British Thyroid Association (BTA) recently produced Ultrasonography (US) classification (U1–U5) of thyroid nodules to facilitate the decision-making process regarding the need to perform fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAS) in suspicious/unequivocal cases. This study was aimed to evaluate whether a relation between classify thyroid FNAS cytology, ultrasound feature diagnoses and compare with BTA-U classification. All the FNAS of thyroid lesions came during November 2017 to November 2018 were classified depended one echogenicity and size vascularity and type of calcification by assed the indication of FNAS and final cytology results. During the study period, total of 165 (89.7% females and 10.3% males) was enrolled in this study. Thyroid FNAS were reported to benign lesion, malignant, inflammatory, indeterminate and non-diagnostic were reported in (76.5 and 87.8%), (5.9 and 2.03%), (5.9 and 6.8%), (0 and 2.03%) and (11.8 and 1.35%) in cases of (male and female) respectively. Benign cases were found 757 (95.2%) out of total 795. This category includes hypo echogenic, hyper echogenic, iso echogenic, highly vascular nodules, calcification, well defined nodular surface, lymph adenopathy, mixed solid& cystic and halo sign depending to sonographic description comparison with BTA- U. This study concluded that Use of BTA for thyroid FNAC reporting helps to highlight increased malignancy risk associated with US and FANS malignant categories as well as provide more details related to cytology of thyroid lesions.

The Dalai Lama is the spiritual leader of the Tibetan Buddhism, has a close and unusual relation with the MIT and the US neuroscience for decades. Recent researches is discovering that MIT has a corrupt network of illegal human experimentation of artificial intelligence in poor countries to develop human robots with invasive neurotechnology such as brain nanobots. Buddhist monks has characteristics that make them ideal candidates for their transformation in cyborgs such as their resistance to high altitude, their knowledge about martial arts, mind self-control, their belief in reincarnation, non-existent sexual activity of the Buddhist monks, thus these characteristics explain the approach of USA neuroscience to the Buddhist monks to involve them in artificial intelligence projects and to turn them into cyborgs, slaves, without sex, without privacy, without freedom and to be sold as war machines. The Dalai Lama's promotion subliminal of emotional intelligence and his relation with MIT indicate that Dalai Lama is also part of this MIT's mafia of artificial intelligence. The Dalai Lama, rather than seeking Tibet independence, would really be seeking its slavery through mind control with brain nanobots and microchips

Background of Study: Sickle cell anaemia (SCA) is a common monogenetic disorder that is characterized by chronic haemolysis, recurrent vaso-occlusion of the microcirculation and chronic inflammation. Nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability has been found to be impaired in sickle cell disease this is because haemoglobin released during intravascular haemolysis, is a potent scavenger of nitric oxide (NO) and also releases arginase into the plasma. Upon release, arginase metabolizes plasma L-arginine into ornithine, reducing the needed substrate for nitric oxide synthesis and compounding the reduction in nitric oxide bioavailability in SCA. Objective: The aim of this study was to determine the plasma level of L-arginine in adult patients with SCA in steady state and compare with those of age and sex matched normal HbA controls. Methods and Materials: Thirty adult SCA patients in steady state attending Haematology clinic at University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria and 30 normal HbA age and sex matched controls were enrolled for this study. Haematological parameters were determined by a 5-part autoanalyzer and plasma level of L-arginine was quantified by ELISA method. Data were analyzed and results were considered statistically significant if p<0.05. Result: The respondents consist of 33(55) females and 27(45%) males with a mean age of 29.4years (8.9). Haematocrit was significantly higher in controls than steady state, Plasma L-arginine was significantly reduced in SCA patients in steady state than controls. Conclusion: This study confirmed that there is reduction in L-arginine in SCA patients in steady state compared to normal HbA controls.

Most of the cases of Urinary tract infections land up first in a general practitioners office as the signs and symptoms are very plethoric. Urinary tract infections (UTIs) results in patient morbidity. The effectiveness of antimicrobial treatment in reducing UTI s is well established. But Studies have demonstrated wide variation in utilization of antimicrobial treatment, including inappropriate selection of agents, improper timing of administration, and excessive duration of treatment. The purpose of this study is to evaluate and establish an antibiotic protocol for UTI’s in our hospital setting. We would be performing a culture analysis of urine to identify the presence of infection in the renal unit, which will guide us for antibiotic usage. Hence, we are trying to establish an antibiotic protocol for UTI without compromising on treatment, and to avoid excessive duration of antibiotic treatment

This work was carried out to investigate the changes in haematological and some of liver function parameters among abortive females after diagnosing toxoplasmosis-related symptoms in El-Beida City, Libya. Eighty seven abortive women during the period from October 2018 to March 2019 were chosen as a study group. These women were split into two groups when the antibodies of Toxoplasma was present. (IgG and/or IgM) (44 cases who positive with toxoplasmosis). The largest incidence was observed in age group 21-25 years followed by age groups 31-35 and 26-30. While the smallest incidence was observed in the age group, more than 46 years followed with age groups of less than 20 years. At age group 41-45, percentage of positive toxoplasmosis was found higher than negative toxoplasmosis. All positive cases, 50.6% of them was found to have IgG anti-toxoplasma antibodies sero-positive. 13.6% of total cases was mixed seropositive for IgG and IgM. These value of antibodies IgG/IgM were found statistically difference between positive and negative toxoplasmosis. Only, the mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH) and white blood cell count were decreased significantly in positive toxoplasmosis. Mean values of RBC count, HGB concentrations, percent of hematocrit (HCT), mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) and red blood cell distribution width (RDW) were not statistically different in positive compared to negative cases. Lymphocytes (Lymph %) and mid cells total count (MID %) were increased and granocytes (Gran %) decreased slightly in positive toxoplasmosis without significantly deference. Meanwhile the mean platelets number (PLT) the volume occupied by platelets in the blood (PCT %), the mean platelet volume (MPV %) and platelets distribution width (PDW %) were changed without significant deference. In terms of blood group, the smallest incidence was discovered with blood group O and the largest incidence with blood group AB. The highest prevalence among individuals with blood group who have Rh-positive at same blood group. The mean levels of AST, ALT and ALP in the serum of the positive toxoplasmosis was decreased without significantly deference. These results were might give a better understanding about pathogenesis of toxoplasmosis.

The Roleplay is becoming more popular to support learning process of students in professional colleges by asking students to prepare before lectures and actively engaging students during lectures. One of the main reasons is the compartmentalised manner in which they are taught by each clinical department at different time, without any knowledge of what is taught by the other departments. Classroom time is spent in discussion, clarification, exercises, or other learning activities to enhance application of knowledge. This study puts in a sincere effort to find the answer of which method is better

Sokoto Province was created over the territory of an Islamic polity called the Sokoto Caliphate. The Caliphate emerged as a product of the Sokoto Jihad of 1804. A number of Caliphs ruled the polity before it was occupied by the British colonial administrators. After the occupation and the subsequent consolidation of colonial rule, Sokoto Province was created and the Caliphal system was changed to Sultanate. Consequently, a number of Sultans ruled contributed significantly to the development of their subjects and or the Province as whole. Of all the Sultans, Sir Saddiq Abubakar III is considered to be longest and most contributory Sultan throughout the colonial and post-colonial periods. This paper examined the role and contributions of Abubakar III in the economic development of Sokoto Province.

Recent innovations and scientific inventions have been applied successfully in teaching and learning. It is always known that for a newer approach to be implemented successfully there are always hurdles. At this moment it is also understood that people will not accept the changes until they are familiar with the technologies. It is always known that the eyes see only those things that are well familiarized. Even if it is universally accepted there may be hurdles that have to be passed successfully by each and every individual. This article examines the faculty and the student’s attitude towards the E-Learning programme

The purpose of this study was to examine the influence of physical material distribution on service delivery at the British Army Training Unit, Nanyuki, Kenya. This study was pegged on the human systems dynamics and the institutional theory. A descriptive research design was adopted to analyze the effect of materials management on service delivery. The target population was 535, from which a sample of 229 respondents was used to obtain information. A stratified random sampling technique was used to ensure that there are no biases in the selection of the respondents. The respondents were divided into two strata; the industrial and non-industrial employees. Data was collected using a questionnaire, which contained open and closed-ended questions. The validity and reliability of the questionnaire was tested using content validity and Cronbach’s Alpha, respectively. A pilot study was undertaken at the Kahawa Barracks. The data collected was analyzed using SPSS software. Descriptive statistics enabled the researcher to present data in a meaningful way, while inferential statistics helped to deduce meaning to the findings. A regression analysis was conducted to test the hypothesis presented in the study. Presentation of the findings was done with tables and graphs. On the effect of physical material distribution, the study found out that there is a strong transportation system in the organization, however; no regulations had been put in place to select the transportation modes also the study uncovered that the organization had made sufficient investments for warehousing infrastructure. In addition, physical material distribution was found to have a positive correlation with service delivery (r= 0.319; p= 0.000). There was a demonstration that a statistically significant relationship exists between physical material distribution and service delivery at BATUK. The study recommended that a similar study should be conducted in other organizations in the public and private sectors in Kenya.

Background: Foreign bodies within the bladder pose a challenging urologic problem as a result of their diversity, varied presentation and tailored management. Examples of foreign bodies that have been removed from the urinary bladder include electric wires, glass ampoules, sticks, ball point pens, pencils, safety-pins, hairclips, magnetic balls, intrauterine contraceptive devices (IUCD), gauze pieces, pelvic drains and batteries. Methods: We carried out a retrospective review of patients who were found to have intravesical foreign bodies intraoperatively between January 2017 and December 2018 in Abuja, Nigeria. Results: Five patients were found to have intravesical foreign bodies. There were 4 female and a male patient. The mean age at the time of presentation was 51 years. The aetiology was iatrogenic in all but one patient. There was varied mode of presentation. Plain radiographs and abdominopelvic ultrasonography were useful in diagnosis. Endoscopic removal of the foreign body was successful in 3 patients whilst one patient had a suprapubic cystostomy and another suprapubic cystolithotomy. Conclusion: Our review highlights the importance of educating health care workers on the need to ensure catheters, stents, abdominal drains are removed following their stipulated time of use. Awareness of this rare entity as an important possible differential diagnosis in patient presenting with urologic symptoms is also important.

Agglomeration is derived by clustering of firms that contributes to the generation of centers in urban areas or in areas of vibrant economic activities. Doha as a city has witnessed clustering of several industrial activities in different locations since the beginning of the industrial development of the state and the discovery of hydrocarbons. Today, Doha Industrial Area is becoming a major zone that is growing as a result of agglomeration as well as the effective private sector’s participation in the running of small-to-medium industrial activity, managed by the government. This research study explores the role of agglomeration in the clustering of industries and its economic impact on the city based on the theory of agglomeration economies. Considering the land use of the studied industrial area, its accessibility, location and other urban considerations, Doha Industrial Area, namely zone 57, is explored as an exemplar case to offer an understanding of agglomeration of industry clusters in the context of Doha. The research is shedding light on the role of active governance in the distribution of land use within the studied zone. Further analysis of establishment types, areas and spatial distribution within the zone provides impressive remarks on the role of agglomeration in the creation of specialized cities to enhance the private sectors’ role in the process of economic growth and urban development.

A study of Microangiopathic and cardiovascular complications in 106 diabetic patients admitted to the department of medicine of Diwaniyah Teaching Hospital showed 39 patients had diabetic retinopathy and 20 patients had ad/or nephropathy, 59 patients had absent ankle jerk, 15 patients had postural hypotension, 6 patients had absent vibration sense, 7 patients had abnormal pin prick sensation, 11 patients had abnormal ECG.

Avipattikar Churna is used in clinical practice in dealing with the case of gastric disorders since the 19th century. Amlapitta is one of the chief disorders of Gastro-intestinal tract. Colloquial term for Amla-pitta is Hyperacidity. Though various scientific researches were performed by varies Ayurvedic researchers, data of their outcome are not compiled to completely understand the pharmacology. This formulation promptly relives from major symptoms like Amlokalesh, Shirovedna, Ura-Pradesh Daha, Aruchi, Amlodgara. Neither, any complication(s)/Side effect(s) were reported so far, nor it produces addiction. 20 times of its normal dose (500mg/Kg body wt.) does not produce any acute toxicity in rats. Maximum numbers of constituents of it have Anti-ulcerogenic and Anti-oxidant property. It is an inference from all clinical study that 21- 45 days period is required to show marked improvement in the disease. Allopathic medicine uses to treat hyperacidity share a good portion of the drug market. Due to its higher safety and efficacy, it may be a good substitute for acid-lowering drugs of today.

Introduction: Ectodermal dysplasia (ED) is a rare hereditary disorder involving two or more of the ectodermal structures. Palmoplantar keratoderma is a characteristic feature of hidrotic forms of ED. We report a case of Hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia associated with palmoplantar keratoderma. Case Report: A 4-year-old girl presents a chronic palmo-plantar dermatosis that started three years ago. The interrogation finds a history of hospital admission in the 2nd month of life for an unexplained fever. The dermatological examination finds a limited, diffuse erythematous palmo-plantar hyperkeratosis, associated with diffuse alopecia with light-colored brittle and slow-growing hair. The findings also include hypotrichosis and onychodystrophy. The rest of the examination revealed a facial dysmorphism with a light prominent forehead, flattened bridge of the nose, sunken eyes with periorbital hyperpigmentation and photophobia. Other abnormalities include a hypodontia with small teeth. Discussion: Our observation suggests a hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia. It is a genetic disease most often hereditary. The X-linked form or Christ Siemens Touraine syndrome is the most frequently encountered form. A male predominance is noted. Clinically it is characterized by the presence of all or several of the four typical clinical signs of the disease: Anhidrosis or hypohidrosis, dental hyoplasia, hypotrichosis, facial dysmorphism. Palmoplantar keratoderma is rarely associated as it is the case in our patient. The genetic study reveals abnormalities that can be found in the X chromosome for the X-linked forms, and at the level of the chromosomes 2q11-13 or 1q42 for the autosomal forms. Conclusion: Our observation illustrates the frequent diagnosis delay in this disease. It also emphasizes the importance of a detailed somatic examination in front of any palmoplantar keratoderma presented in children.

Imaging modalities for temporomandibular joint (TMJ) is evolving continuously with the rapid emergence in various imaging techniques. Various imaging modalities depending upon the purpose and pathologic conditions are currently used to evaluate the TMJ. The correct diagnosis of TMJ dysfunction only by clinical examination cannot be made. Various imaging modalities which are routinely used are: routine radiographic examination, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computer tomography (CT). Ultrasonography, arthroscopy and radionuclide examination are the secondary methods used for TMJ imaging. Arthroscopy is grouped as a mode of therapy. In the present paper, attempt is made to focus on the various imaging modalities for TMJ diagnosis and highlight their importance. In order to understand many TMJ pathologies in a better way, relevant normal anatomy of the TMJ has also been discussed.