Background: The size of the kidney can be considered as an important indication for Congenital anomalies and in many clinical signs. Aim: to study the morphological and morphometric parameters of human kidneys in Andhra Pradesh. Materials and Methods: Fifty formalin fixed kidney specimens (Right-25; Left-25) obtained from cadavers with age range 55-60 years were utilized from the Department of Anatomy, Santhiram Medical College, Nandyal to study the morphological and morphometric parameters of human kidney specimens. The morphometric parameters like length, width, thickness and weight of the kidneys were measured and recorded. Results: The means of length, width, and thickness of the right kidneys were7.63+1.039, 3.93+0.431, 2.62+0.373 whereas left kidneys were 7.68+1.004, 3.96+0.426, 2.58+0.396 in the present study. The mean weight of the right kidney was 126.92+24.923 whereas the mean of left kidney weight was131+24.363 in the present study. The morphometric parameters like length, width, thickness, and weight were more in left kidney compared to right kidneys. The higher morphometric values were noted in the male kidney specimens when compared to female kidney specimens in the present study Conclusion: Morphometric parameters have a significant role in size, vascular diseases and congenital anomalies of human kidneys and possess greater clinical importance.

The aims of the research are to investigate the effect of gable orientation on the artificial ventilation used, and the intensity of artificial ventilation used which is effected by orientation gable. To achieve the aims of the research, mix research method was used in which both qualitative and quantitative research method was used to obtain the more valid, comprehensice and objective findings of the research. The techniques of collecting the data were literature study, observation in which and the instruments of the research used were the data from literature study, questionnaire with likert scale. After the data found, this research showed that the number of orientation of the roof will affect the ability of roof itself to withstand the heat in order not to increase the consumption of artificial artificial excessively based on both the orientation of both ideal and unideal direction at houses laid in Jasari Park Residence Medan. Then, based on a questionnaire using Likert scale, the roof orientation in residential areas shows that North-South and East-West has completely greater intensity in using the artificial ventilation than the roof orientation towards Southeast-Northwest and Southwest- Northeast. This condition occured because this orientation of the roof surface of the building and the sides of the wall are not only higher, and it absolutely reinforce the roofs that are facing in front of the orientation of the sun.

Background: Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) is a major health concern worldwide with a significant morbidity and mortality in addition to the economic burden. Oxidative stress, induced from exposure to various pollutants, with the resultant inflammation contributed to the pathogenesis of HE. This study was conducted to evaluate the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of rosemary ethanolic extract on thioacetamide (TAA) induced HE. Methods: Rats used in this study were divided into three groups: control group, TAA group received intraperitoneal (i.p) injection of TAA twice weekly for 12 weeks, rosemary treated group received i.p injection of TAA twice weekly and oral daily dose of rosemary ethanolic extract for 12 weeks. Results: The results revealed an obvious state of oxidative stress in liver and brain as evidenced by elevated malondialdehyde (MDA) and oxidized glutathione (GSSG) levels and lowered reduced glutathione (GSH) and total antioxidant capacity (TAC). Additionally, the concentration and gene expression of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and interleukin-10 (IL-10) indicating a significant inflammatory response. On the other hand, co-treatment with rosemary extract exhibited a significant improvement antioxidant capacities and inflammatory status of liver and brain. Moreover, the matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1) and paraoxonase-1 (PON-1) as fibrotic markers were analyzed proposing a possible anti-fibrotic activity of rosemary. Conclusion: it can be concluded that rosemary extract provide a powerful ameliorating effect against TAA induced HE owing to the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and possible anti-fibrotic activities of its constituents.

Cervical Spondylosis (CS) is a unrelieved degenerative stipulation of cervical spine resulting neck pain, sub occipital pain, vertigo, shoulder pain, numbness in upper limbs and abridged assortment of movement of neck. The incidence of Cervical Spondylosis was 13% in the 3rd decade and 5% in the 4th decade. It is the most universal rising problem in today’s epoch with inadequate assortment of Allopathic system. The signs of Cervical Spondylosis concur with Manyastambha in Ayurveda. Consequently the current case study planned to spotlight on assesses the result of Nasya with Karpasthyadi Taila for 7 days and Baluka Sweda for 7 days subsequently in Cervical Spondylosis and a considerable effect was established in the symptoms.

The intention for this paper was to find out if emotional intelligence is used as a requisite skill for pastoral leadership effectiveness especially within the churches of Southwest Nigeria, where there are some persistent and prevailing conflicts encountered in some churches between pastors and church members. Six research questions were raised to guide the study to which answers are given based on the findings of the study. The study adopted a descriptive research design. Out of a total of 900 Pastors, 120 were selected randomly. The instrument used to collate data was a self-designed questionnaire which benefitted from literature. The reliability of the instrument was done, and a coefficient value of 0.90 was obtained and hence, adjudged the instrument to be reliable. Findings revealed that 72% of the respondents attested that emotional intelligence is used as a requisite skill for pastoral leadership effectiveness within the churches of Southwest Nigeria. Pastors in South-West Nigeria are in a good way acquainted with the concept of emotional intelligence as they know about how it operates with them and demonstrate on a high level the essential competencies of emotional intelligence identified in Pastors of the churches in Southwest, Nigeria which is self –awareness competencies, self-management competencies, social awareness competencies, social skills competencies and relationship management competencies. It was revealed that there is a significant relationship between emotional intelligence and effective pastoral leadership. It was recommended that, for the church leadership to achieve and meet up with the expectation, it is expected that the awareness and exhibition of emotional intelligence are essential in ensuring a conflict-free leadership.

In recent times, a number of countries faced major cracks and divisions (religious, ethnical and geographical) with less than a decade war/instability but with regards to over four decades of wars and instabilities, the united and indivisible Afghanistan face researchers and social scientists with valid questions that what is the reason behind this unity and where to seek the roots of Afghan national unity, despite some minor problems and ethnic cracks cannot be ignored?. Most of the available studies on nation building process or Afghan nationalism have covered the nation building efforts from early 20th century and very limited works are available (mostly local narratives) had touched upon the nation building efforts prior to the 20th. This study goes beyond and examine major struggles aimed nation building along with the modernization of state in Afghanistan starting from late 19th century. Reforms predominantly the language (Afghani/Pashtu) and role of shared medium of communication will be deliberated. In addition, we will talk how the formation of strong centralized government empowered the state to initiate social harmony though the demographic and geographic oriented (north-south) resettlement programs in 1880s and how does it contributed to the nation building process.

Background: Basic Life Support (BLS) / Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) are an important part of emergency Medical care. Aims and objective: This study was done among Dental practitioners, to know their knowledge and perceptions about BLS, as they are going to face such situations in future, as Doctors. Materials and Methods: This is a cross-sectional study conducted among Dental Practitioners. The awareness about recent guidelines of American heart association (AHA), BLS, and factors associated which include Profession, gender, previous BLS training and updated with Highlights of 2015 were assessed by using a self-administered structured MCQ questionnaire. Statistical Analysis: The descriptive analysis was run to find the proportions of various parameters. Significant results were considered at 5% level of significance. Results: Our participants were aware of BLS, showed positive knowledge and attitude toward it, with the statistically significant p value.Conclusion: By introducing BLS regularly in the Academic curriculum and by routine hands-on workshops, all the health-care providers should be well versed with the BLS skills for effectively managing the life threatening emergencies. Repeated training would increase their confidence.

Management of radial head and neck fractures involves precontoured plate fixation.Proper plate fixation by determination of safe zone helps in restoration of normal mobility and function at radio ulnar and elbow joint. Aims and objectives of present study includes :1) To estimate bending radius of neck head curvature in the safe zone (BR), 2) Types of curvature classified as flat profile, low concave curvature and marked concave curvature at safe zone and 3) To estimate the differences in parameters between right and left radii. Results: Mean bending radii at safe zone was 25.66±9.64 and 29.97±10.40 in right and left side respectively. There was significant difference in values of bending radii between right and left sides. Low concave curvature was most prevalent type of curvature. Conclusion: Estimation of bending radii at safe and its morphology can help in reducing impingement and help in reducing postoperative complications.

For a long time, the Rohingya crisis has been a long debated issue between Myanmar and Bangladesh. Recently, the same issue got an influx and major attention of nations and international organizations as millions of Rohingya refugees fled to Bangladesh. This paper aims to highlight this form a very close range. The authors went to the Rohingya refugee camps located in Cox‟s Bazar and collected data though direct interview with the refugees. In addition to that, information from different published sources like media, websites and articles were collected to write this paper. At the end, the authors urged international communities to help solving this crisis. Unfortunately, there is still a lack of research in this issue. The authors are expecting that this article can be used as the base paper for further research in Rohingya issue

Nowadays, Engineers are superheroes as such, must be ready for anything in an increasingly technology-dependent world. Throughout the work of engineers, we are able to have smart-phones, computers, HD video, satellites TV, airplanes, electric cars, robots, and air conditioners. The list goes on and on. Engineers have enabled us to explore the galaxy, break the sound barrier in a car, replace the broken parts, and instantly connect with anyone all over the world and so much more. This report focuses on engineering job preferences. The Egyptian engineering graduates are said to be more likely to apply for or wait for public sector jobs. Certainly, this seems to be the same in other Arabic countries. The past government supported practice of expanding youth employment in the public sector is no longer sustainable. More and better economic opportunities for professional engineers need to be generated in the private sector by encouraging youth entrepreneurship and the development of micro and small enterprises (MSEs) [1].

The main purpose of this study was, to assess the factors influencing practice of patient education among nurse Sir Ganga Ram hospital Lahore. The patient teaching is considered an important aspect of quality healthcare among nursing care. Patient education is necessary for the patients as it improves the patients' satisfaction and decrease the level of anxiety and short their stay in hospital. The significance of this study was minimizing the factors and enhances the nurse's attention toward educating the patient regarding disease which improve patient health and reduce the stay of patients in hospital. A cross section study design was used to explore factors influencing the practice of patient education among nurses Sir Ganga Ram hospital Lahore. Random sampling techniques were used in selecting 171 nurses at Sir Ganga Ram hospital. Questionnaire is Adapted from prior studies [1]. Questionnaire consist on three part, one part is the demographic and second part is knowledge and practice of patient education and 3rd part is factors influencing practice of patient education. The data was analyzed using SPSS version 16.the main finding of this study according to chi square knowledge and practice of patient of education and workload, work experience, culture barrier, lack of time, insufficient staff, are the key factors that influencing practice of patient education among nurses.

Background: ADHD is one of the most common childhood psychiatric disorders, not only in Egypt but also in the world. The aim was to assess the effectiveness of an educational intervention on improving the elementary teachers‟ knowledge, attitudes and sense of self efficacy toward ADHD children. Methods A quasi-experimental, quantitative, (pre/ post one group) research design was used with 100 elementary teachers recruited conveniently from two schools located at Shebin Elkom city ,affiliated to Ministry of Education, Menoufyia Governorate, Egypt. Data were collected by using 3 main tools which are The KADDS scale, The teacher attitude towards inclusion scale (TAIS) ,and Teacher Efficacy Beliefs Scale (TEBS) for instructing and managing students with behavioral difficulties The results revealed that, the majority( 95% &96%) of studied subjects were Bachelor degree of education .and their mean age was(40.99±9.73). There was a highly statistical significant difference between pre and post interventions of knowledge of Attention Deficit disorders (KADDS), teacher self-efficacy beliefs at p-value < 0.000. While, there was no significant difference between pre and post teachers‟ attitudes of including ADHD students in their regular classes. Conclusion: the current study demonstrated that educational interventions can increase elementary school teachers‟ ADHD knowledge and self-efficacy. Whereas improving attitudes was little with no significant difference between pre/post assessment, our findings suggest that a brief professional educational intervention can be utilized to greatly increase teachers‟ ADHD knowledge, providing a costeffective, practical solution to address this well-evidenced gap in teachers‟ training and knowledge about the disorder. Therefore, it is recommended that there is an urgent need to ensure that pre-service and in-service elementary school teachers have a sound knowledge of ADHD and maintain favorable attitudes toward teaching children with ADHD.

According to World health organization (WHO), the oral health is considered as an integral part of the general health of an individual. In India, oral health care services have limited access in rural as well as urban population with vast differences in oral health status. The knowledge of oral health in medical graduates has more opportunities to spread in our rural and urban community. Present study was conducted with an aim to evaluate knowledge, attitude, and practice of oral health among first professional under graduate medical students of tertiary care teaching hospital in India. An observational, descriptive, cross- sectional study was conducted at GMERS medical college, Dharpur, Patan, Gujarat among first professional medical students. A self-structured, pre validated, close ended questionnaire consists of total 15 multiple choice questions. Out of this total, 6 questions are on knowledge of oral health, 5 questions on attitude of oral health and 4 questions on practice of oral health was used for this study. A total of 62.16% of first professional students knew the different techniques for teeth brushing. A total of 8.78 % of students knew about halitosis. A total of 97.97 % of students believed that brushing teeth in morning and night to keep them healthy. A total of 73.65% of students believed that using fluoride toothpaste strengthen the teeth. A total of 56.08% of students brush their teeth once daily. A total of 15.45 % of students had visited dentist at least once in a year. There is need of further exposure of dental knowledge among first professional medical students, so they can serve community in better ways.

The periodontal clinical measures of the effects of surgical and non-surgical techniques have been widely described, but the subjective parameters after the procedures need to be well investigated, focusing their direct influence on the quality of life of these individuals. This observational study aims to evaluate the impact of periodontal disease on the quality of life of individuals submitted to surgical and non-surgical periodontal treatment through the application of the OHIP-14 questionnaire. Sixty patients were interviewed, of which 30 were from the surgical treatment group and 30 were from the non-surgical treatment group. The subjects included in the study underwent surgical periodontal treatment with flap for access to scaling and non-surgical periodontal treatment with scaling and root straightening. The OHIP-14 questionnaire was applied at two times, 7 days and 30 days after treatment. The results of the surgical periodontal treatment group after 7 days showed a significant impact on quality of life, after 30 days did not show improvement in the quality of life, affecting the subgroup, and the results of non-surgical periodontal treatment after 7 days showed a small impact in quality of life after 30 days revealed an increase in quality of life. We concluded that the surgical periodontal treatment did not show benefits to the quality of life of the individuals, affecting more subgroup already the non-surgical periodontal treatment showed significant improvement in the quality of life of the individuals included in this study. Being the non-surgical treatment, the periodontal treatment of first choice more indicated and with greater chances of success.

The main objective of the present study was to relate the urine urobillinogen with tooth decay. It is a colorless substance that is formed by the reduction of the bilirubin and bilirubin is a yellowish substance that is formed by the breakdown of the red blood cells. So urobillinogen is a substance that is formed by the bacterial attack upon the bilirubin in the intestine (duodenum). A total of 100 subjects get involved in this study from Bahauddin Zakariya University Multan, Pakistan. After taking the results we designed a project based upon these results. In this some had normal percentage and some had 1 or 0.1 percentage. In this, females that had negative percentage were 10% and had positive 55% in the case of when they had tooth decay. While values for females were in case of when they had no tooth decay for negative percentage were 11% and for positive percentage were 25%. In case of males that had tooth decay were 10% in negative case, while had 58% in positive case. When males had no tooth decay value for negative were 11% and for positive percentage were 25%. It was concluded that there was no relation among tooth decay and urobillinogen.