Background: ADHD is one of the most common childhood psychiatric disorders, not only in Egypt but also in the world. The aim was to assess the effectiveness of an educational intervention on improving the elementary teachers‟ knowledge, attitudes and sense of self efficacy toward ADHD children. Methods A quasi-experimental, quantitative, (pre/ post one group) research design was used with 100 elementary teachers recruited conveniently from two schools located at Shebin Elkom city ,affiliated to Ministry of Education, Menoufyia Governorate, Egypt. Data were collected by using 3 main tools which are The KADDS scale, The teacher attitude towards inclusion scale (TAIS) ,and Teacher Efficacy Beliefs Scale (TEBS) for instructing and managing students with behavioral difficulties The results revealed that, the majority( 95% &96%) of studied subjects were Bachelor degree of education .and their mean age was(40.99±9.73). There was a highly statistical significant difference between pre and post interventions of knowledge of Attention Deficit disorders (KADDS), teacher self-efficacy beliefs at p-value < 0.000. While, there was no significant difference between pre and post teachers‟ attitudes of including ADHD students in their regular classes. Conclusion: the current study demonstrated that educational interventions can increase elementary school teachers‟ ADHD knowledge and self-efficacy. Whereas improving attitudes was little with no significant difference between pre/post assessment, our findings suggest that a brief professional educational intervention can be utilized to greatly increase teachers‟ ADHD knowledge, providing a costeffective, practical solution to address this well-evidenced gap in teachers‟ training and knowledge about the disorder. Therefore, it is recommended that there is an urgent need to ensure that pre-service and in-service elementary school teachers have a sound knowledge of ADHD and maintain favorable attitudes toward teaching children with ADHD.

Extraction of gables from remote sensing sources and GIS application has been the subject of slight research. An accurate gable inventory is required for applications such as GIS database number of shanties town, impervious surfaces mapping and Know the places of the displaced through the use of shanties. A methodology for automatic gables extraction that integrates remote sensing sources and GIS data was proposed, where it was consists of a series of image processing (Conversion of DNs to Top, apply tasseled cap transformation (TCT) Brightness). The extraction process was implemented and tested on gable (including commercial and residential) type. In addition, google earth data from Baghdad city, Iraq was identified for the testing and validation of the results. The automatic extraction process was tested and evaluated on multiple feature segments and proved to be successful. The research identifies, recommendations algorithm extraction scenario and drawbacks of the process.

The main objective of the present study was to relate the urine urobillinogen with tooth decay. It is a colorless substance that is formed by the reduction of the bilirubin and bilirubin is a yellowish substance that is formed by the breakdown of the red blood cells. So urobillinogen is a substance that is formed by the bacterial attack upon the bilirubin in the intestine (duodenum). A total of 100 subjects get involved in this study from Bahauddin Zakariya University Multan, Pakistan. After taking the results we designed a project based upon these results. In this some had normal percentage and some had 1 or 0.1 percentage. In this, females that had negative percentage were 10% and had positive 55% in the case of when they had tooth decay. While values for females were in case of when they had no tooth decay for negative percentage were 11% and for positive percentage were 25%. In case of males that had tooth decay were 10% in negative case, while had 58% in positive case. When males had no tooth decay value for negative were 11% and for positive percentage were 25%. It was concluded that there was no relation among tooth decay and urobillinogen.

Hepatitis C is a major global problem, there are 71 million of people have chronic HCV, 50%-80% of them develop liver cirrhosis and cancer. Around 350,000 to 500,000 of infected people die yearly from HCV complications. Prevalence of HCV in Iraq have not estimated since 2017. The current study aimed to assess the number of HCV infected people in Iraq, identify the most important risk factors for HCV transmission and lastly survey infected people to investigate their precautious practices in order to prevent HCV transmission. HCV infection recorded the highest in 2018 with 3.7% of people are infected per 10,000 whereas in 2017, prevalence rate was 0.05%. HCV infection were dominant among male with age group between 40-51 (p>0.05). Most important risk factors for HCV transmission are hemodialysis and repeated blood transfusion in thalassemia patients, HCV infections were 23% and 16% consequently. Most surveyed patients (72.5%) are doing good practicing to prevent HCV transmission whereas the latitude of few patients (27.5%) is not enough to prevent the spread of disease, most of those patients are married couples who practicing unprotected intercourse and under no antiviral medications.

The purpose of the present study was to determine the somatotype profile and to assess the prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) according to the somatotype among heavy load carriers. This cross-sectional study was performed on 301 carriers. The method used for determining the somatotype according to Heath and Carter was characterised by calculating the individual components: endomorphic, mesomorphic, ectomorphic. Prevalence of the MSDs was investigated with a Nordic Questionnaire. The neck, shoulders, upper back, lower back, hips/thigh were the body parts in which more than 50% carriers reported MSDs. The MSDs at the level of the wrists/hands was significantly (P <0.001) more frequent in the mesomorphic profile (53.8%) compare to the profiles of endomorphic (10.9%) or ectomorphic (40.9%). In contrast, the frequency of MSDs at the ankles/feet was reported to be significantly higher in the ectomorphic profile (40.0%). This study showed the endomorphic profile to be the most representative among heavy load carriers followed by the ectomorphic profile. If the MSDs at wrists/hands and the ankles/feet were more in mesomorphic and ectomorphic profiles than in endomorph group, the rate of MSDs at the neck, shoulders, upper and lower back, hips/thighs were the same in the three groups.

The level of endangerment a language faces is relative to the degree of its resources viz a large and active speaker population; a thriving literary tradition complemented by a widespread and flourishing readership, and the prestige accorded the language by its speakers. In this sense, most languages of the world face one or the other forms of endangerment. This paper however, explores a form of endangerment emanating from within the resources of the language itself. It observes an ironic even if pathetic situation, where the very resources of a language, particularly its Media and literary tradition have its thriving practices marked by a propensity for appropriating words from other language(s) considered more prestigious because of the socio-economic , educational, and political standing it enjoys globally. This, the paper argues is as threatening to the pristine existence of a language as other forms of endangerment. Consequently, it suggests borrowing across dialects of the language family than to opt for appropriating words from other foreign and prestigious languages, particularly for words that exist in the repertoire of either the language or in any of its dialects, For example, the persistent use of the English derivative ‘chanji’ from the English ‘Change’ where an equally two-syllable word of the same semantic implication exist in Hausa, ‘Sauyi’.This obnoxious and depreciating practice largely characterizes the use of the Hausa language in our films, literary texts especially of the popular culture genre and other popular media. The practice of unnecessarily substituting a linguistic item in a language with an equivalent from another language is often injurious to the wellbeing of the former as soon its speakers gradually lose the sense of those substituted linguistic items.

Ear length, ear width, lobular length and lobular width are different in every human at their various stage of age. The study aimed at to obtain morphometric measurements in relation to age and combined analysis of right and left ears. 250 peoples selected for this study. All measurements were taken with help of digital vernier caliper and recorded in centimeter after taking informed written consent. The mean and SD of TEH were 5.79 ± 0.36 cm, 5.72 ± 0.37cm, EW were 2.63 ± 0.27 cm and 2.71 ± 0.29 cm, LH of right and left ear were1.54 ± 0.16 cm and 1.62 ± 0.17 cm and LW were 1.68 ± 0.26 cm and 1.69 ± 0.21 cm of right and left ear in 16-19 age group respectively. In the age group of 20 -22 years, the mean and SD of TEH were 5.98 ± 0.43 cm and 5.91 ± 0.42 cm, EW were 2.87 ± 0.27 cm and 2.81 ± 0.26 cm, LH were 1.60 ± 0.18 cm and 1.66 ± 0.17 cm and LW were 1.70 ± 0.26 cm and 1.74 ± 0.26 cm of right and left ear. In the age group of 23-26 years the mean and SD of TEH were 6.16 ± 0.29 cm and 6.03 ± 0.18 cm, EW were 2.99 ± 0.19 cm and 3.00 ± 0.22 cm, LH were 1.63 ± 0.19 cm and 1.67 ± 0.13 cm and LW were1.71 ± 0.23 1.80 ± 0.23 of right and left ear. All parameter were increasing with advancing age.

Background: Odontogenic lesions are tumours and cysts originating from the odontogenic epithelium and or ectomesenchyme and its vestigies. They are a wide array of cystic and neoplastic lesions which have been seen in all age groups. There is robust knowledge on the epidemiology of odontogenic tumours in all age groups, however paediatric odontogenic tumours due to their relative rarity have not been well researched and this has led to a conspicuous paucity of literature and knowledge gap on the specific demographics of these lesions in the paediatric age group. Objectives: To assess the prevalence, age, gender and site distribution of odontogenic tumours and cysts seen at the Lagos State University Teaching Hospital within the paediatric group between January 2013 and December 2017. Materials and methods: Records from the archives of the Department of Oral Pathology and Medicine, Faculty of Dentistry over a period of 5 years (January 2013 to December 2017) were reviewed. Information relating to the type of paediatric odontogenic lesion, age, gender and site of lesion was extracted and recorded on data forms. Lesions were grouped into primary dentition (0 to 5 years), mixed dentition (6 to 12 years) and permanent (13 to 17 years) dentition periods. Data was analyzed using SPSS (version 20). Result: Paediatric odontogenic lesions comprised 40 cases (29.63%) of the total odontogenic lesions, 30.53% of all paediatric lesions and 6.64% of all paediatric orofacial lesions seen within the 5 year study period (January 2013 to December 2018).

Endodontic treatment may sometimes fail because morphological features of the tooth adversely affect the treatment procedures. Many investigators have reported the anatomical variations associated with mandibular canines. The majority of mandibular canines have one root and root canal, but 15% may have two canals, and a smaller number may have two distinct roots. The present case describes clinical case of mandibular canine with two roots and two canals.

Ankyloglossia, or tongue-tie, refers to an abnormally short lingual frenulum, causing difficulty in speech articulation due to limitation in tongue movement. In this article, we report a case of a 16-year-old female with posterior anklyoglossia, and anterior mucosal covering, who complained of difficulty in speech. Following which she underwent frenectomy procedure under local anesthesia without any complications. Finally, she was given speech therapy sessions

Necrotizing fasciitis is an infrequent infection characterized by rapid progression and potential fatal affecting subcutaneous tissue and fascia. The underlying predisposing systemic conditions are diabetes mellitus, old age, chronic renal failure, peripheral vascular disease. Patients associated with these infections often have history of trauma like insect bite, abrasion, burns and it slightly occurs more in male patients. It is one of the most challenging infections encountered by the surgeon. Due to difficulty in diagnosis as it is polymicrobial infection and its late management makes this condition more fatal.

This study on ABO and Rhesus blood group system in tuberculosis patients aimed at the assessment on prevalence of tuberculosis on human ABO and Rhesus blood group system. ABO blood and Rhesus blood group system antigens are hereditary characters that are the most clinically significant in blood transfusion. Tuberculosis is an infectious disease cause by mycobacterium tuberculosis and treated with antibiotics. The samples were collected, diagnosed and analyzed for reliable results using laboratory standard procedures, the results are represented statistically showing no significant effect(s) of tuberculosis (TB) in ABO and Rhesus blood system. This research was carried out among Igbo tribe at location of Ohaozara in Ebonyi State using two hundred (200) Tuberculosis patients coming for treatment at Tuberculosis/ Leprosy Presbyterian Joint Hospital Uburu (Happy Home) and other patient from the same location while three hundred (300) controls (people free from TB). The ABO blood group and Rhesus systems' result present blood group 0 predominated others and with 48%, followed by A (22%), B (18%) and AB (12%) while the Rhesus blood group system is 90% positive and 10% negative in Juberculosis patients. In comparism, ABO blood groups are; 0 (44%), A (28%), and AB (4%), while the Rhesus blood group system is 94% positive and 6% negative in controls. From the statistics above, among the patients in control from the same geographical location interprets that blood group O has the highest frequency of about 46 percent (46%) followed by group A with 25%, B (21%) and AB (8%) while Rhesus blood group system is 92% Rhesus positive and 8% Rhesus (D) negative in average among population study of the same location (Ohaozara). With the test (blood grouping) conducted among the population, the results show that no particular blood group is susceptible to Tuberculosis and so, Tuberculosis does not have any phynotipic effect(s) on ABO blood group and Rhesus blood group system.

The accuracy of clinical diagnosis and clinical examinations can have a profound impact on the early detection of potentially malignant lesions. Currently, the standard of care is clinical confirmation of the clinical impression for all medical conditions. Although encouraging early diagnosis through examination and prompt treatment to detect cause is important, it can result in an abundance of correct procedures and patient worry. A little discrepancy between clinical diagnoses can lead to the fatality. An improved understanding of the accuracy of medical conditions of patients is necessary to inform evidence-based treatment recommendations for examination and clinical care. In oral and maxillofacial surgery it is very important to understand and diagnose the underlying medical conditions with the patient chief complaint. An overall general and systemic examination is compulsory needed.

As the war on terrorism moves beyond boundaries, it is clear that the international community focus remains almost entirely on the Middle East. Every group mentioned by the American administrative regarding international terrorism has to do with Arab and Muslim world. And the two Middle Eastern members of the “axis of evil,” Iran and Iraq, were cited for being sponsors of terror, but not for being behind al-Qaida’s operations. Understandably, the horror committed by al-Qaida, and the threat that it still poses, have focused the attention on the Middle East. But it is a mistake to imagine that the global terrorism problem beyond al-Qaida is primarily Middle Eastern. There is too much terrorism in the Middle East and the international community must seek to reduce it, but it must be put in global perspective. In the two decades preceding the tragedy of September 11th, the Middle East was not the leading region in the number of terrorist incidents or in the number of casualties from terrorism. Moreover, while the terrorist trend in the Middle East moved downward every single year, it moved upward in other regions, including Africa, Asia and Latin America. However, this paper is a try to bring about the Arab perspective regarding international terrorism by discussing the main issue around the phenomena.

The present study has been carried out to determine the number of the nutrient foramina in adult human forearm bones. The nutrient foramina are cavities that conduct the nutrient arteries and the peripheral nerves. The nutrient artery provides the main source of blood supply to the long bones. The present study was done on 114 adult humen forearm bones comprising 57 radii and 57 ulnae to observe number of nutrient foramina and our result shows out of 114 forearm bones 105 bones (92.10%) had single nutrient foramina and 8 bones had double nutrient foramina and 1 bone had no nutrient foramina. We can conclude from the result both Forearm bones possess a nutrient foramina which enlightening to the resection in orthopedics and also for the bone grafting.