rated as 4, 3, 2 and 1, respectively. The percentage statistic was used to analyse data, using 50% as the cut-off. The result of the analysis among others was that nervous coordination was perceived as the most difficult topic in Biology by both the male and female Senior School students in Isoko North Local Government Area, Delta State. Recommendations were given to improve teaching and learning strategies.

Osteocalcin, the second most abundant protein in bone tissue is secreted by osteoblasts, was thought to participate in mineralization and calcium ion homeostasis. In addition to its use as biomarker in osteoporosis, recent studies have identified osteocalcin as an endocrine regulator of glucose metabolism, stimulating beta-cell insulin secretion and reducing peripheral insulin resistance. Insulin signalling in osteoblasts improves glucose handling directly by increasing secretion of active osteocalcin and indirectly by enhancing bone resorption which releases osteocalcin into the bloodstream. Thus in type 2 diabetes patient with insulin resistance serum osteocalcin level is decreased, which in turn affecting bone mineralisation. Aim: To look for an association of serum osteocalcin in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Materials and Method: The study population consisted of 46 type 2 diabetic patients as cases and 44 healthy subjects as contols. Fasting venous blood was collected from each subject and estimations of Serum Osteocalcin, Fasting Insulin, glycated haemoglobin, Serum ionized calcium ,Homeostatic model assessment (HOMA) is a calculated method used to quantify insulin resistance were done. Result: The serum osteocalcin was decreased in diabetic patients and was found to be statistically significant (P value 0.03). Serum osteocalcin negatively correlated with fasting blood sugar (r=-0.233), HbA1c (r=-0.160) and was statistically significant. Serum osteocalcin did not correlate with insulin resistance assessed by HOMA-IR, and fasting insulin. Conclusion: Serum osteocalcin was decreased in Type 2 Diabetic patients and negatively correlated with glycemic control. Thus a good glycemic control is essential part of bone health in diabetics individual.

This study was conducted to assess prevalence of Traumatic Dental Injury among primary school children in Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA). This was a cross-sectional study based on clinical examination. It was conducted at private and public schools of Riyadh. 400 schoolchildren aged 8-11 years old were selected. Traumatic Dental Injury was recorded using epidemiologic classification adopted by (WHO) 1992 and modified by Andreasen et al. The data obtained were compiled systematically and then statistically analyzed; study revealed the prevalence of Traumatic Dental Injury (TDI) in primary schools of Riyadh was 13.6%, also showed higher prevalence in public schools than in private schools (7.3% vs 6.3%), 9 year old children had the highest prevalence of TDI (6.04%), followed by 8 years old children (5.8%). Maxilla scored higher prevalence of TDI than mandible (10.8 % vs 0.76%) and both Central & Lateral incisor teeth are the most commonly affected anterior teeth. Enamel fracture was the most common traumatic injury (48.1%). This study recorded low prevalence of TDI among primary school children, and recommended periodic oral health education programs targeting causes and methods of prevention of TDIs.

Cow mattress is one of the industrial products related to agriculture. Cow mattress is used for cows safety when laying down and standing up, hard type of cow mattress is usually used for cows, and soft type for calves. This research aims to find out mechanical properties of cow mattress compound reinforced with carbon black as a filler varied with SIR-20 rubber: modulus 100%, tensile strength and elongation. The results showed that the highest value of modulus 100% was 2.81 MPa at the composition of carbon black is 40 bsk , and the lowest value of modulus 100% at without carbon black, the tensile strength of hard cow mattress reached the standard value (13.52 MPa) at the composition of black caron is 40 bsk and soft type reached at the composition without carbon black (10,17 MPa), elongation of hard type cow mattress reached standard value (473%) at the composition of black carbon is 30 bs and soft cow mattress at the composition of black carbon is40 bsk (424,33%).

Objective: The purpose of this study was to identify the frequency, type and location of dental anomalies accidentally detected in children attending pediatric dentistry clinics. Materials and Methods: A retrospective cross sectional study based on collecting diagnostic records: panoramic radiographs, medical and dental histories of patients during a one-year period (from September 2013 to September 2014). Records were evaluated by two calibrated examiners for the following developmental dental anomalies; Number (Supernumerary Teeth, Hypodontia), size (Macrodontia, Microdontia), position (transposition, impaction), shape (Fusion, Taurodontism, Dilaceration, Dwarfed root, Hypercemntosis, Dense Invaginatus, Dense Evaginatus, Talon cusp, Enamel pearls), Acquired pathological conditions (External resorption, Hypercementosis). Descriptive statistics were performed for the data. Results: A total of 1311 records met the inclusion criteria, 682 were males (52 %) and 629 were females (48%) of age range from 6 to 20 years. The frequency of developmental dental anomalies detected was 29.8% and the highest at age of 14 (9.1%). The distribution of dental anomalies had no significant difference between genders. The most prevalent dental anomaly was Hypodontia (9.7%) followed by canine impaction (9%), Dilaceration (7.1%) and other teeth impaction (3.2%) (except the 3rd molar). The occurrence of Fusion, Dwarfed root and Odontoma were less frequent than other dental anomalies with percentage of 0.1%. Conclusions: Most of the dental anomalies present in childhood. Dental examination with radiographic screening of developmental dental anomalies in early childhood should be emphasized as part of routine dental care to allow early detection, intervention and eventually an appropriate management.

This study aimed to find a lupus pattern of dyslipidemia in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE).Thirty SLE cases and thirty age matched controls are included in this study. Fasting venous blood was collected and base line investigations, lipid profile, apoB and apoA1 estimations were done. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS package 19. The groups were compared using Student’s t test. Analysis of lipid profile across the cases and controls reveals that the mean triglycerides, the mean Low Density Lipoproteins and the mean Very Low Density Lipoproteins were higher among cases with statistical significance and the mean total cholesterol and the mean High Density Lipoproteins seen more in controls with statistically insignificant p value. Apo B values were high and low APOA1 values seen in SLE compared to controls. Higher Apo B/Apo A1 ratio in SLE cases. This ratio implies that the number of small dense LDL particles are the most atherogenic particles that are easily oxidize and promote inflammation and growth of plaques. This elevated lipid profile and apolipoprotein levels in SLE patients throws light on the fact that SLE patients are at increased risk for Coronary Artery Disease.

Gullies proliferate the landscape of the Ajalli Sandstones (AS) geological formation in the North Central Nigeria. This study was carried out to assess the vulnerability to gully erosion of the Ajalli Sandstones geological sediments, and to examine the relationship between gully length and average gully sediment volume on this formation. Soil samples, collected from each sidewall of 15 gully erosion sites at two depth ranges, the rilling depth, d1 (0 – 60 cm) and the gullying depth, d2 (60 – 120 cm), were tested to determine their particle size distribution using the hydrometer method as well as compute their erodibility indices (K). Further, samples were collected using sampling tubes to determine the soils’ dry bulk density (DBD). Additionally, 37 gullies developed on the AS formation were measured to determine their lengths (L), average widths (W), and average depths (D). From each gully, three additional variables of average gully sediment volume (V), average cross sectional area (A), and average form factor (W/D) were computed. For the two respective depth ranges, the particle size distributions, the K values, and the DBD as well as the sets of six variables of L, W, D, C, A, and W/D from each gully were analysed using descriptive statistics. And the pairs of L and V for each gully were further analysed using inferential statistics to examine their relationship. Results show that the rilling depth (d1) and the gullying depth (d2) are both highly erodible with the mean %sand d1 + %siltd1 = 95%, %clayd1 = 5%, Kd1 = 24.40, and DBDd1 = 1.31 g/cm3; and the mean %sandd2 + %siltd2 = 82%, %clayd2 = 18%, Kd2 = 8.40, and DBDd2 = 1.34 g/cm3. The cross sectional shape of the gullies formed on the AS is trapezoidal. The mean W/D ratio on this formation is 1.46. This shows that the surface soil is eroding faster than the subsurface soil. The length is significantly, positively, but moderately correlated with the average sediment volume. And a simple bivariate regression shows that the relationship between gully length and the average gully sediment volume is of the form: V = 27,066.643 + 147.213L (R = 0.503, R2 x 100 = 25.30%). The study also shows that gully length is a moderate predictor of average sediment volume on homogeneous, erodible formations.

The study examined the relationship between Basic Accounting Education and the cost of governance in Nigeria. The population consisted of Federal civil servants and political office holders serving in the Akwa Ibom State. The simple random sampling technique was used in selecting 360 civil servants between salary grade level 10 and 15 from the Federal civil service to constitute the sample of the study. Two null hypotheses were formulated to direct the study. Data collection was carried out using a structured questionnaire tagged “Accounting Education and Cost of Governance Questionnaire” (AECGQ). The null hypotheses were tested at 0.05 alpha level using Pearson Product Moment Correlation Coefficient Analysis. The reliability coefficient stood at 0.78, justifying the use of the instrument. The two null hypotheses were rejected, indicating a significant relationship between Basic Accounting Education and the cost of governance in Nigeria. It was recommended, among other things, that every public servant and political office holder should be given Basic Accounting Education in order to master the rudiments of book-keeping and accounting records.

This study seeks to analyze how cartoons depicted Kenyan political scenario during electioneering period from April 2017 to April 2018. The objectives of the study is to find out how Kenyan electioneering period was framed in political cartoons through the use of metaphors a clear picture can be constructed by performing a content analysis that reveal what type of frames were dominants and which kind of metaphor were used. An analysis of 24 cartoons from four major print media that is The standard, Daily Nation and the Star between April 2017 and April 2018 portraying Kenyan election period was analyzed in order to find out which frames were prominent during the Kenyan political period and to evaluate metaphors that cartoonist used to pass out the message. A deductive approach with possible frames predetermined as variables to verify the extent to which these frames occur in the news was used; therefore five frames distinguished are: conflict frames, human interest frames, responsibility frame, economic consequences frame and morality frame were used. Giles theory of conceptual blending where metaphorical scenario and frame are combined was used to analyze 24 political cartoons. Responsibility frame was the dominant frame. The metaphorical scenario of a fight was the most recurrent metaphor used in the cartoons of Kenyan election period. The findings of this research show that political leaders are responsible for igniting and ending political crisis in Kenya. The study will contribute on research about framing as visual metaphors and provide a contribution towards an analytical tool for cartoons.

Introduction: Aoritc Augmentation indexes (AIxs) and pulse wave velocity (Pwv) are arterial stiffness parameters. They can be studied by pulse wave analysis noninvasively. Before use, AoAix and Pwv need normative baseline study to find the predictors. However the data about arterial stiffness from rural population of Andhrapradesh is still undetermined. Method: Pwv and AoAix was measured in the carotid-femoral pathway in 1235 rural inhabitants of Nellore district and clinical parameters were recorded. Result: Pwv was greater after the fourth decade of life (8.12 ± 1.5) than in youngers less than 40 years. The Pwv was higher in hypertensives of older than 40 years, diabetics and dyslipidemic patients. Major positive significant predictors of PWV were age, Body Mass Index, and systolic blood pressure; whereas for AIx was age alone. Conclusion: This is the first study conducted in 1235 subjects of rural population of Nellore district which determines the relationship of Pwv with age and other risk factors. Pwv shows a lower in subjects less than 40 years compared to older persons with a strong relationship to the process of arterial aging, the development of hypertension and cardiovascular risk. This baseline data can be used as a reference for future studies.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of school language policy on pupils‟ achievement in English composition in public primary schools in Trans-Nzoia West sub-county. The study adopted the descriptive survey research design. The target population was 1,715 class 8 pupils, 120 teachers of English and 9l head teachers. Purposive sampling techniques were employed to select 73 head teachers and 92 teachers of English who were involved in the study. The 313 pupils who participated in the study were selected using proportionate stratified sampling procedures. Data were collected using the teachers‟ questionnaires, the head teachers‟ interview schedule and pupils‟ English composition achievement test. The content and face validity of the three instruments were examined by the researcher in consultation with experts from the department of Curriculum and Education Management of Laikipia University. The English teachers‟ questionnaire and the English composition achievement test were piloted in 5 schools in Kwanza Subcounty and their reliabilities estimated using the Cronbach coefficient alpha method and the Kuder-Richardson 21 formula respectively. The reliability coefficients of English teachers‟ questionnaire and the English composition achievement test were .898 and .916 respectively. Data were analyzed with the aid of the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 22. The hypothesis was tested at the .05 level of significance using simple regression. The results of the study revealed that school language policy influences pupils‟ achievement in English composition. The results of the study should assist teachers to manage and improve the quality of instruction in English composition. The results of the study should also help the policymakers in the Ministry of Education Science and Technology to develop a suitable language policy for implementation in all schools in Kenya.

Background: The ridge like impressions noticeable on the entire finger is called fingerprint. The study of fingerprints as a means of identification is called dactyloscopy and this process requires the comparison of the fingerprints of a yet to be identified individual to that of others within a data base to ascertain the extent of similarity; so as to draw inference of its origin. There is paucity of information on the Digital Patterns in Parents and Outcome in Offspring. Aim and Objective: This research was aimed at investigating the combinations of digital patterns in parents and outcome in offspring in Nigerian families resident in Rivers State, Nigeria. This study was done specifically on the digital prints. Materials and Methods: In this study a cross-sectional study design was adopted to determine the inheritance patterns of fingerprint and lip print among 150 families in the study population. The inheritance patterns of these traits were compared to each other. Convenient sample method was used. Generally statistical analysis was performed using XLSTAT (Addinsoft Version 2015.4.01.21575). Chi-square analysis was used to analyse association, trends and distribution difference of the traits (confidence level at 95%). Results and Discussions: The expressivity of the one fingerprint pattern over the other was tested using adjusted Mendelian Chi-square analysis. It was expected that if a trait is dominant over the other it will not have a distribution result that is different from the critical chi-square value of 3.841. Thus, indicating insignificance. Traits with mathematically similar pattern of distribution to that postulated by Mendel will be considered the dominant trait irrespective of its distribution. When the inheritance of the various traits was compared on the assumption of independent existence and dominant-recessive expressivity using the Mendel mathematical model, it was observed that Arch was dominant over Loop and whorl. While loop influenced Whorl in an incomplete fashion. The findings from the study suggest that the finger print pattern is tri-allelic non-codominant with a phenotypic expression of reduced penetrance. Conclusion: This suggests that the finger print pattern is tri-allelic non-codominant with a phenotypic expression of reduced penetrance

Aim: The present articles involves the investigation of anticlastogenic activity of ethanolic extract of bael fruit (Aegle marmelos). Acute toxicity study was conducted as per OECD guidelines up to 2000mg/kg body weight. Methodology: Anticlastogenic activity was investigated by two models viz, micronucleus test and chromosomal aberration method using mice. In micronucleus assay model the bone marrow was extracted form various groups of animals, staining was performed and the slides were scanned under oil immersion(100X) in LAbomed-Digi 2 microscope (90V-260V), for the presence of micronucleus in PCE (Polychromatic Erythrocytes) and NCE (Normochromatic Erythrocytes). Results: In chromosomal aberration model the animals has been sacrificed from all the groups and bone marrow was collected, processed and different types of aberrations like chromosome breaks, exchanges, rings and minute were recorded. In micronucleus assay, there was a significant (P<0.001) increase in the % MNPCE and decrease in P/N ratio in cyclophosphamide (50 mg/kg, i.p.) treated animals when compared with normal control animals. In chromosomal aberration test, there was a significant increase in total no. of chromosomal aberrations (rings, exchanges, breaks and minute) in cyclophosphamide treated animals when compared with normal control animals and it was time dependent. Bael fruit extract were found to be non mutagenic and significantly (P<0.001) decreased the cyclophosphamide induced formation of chromosomal aberrations. Conclusion: Based on the present empirical evidences the ethanolic extract of bael fruit was found significant anticlastogenic activity

Blood Transfusion is a life saving procedure but it involves the risk of transmission of certain diseases like HIV, HBV, HCV, Syphilis and Malaria. So, the donated blood is screened in the blood bank for the above diseases. A survey of the reactivity of the above disease was done at Government Royapettah Hospital for the years 2014 to 2018

Fungal corneal ulcers usually difficult to diagnose and treat especially in primary and secondary hospital level and abrupt use of antibiotics and steroids lead to resistance to treatment. Our study realized that while treating a recalcitrant deep fungal keratitis in combination with intrastomal injection of voriconazole along with use of topical voriconazole eye drop increases the healing rate and hastens the resolution period without significant complications leading to severe visual loss as compared to the treatment with use of topical voriconazole eye drop alone