Any uterine bleeding outside the normal volume , duration, regularity or frequency is considered Abnormal uterine bleeding (AUB).AUB is the most common and distressing gynaecological complaint of women attending gynaecological consultation.It is used to classify AUB on the basis of etiology-Polyp, Adenomyosis, Leiomyoma, Malignancy, Coagulopathy, Hyperplasia, Ovulatory dysfunction, Endometrial, Iatrogenic and Not yet classified .Primary disorders of the endometrium are common causes of AUB in both perimenopausal and postmenopausal women. The histopathology pattern of endometrium include proliferative pattern, secretory pattern, simple hyperplasia, complex hyperplasia, atrophic endometrium and disordered proliferation. Endometrial carcinoma is one of the common cause of postmenopausal bleeding. The endometrium is evaluated by Trans Vaginal ultrasound (TVS), Hysteroscopy and endometrial biopsy. Endometrial sample is obtained by fractional curettage and office endometrial biopsy using Pipelles’ aspirator. The present study is designed to evaluate the endometrial pattern on histopathology and to correlate the endometrial thickness by Transvaginal Ultrasound and endometrial pattern in perimenopausal women with AUB. This is a retrospective study conducted in Annapoorana Medical College and Hospital, Salem from December 2016 to November 2018. Women presenting with Abnormal uterine bleeding who underwent Endometrial sampling and Trans Vaginal Ultrasound as initial part of management is taken for the study. Endometrial sampling was obtained either by fractional curettage or office endometrial biopsy in our institution. Endometrial thickness was obtained by transvaginal ultrasound using 7.5 MHZ transvaginal transducer before obtaining endometrial sampling. Observations were made and the results were analysed to find the correlation between endometrial thickness and study the endometrial pattern

Introduction: The increasing proportion of the elderly among the populations of almost all countries is presenting them and their societies with specific challenges. This rise in aged population would create new problems and challenges, requiring changes in the organization of our society. For these people, oral health promotion and protection is very essential to improve the quality of life, both physically and mentally [3]. Oral health is always an inseparable part of general health and awareness plays a vital role in determining the oral health of an individual [4]. Aim: The present study was conducted to assess the prevalence of edentulousness, the prosthetic status and prosthetic need in the population of Madhuban, Bihar, India. Methodology: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among the population of Madhuban, Bihar. The sample size included 460 subjects. Belonging to an age group of 25 years and above. Result: After the examination of 460 patients. It was seen that the total of 285 were edentulous, which included partially edentulous to be 279 (60.00%) and completely edentulous to be 6(4.75 %). The data from the survey revealed the high occurrence of fixed partial denture treated patient, which was amounting to 57 out of 285, the second most prevalent were the removable partial denture which were 27 out of 285 and the least were Complete denture which were 6 out of 285. The rest of the patients without any treatment for edentulism were found to be 175. The rate of edentulism in male was more as compared to female. Conclusion: India, being an agrarian society, 72% of its total population and 80% of its geriatric population reside in rural areas [13]. In contrast, 80% of the trained dental manpower is concentrated in urban areas [14].

One effort to improve competence and provide opportunities to develop employees is to provide a competitive remuneration package. The purpose of this study is to understand and uncover the behavior of Seafarers in shipping companies. Seafarers who take over professions. The approach of this research is qualitative methods, with the model of the fenomological approach (Alfraed Schutz), religious phenomenology, conventional (Bogdan Biken) and IFIAS which see social behavior as behavior oriented to the past, present and future of someone who has switched professions. The results of this study show about seaman behavior. 1. Behavior change is formed by predisposing factors, enabling factors, driving factors and information factors, 2. Transfer of aspirational professions and religiosity in pursuing life as a form of career and professional motivation, 3. For seafarers age is a very strategic consideration, where in his life he has left all the life of his social interaction in the general public, 4. The profession has experienced the initial conditions of a high tension of life caused by desire and anxiety, 5. Transfer of the profession done by someone due to a different social status with others

Objective: To compare the reliability and efficiency of Down’s and Steiner’s cephalometric analysis between conventional method and digital method using the CephNinja application. Materials and Methods: 50 lateral cephalograms were used. Down’s and Steiner’s cephalometric analyses were carried out using the conventional method and digital method using a mobile application, CephNinja. Values and time taken for the analyses were recorded for both manual and digital methods. Non-parametric test (Wilcoxon matched test) and parametric test (paired t test) were carried out. A correlation between values of manual and digital methods were carried out using Karl Pearson’s correlation method. Results: Comparison of manual and digital methods with parameters related to Down's analysis by paired t / Wilcoxon matched pairs test showed significant differences in interincisal angle, lower incisor to occlusal plane angle and time scores. The mean time taken for manual cephalometric analysis was 4.86 minutes while the digital method took 2.18 minutes. Paired t / Wilcoxon matched pairs test for comparison of manual and digital method in Steiner’s analysis showed significant differences in mandibular plane angle, linear measurement for upper incisor position, S-line to upper lip, and time scores. The mean time taken for manual took 4.1 minutes and CephNinja was 2.14 minutes. Significant correlation using Karl Pearson’s method was seen between manual and digital methods except in the values of Y-axis and S-line to upper lip. Conclusion: CephNinja app is as reliable as the conventional method and significantly reduces the time taken for carrying out Down’s and Steiner’s analyses.

Proliferative verrucous leukoplakia (PVL) is a rare form of oral leukoplakia, which was first described in 1985 by Hansen et al. Since then, various published case series have presented PVL as a disease with aggressive biological behavior due to its high probability of recurrence and a high rate of malignant transformation, usually higher than 70%. PVL is a long-term progressive condition, which is observed more frequently in elderly women, over 60 years at the time of diagnosis. We here by present a case of oral proliferative verrucous leukoplakia of retromolar triangle including gingivobuccal sulcus where nasolabial flap was used for reconstruction of the defect

Cleft lip and cleft palate are common congenital craniofacial anomalies ranging between 1:600 and 1:1000 live births respectively. It is a birth defect that occurs due to arrest of development or failure of fusion of components taking part in the formation of face and palate. Most clefts of the lip and palate result from multiple factors, which includes genetic and non-genetic causes. Studies of twins and familial incidence indicate the importance genetic factors. The aim of this chromosomal study is to determine the types of chromosomal abnormalities that play a major role in the causation of cleft lip and cleft palate and also in subsequent management and carrier detection. The early investigation to detect genetic abnormality gives better understanding about prognosis of the disease for timely intervention and management and also risks involved in transmission of abnormality to subsequent generations. For present study 25 clinically diagnosed cases of cleft lip and cleft palate were selected and their karyotypes were prepared and studied for chromosomal abnormalities.The numerical chromosomal abnormality was found in the form of Trisomy 21 of Down’s syndrome in 1 (4%) case and 19 (76%) cases had normal karyotypes and in 5 (20%) cases metaphase were not detected. It was also found that 6 (24%) cases had associated congenital heart disease and 1 (4%) case was of Down’s syndrome with Congenital Heart defects.The karyotype study in cases of cleft lip and cleft palate helps to confirm the diagnosis, to predict severity of the condition and to counsel the families for the recurrence risk with greater accuracy.

Introduction: Fusion of the vertebrae known as vertebral synostosis or vertebral block. It is a interest of the anatomist but also to surgeons, neurologist, orthopedician, radiologist, anaesthetics and for forensic medicine also. Any defect in the development causes anomalies and neurological sign and symptoms. Various vertebral anomalies have been reported by different authors such as Sacralisation, Lumbarisation, Occipitalisation, absence of posterior elements of vertebral arch and vertebral synostosis. Methods: The present study was conducted on 400 dry adult human vertebrae of unknown age & sex obtained from department of Anatomy of medical college of Gujarat. Result: Fusion of the first right rib with the first thoracic vertebrae. Axis vertebrae fuse with the third cervical vertebrae. Five Thoracic vertebrae in one thoracic spines,were fuseb along with one right rib and four left rib fused with thoracic vertebrae. Two typical thoracic vertebrae fuse in one thoracic spine. Seven vertebrae fuse with each other, lower thoracic and upper lumber vertebrae fuse with each other. Twelth rib fuse with the twelth thoracic vertebrae in one spine. Sacralisation of L5was observed in one spine. Conclusions: Knowledge about any deviation from the normal anatomy of vertebral column can lead to major or minor complications affecting the different system of the body. Fused vertebrae limit movements and cause signs of nerve or spinal cord compression. This variation must be noted by surgeons, neurologist, orthopedician, radiologist, anaesthetics.

Anatomy and Physiology taught in 1st MBBS, form the basic foundation to learn the art of medicine. The teaching learning methods followed in the present curriculum can be best judged by the feedback from the students. Good feedback is the key to improvement. 93 medical students (46 boys, 47 girls) participated in the study after taking an informed consent. A self developed questionnaire based on the previous studies and validated by experts was circulated. They were asked to fill it appropriately and to give their suggestions, if any. Questions were asked on teaching methods, teaching aids, timings regarding duration of theory class, dissection, duration of 1st MBBS course, teacher’s qualities and question paper pattern. Questionnaire with a 5 point Likert scale was given which included interest to do dissection, advantages of dissection and replacement for dissection. The results were motivational as most of the students opted small group teaching as the best teaching method. A combination of the audio visual aids were preferred to single. Majority of the students selected 40 min duration for theory class and dissection timings from 9-11am. Large group of students were not interested in the study hours after the college hours. Many students preferred the option “ability to teach” for the teacher’s qualities, though few opted for “personality of the teacher”. Most of them preferred 1 essay+ 6shorts+5 very shorts pattern of question paper in their final examinations. Except 2, remaining students were interested to do cadaveric dissection which is an encouraging sign. Many students agreed for advantages of cadaveric dissection. On the other hand, many disagreed for the dissection to be replaced by prosections or anatomage or 3d models. To conclude, students’ feedback is encouraging for the small group teaching using a combination of audio visual aids. They preferred to learn the art of medicine through cadaveric dissection rather than replacing it with artificial methods.

Introduction: Variation in posterior arch of atlas are very rare. Variation is due to developmental anomaly, its detection is icidentaly while investigation for head and neck region. Our aim is determine the variation in posterior arch of atlas. Materials and methods: 50 dried atlases of unknown sex used for the study from department of Anatomy of medical college of Gujarat. Results and observation: 3 atlases showed absence of median part of posterior arch out of 50 vertebrae. Conclusion: Such variations must be noted by surgeons and radiologist.

This case report describes an unusual morphology of seven root canals in maxillary first molar tooth. The maxillary right first molar of a young male patient was treated endodontically, the second visit, the seven canals (MB1, MB2 and MB3, 2 Palatal and DB1 and DB2) was easily identified at high magnification under an operating microscope. The canals were then instrumented and obturated. It should be acknowledged that all molar teeth have more than the traditionally expected three canals. The location of root canals should be identified at high magnification under the microscope. Careful radiographic re-examination of the fillings should be done in order to identify possibly missed canals.

Objective: Mandibular fractures are one of the most frequent facial injuries treated in trauma centres, and its resultant functional and cosmetic deformities affecting the victims of such maxillo-facial injuries, has continued to generate a lot of discussion among researchers all over the world. The present study aims at describing the, etiology and pattern of mandibular fractures and its treatment at Lagos State University Teaching Hospital. Methodology: This is a retrospective study conducted at Lagos State university teaching Hospital Of medicine between January 2016 to December 2018. The current study included one hundred and eighteen (118) patients who were diagnosed with mandibular fractures. Data were collected regarding patient’s age, gender, etiology, site of fracture, patterns and treatment modalities and analyzed using SPSS version 20. Result: A total of 142 cases of mandibular fractures were diagnosed in 118 patients .The patients’ ages ranges between 2 to 83 years (Mean±SD=31.25±12.5). The majority of fractures occurred amongst the 21-30 years of age group (33.9%). There were 91males and 27 females with male to female ratio of 1:5.6. The major causes of fracture were RTA (Road Traffic Accidents) representing 79 (66.9%), followed by Assault 27 (22.9%), then Fall 8 (6.8%), and Sports injury respectively. The most injured sites were in decreasing order body 40 (28.2) followed by angle of mandible 26 (18.3), then parasymphysis 25 (17.6), condyle, symphysis, dentoalveolar, coronoid process and ramus of mandible (Figure-2). Majority (72.0%) of the cases were treated by closed reduction. Conclusion: This study revealed Road traffic accidents (RTA) as the major etiological factor of maxillo-facial injuries, with young adult males as the main victims. The most frequent technique used was closed reduction. It is therefore recommended that there should be improved enforcement of traffic laws on motorist particularly among the young population so as to curb reckless driving and over-speeding. There should also be provision of better roads and affordable health care by the various layers of government

Background: Obesity affects life span of an individual by increasing morbidity and mortality. Obese individuals usually affected by lipid abnormalities which serve as risk factors for complications like cardiovascular disease, hypertension, diabetes mellitus etc. The study aimed to evaluate lipid profile and blood pressure in obese and non-obese. Materials and Methods: Study was carried out at Department of Medicine, GG Hospital, Jamnagar over a period of one year. Total 105 subjects were enrolled in this cross sectional study after informed consent. Body Mass Index (BMI) and blood pressure were recorded by standard protocol. Based on BMI, subjects were divided into three groups: Group I - Normal weight (18.5 to 24.9 kg/m2) , Group II - Overweight (25 to 29.9 kg/m2) Group III - Obese (more than 30 kg/m2). Overnight fasting blood samples were collected and were analyzed for parameters like serum cholesterol, serum triglycerides, serum HDL, serum LDL & serum VLDL. Results: Blood pressure was elevated in Gr-III as compared to Gr-I+II (p<0.001). Serum Cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL, VLDL were elevated in Gr-III as compared to Gr-I+II (p<0.001). HDL was decreased in Gr-III compared Gr-I+II (P<0.001). Conclusion: Obese subjects showed lipid abnormalities like elevated Cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL, VLDL levels and decreased HDL level. Elevated blood pressure is also associated with Obesity.

The liver is the largest abdominal visceral organ, occupying a substantial portion of the upper abdominal cavity. The liver has four lobes, Caudate lobe is a separate and distinct liver lobe. It is located on liver at the posterior surface. The caudate lobe has two portions joined by a narrow parenchymal bridge that is called the caudate isthmus. Caudate lobe also has its separate blood supply and biliary drainage. The complexity of liver function and its importance in body homeostasis has encouraged this study of morphology and variations of caudate lobe to better the diagnosis and analysis of clinicopathological conditions. For present study 100 cadaveric livers were obtained. Caudate lobe was studied on various parameters such as shape, size and dimensions. Various measurements were taken and data was analyzed using descriptive statistics and relational statistics. ‘Z’ test was computed to find out the association between the parameters of the present study and the studies of similar background. It was found that majority of the caudate lobes in all livers are rectangular 67 (67%) in shape followed by pyriform 21 (21%) and irregular 12 (12%) shaped. The average transverse diameter of caudate was measured 28.69 ± 7.73.The average longitudinal diameter of caudate lobe was measured 54.67 ± 10.73. A sound knowledge of the normal and variant liver anatomy is a prerequisite to having a favorable surgical outcome and commonly occurring variations assumes even more significance in the era of diagnostic imaging and minimally invasive surgical approaches.

Condylar hyperplasia (CH) is a rare disorder characterized by excessive growth of the mandibular condyle in the horizontal and/or vertical dimensions. It usually presents unilaterally and can result in facial asymmetry, malocclusion and temporomandibular joint disorders. The etio-pathogenesis of CH is uncertain and has been associated with hormonal factors, trauma, heredity, hypervascularity, aberrant growth factors, infection and neoplasia. A variety of specialized nuclear medicine studies (e.g. scintigraphy, PET-CT and SPECT) are utilized to determine if there is pathological growth activity in the suspected condyle. It is essential to identify the condition as mis-diagnosis can lead to unexpected adverse growth even after the surgical correction of facial asymmetry. The authors report a case in a 16-year-old male subject who developed facial asymmetry (due to unilateral active CH) while undergoing routine orthodontic treatment for maxillary dento-alveolar protrusion. The patient was treated by high condylectomy and has been followed up for 1 year without signs of active growth. This paper also provides a mini-review of the recent literature on the epidemiology, etiology, diagnosis, classification, and surgical treatments of CH.

Urban transformation, after as one of the century's greatest disaster for Turkey called 17 August 1999 Marmara and 12 November 1999 earthquake in Duzce occupies places of the country's agenda. These earthquakes have shown that the majority of structures are in danger. In this context; with the idea that it would be difficult to demolish and rebuild each building individually, some regulations were adopted from time to time in the country and field based transformation studies were encouraged. However, in one of the most important metropolises of the world such as Istanbul, to make a transformation process in accordance with international standards; due to the city's history, crowdedness, the bad urbanization made up to now for individual earnings, does not seem easy. In this study, information about the urban transformation studies have been performed until recently in Turkey are given. By evaluating the results, suggestions have been made on how to make a transformation planning.