Purpose: Uncontrolled clinical trial aims to evaluate clinical and radiographic healing after repairing mechanical furcal perforations that occurring during pulpotomy in primary molars by using MTA (Mineral Trioxide Aggregate). Materials and Methods: 34 primary molars in 32 healthy children aged 5-10 years old were treated after occurring of mechanical furcal perforations during pulpotomy by using MTA. Mediate and immediate treatment had been performed after clinical and/or radiographic diagnosis of the perforation, and then teeth had been followed clinically at 1st week 3rd, 6th, 9th, and 12th month and radiographically at 6th and 12th month after perforation repair. Statistical analyses were done at p-value = 0.05 and confidence interval CI 95%. Results: All teeth were successful at the first week. Overall success rate recorded 79.3%, and CI of success was 65% to 93%, 5 teeth had been extracted because of totally failure. There was no significant statistically difference between totally success rates according to gender, tooth position, tooth type, previous sub-base of ZOE, pre-used of Formocresol (p-value > 0.05). Conclusions: Iatrogenic furcal perforated primary molars can be treated by using MTA successfully. Mediate treatment and pre used of FC may have unfavorable prognosis of repairing perforations.

Discussions on the phenomenon of international migration seem to be the base for the diaspora researches. However, should these intertwined social processes, in terms of theoretical researches, be fed from a much broader conceptual framework? Can a phenomenon of diaspora, arising as a result of international migration, be studied without the concept of related terms such as globalization, migration, ghettoization, minorities, identity, nationalism and transnational social spaces? This study focuses to answer these questions and points out the necessity of including the other concepts in a broader context for a better understanding of the relationship between international migration and diaspora. These concepts and conceptual discussions that become more and more important in the literature, makes to interpret the relationship between international migration and diaspora in the light of current developments.

Background: Individuals should spend at least 2 minutes brushing their teeth with an effective technique at least twice a day, However, most estimates of actual brushing time vary between just over 30 seconds to 60 seconds. Aim: To study the relationship between time of manual tooth-brushing and plaque removal. Methods: Turesky index was used in this study group to assess the plaques. Brushing times were assigned over a 3 week period and brushing times assigned were 30, 45, 60, 120 and 180 seconds. Dental plaque before and after brushing were evaluated and recorded. Results: Changes in Turesky index score for 30 seconds brushing from pre brushing to post brushing were 3.276 ± 0.064 to 2.628 ± 0.175. For 45 seconds brushing time, pre brushing and post brushing scores were 3.262 ± 0.036 and 2.648 ± 0.151. Turesky index score for 60 seconds changed from 3.287 ± 0.065 to 2.562 ± 0.114. for 3 minutes brushing, pre brushing and post brushing scores were 3.064 ± 0.071 and 2.657 ± 0.143. Conclusion: Oral health education towards educating the patients about the duration of brushing time required for plaque removal.

The transesterification process using heterogeneous catalysts has been widely studied to replace the role of homogeneous catalysts. ZnO doping into metal oxides can increase activity of heterogeneous catalyst in transesterification reaction. This study was conducted to provide information on the effect of ZnO concentration doped into calcium oxide (CaO) to the transesterification reaction of avocado seed oil with high free fatty acid (ALB) to methyl ester, at 65 0C, methanol ratio: oil = 10: 1 , for 1.5 hours, using a reactor. Research variable is ZnO concentration doped into CaO, that is: 0%, 1%, 2%. The test parameters are methyl ester content obtained from the results of transesterification reaction with gas chromatographi analysis. In this study, ZnO/CaO nanocatalysts were synthesized and doped with sol gel method and calcined at 450 0C in air for 60 min. The synthesized ZnO/CaO nanoparticles were characterized by XRD. From the experiment, the highest yield of methyl ester was obtained on ZnO/CaO 1% catalyst with yield of 90,8820%.

Background: Various root canal filling materials for primary teeth have been used from time to time; the most commonly used and readily available materials are zinc oxide eugenol and Vitapex. Aim: We conducted this study with the aim of comparing the effect of Zinc oxide eugenol and Vitapex for carrying out endodontic therapy of necrotic primary teeth. Methods: Study was performed on 165 teeth. Clinical and radiographic assessment of the patients was done pre-operatively. In the zinc oxide eugenol group, paste was prepared and paper points covered with the material were used to coat the root canal walls. In the Vitapex group, the premixed paste was packaged in a syringe with a number of disposable tips. Results: On pre-operative clinical and radiographic assessment of 165 teeth, pain was found among 116 (70.3%), bone radiolucency 90 (54.5%), abnormal mobility 75 (45.5%) subjects. Swelling outside the oral cavity was seen in least 31 (18.8%) number of subjects. Among subjects in which Zinc oxide eugenol was used, 31 (18.8%) subjects showed short fillings while in cases where Vitapex was used, 9.7 percent showed short fillings. Conclusion: Premixed calcium hydroxide and iodoform paste (Vitapex) offered as a healthy choice as a filling material following pulpectomy in primary non-vital teeth as compared to zinc oxide eugenol.

In this article the author focuses on the one of the primary research problems in the case of European systems of criminal procedure law (the shape of the mutual relations between preparatory and court proceedings, and in strict terms, the system of relations between groups of procedural facts that make up the indicated phases (stages) within the course of the proceeding). Bearing in mind the fact that the clarification of the relevant facts of the case is the prism of the general aim of criminal procedure and what goes with it, the settle criminal liability, Author shows relations between preparatory and court proceedings as a chain of functionally interconnected procedural facts. This article shows also the views expressed by the Authors of different systems of law, like: polish, german and French about the shape of the mutual relations between preparatory and court proceedings. The author also shows his own views within the scope of its subject.

The wearing of Charms Tolak Bala in avert is a tradition in the Malay community in the village of Bagan Serdang Subdistrict Pantai Labu.Study this study investigates about the wearing of charms tolak bala in rejecting in Malay society of Village Bagan Serdang. The wearing of charms tola kbala in avert still a culture conducted most community groups in Indonesia, either in the form of rituals, rites of Thanks giving rituals or avert. These ceremonies have become a tradition in the community in daily life that handed down by the ancestors to the generations to come. The wearing of charms tolak bala in rejecting the community activity is channelled to the traditions which continue to be developed by the Malay Village Bagan Serdang. Thus, the tradition of wearing charms tolak bala in avert performed by residents of KampungBaganSerdangSubdistrict Pantai Labu can survive because the local residents continue to use and keep them. The focus of this research include about practice and execution against the wearing of charms tolak bala. This study uses qualitative methods to get the appropriate data that is happening in the field. Data collection is done by conducting interviews with some of the respondents came from the community. The results showed that the Malay Village Bagan Serdang still trust and use the wearing of charms tolak bala in the avert and to protect themselves.

Intense competition in today's business world has made it increasingly difficult for firms to exist, and survival has become a primary business goal. Some entrepreneurs have struggled to compete, and some have eventually failed; therefore, how firms create and sustain their competitive advantage provides a sound basis for the firms’ existence. This study’s objective is to explore the resources that enhance a sustainable competitive advantage within the context of small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in creative industries. The state of competition within industries is presented using the resource-based view (RBV) and social capital, and we specify three essential competitive determinants: market orientation, collaborative external network, and managerial ties. This study used a questionnaire survey and structural equation modelling to evaluate the conceptual model. We found that market orientation and collaboration external networks can lead to sustainable competitive advantage. In addition, managerial ties as a mediator between market orientation and collaborative external network lead to sustainable competitive advantage

Maxillary reconstruction is still an evolving art when compared to the reconstruction of the mandible. The defects of maxilla apart from affecting the functions of the speech, swallowing and mastication also cause cosmetic disfigurement. Rehabilitation of the form and function in patients with maxillary defects is either by using obturator prosthesis or by a surgical reconstruction. Literature is abundant with a variety of reconstructive methods. The classification systems are also varied, with no universal acceptance of any one of them. The oncologic safety of these procedures is still debated, and conclusive evidence in this regard has not emerged yet. Management of the orbit is also not yet addressed properly. Tissue engineering, that has been hyped to be one of the possible solutions for this vexing reconstructive problem, has not come out with reliable and reproducible results so far. So, this article reviews the various recent advances in maxillofacial prostheses.

Background and Objectives: Diabetic nephropathy (DN), a common microvascular complication in diabetic patients, is characterized by gradually increasing urinary albumin excretion (UAE), and affects 20-40% of Type 2 Diabetes mellitus (DM) patients in India. The defective insulin action in the metabolism of lipoproteins leads to lipid abnormalities as well as glycation of lipoproteins cause abnormalities in the lipoprotein metabolism in Type 2 DM patients. Dyslipidemia causes glomerular injury which will lead to progression of proteinuria. Methods: 100 Type 2 Diabetic patients with not less than 10 years duration of diabetes were selected and divided in three groups; Normoalbuminuric (n=42), Microalbuminuric (n=41) and Macroalbuminuric (n=17). Lipid profile, HbA1c, S. Creatinine and Urinary Albumin Excretion (UAE) were measured and data analysis was performed. Result: Total Cholesterol (TC), Triglyceride (TG) and LDL-C levels were not significantly associated with increase in proteinuria. HDL-C levels and TG/HDL ratio were significantly associated with different stages of proteinuria. Conclusion: HDL–C levels and TG/HDL ratio can be considered an excellent tool and approach for estimating risk of development of overt proteinuria among Type 2 diabetes patients.

Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) is closely related to tumour progression and prognosis. This study aims to evaluate the pattern and clinical implication of VEGF expression in benign and malignant neoplasms and to determine the effect of surgery on serum level of VEGF. Cases were drawn from among histologically confirmed orofacial tumours, while controls were from consecutive, ambulatory dental patients at the University of Benin Teaching Hospital. Blood samples taken from cases and controls, preoperatively and at one -month post-surgery, were allowed to clot and the serum aliquots stored at -600C till analyses. Serum VEGF was analysed using Sandwich ELISA and mean levels as well as median were measured. Spearman correlation was estimated, t-test measured significance (at p ≤ 0.05). Eighty-one subjects were studied (55 cases and 26 controls). Preoperatively, there were significantly different serum levels of VEGF in benign (48.11 ± 25.19 pg/ml) vs. malignant cases (1065.00 ± 412.14 pg/ml), and when compared with controls (45.42 ± 29.83 pg/ml), p <0.001. After definitive surgical intervention, there was a significant reduction in the level of serum VEGF in both benign (45.50 ± 24.71 pg/ml) and malignant cases (51.22 ± 16.84 pg/ml), p <0.001. One-way ANOVA revealed no significant differences between cases and controls post-surgery. There was elevated levels of serum VEGF in benign and malignant orofacial neoplasia. Surgery caused a significant reduction of circulating VEGF to normal levels irrespective of age, gender, previous medical history, perceived duration of the lesion and lymph node involvement.

Maternal mortality ratio in India is 199per 100000 births, MMR in Rajasthan is 208 per 100000 live births and MMR in Udaipur is 284 per 100000 live births (2016) [1]. Leading causes include post partum hemorrhage (30%), sepsis, unsafe abortions, rupture of uterus and obstructed labor [2]. Emergency hysterectomy in obstetrics is rarely indicated and is always debatable but if performed timely and wisely can be life saving [3]. In the present study 24 cases (92.30%) belonged to age group of 26-35 years. 22cases (84.61%) belonged to Para 3 and 4. 14 cases (53.84%) required emergency obstetric hysterectomy to control atonic post partum hemorrhage . 6 cases (23.07%) were due to rupture of uterus , 4 case (15.38%) was due to sepsis 1 case due to cervical ectopic pregnancy. 20(76.92%) were unbooked cases with no antenatal care. There was no maternal mortality. Aim of the present study is to help reducing maternal morbidity and mortality and to suggest ways of improving maternal outcome

This study is about gender representation in billboard advertisements. It analyzed how male and female were represented in billboard advertisements in Nigeria. A fleeting glance at billboards in Nigeria often show a disconnect between the models and the products they represent. This observation led to employing the social constructionist theory of representation which posits that meaning is constructed by the individual users of the language to ascertain how the males and females are represented in billboard advertising with the unit of analysis as sex, roles and dressing of the products spokesperson, and product connection. The data for this study which were gathered through content analysis of billboards and Focus Group Discussion (FGD) were analyzed using semiotic and textual analysis. This study which is both a quantitative and qualitative study found out that men are located mostly outside the home while the females were always seen within the home and less in the work environment. Again the issue of no-product connection was higher on the female side that mostly played decorative roles. This study becomes timely in the heels of the efforts towards eliminating gender discrimination and stereotypes. It is also hoped that this work will be a stepping stone for further research on gender representation in Nigerian billboard advertisements.

Introduction: The urethral catheter is one of the most vulnerable of medical devices, having been used for urine retention on an intermittent or indwelling basis for centuries. Insertion of a catheter may carry urethral organisms into the bladder. Even with meticulous attention to maintenance of the closed system, the space between the external catheter and the urethral mucosa offers opportunity for bacterial entry directly into the bladder and are eliminated efficiently; most bacterial strains that enter the catheterized urinary tract are able to multiply to high concentrations within a day. The duration of catheterization is the most important risk factor for the development of catheter-associated bacteriuria. the present study was done to assess the risk factors, occurrence and aetiology of catheter associated urinary tract infections (CAUTI) in ICU of Dr D.Y Medical College, Hospital and Research centre, by various microbiological techniques and to determine the susceptibility pattern of isolates to commonly used antimicrobial agents for prophylaxis and empiric therapy of CAUTI in patients on indwelling catheter. Results: majority of the patients (17.3%) were in the age group of 61-70years followed by 41-50 years (16.2%), 51-60 years (16%), 21-30 (14.9%), 31-40 years (14.5%), 71-80 years (11.1%), 11-20 years (7.1%) and 81-90years (2.9%). The mean age of the patients was 49.21 ± 19.04 years. 62.5% patients were male and 37.5% were female. There was male preponderance and the M:F ratio was 1.67:1. It was observed that significantly higher number of patients (6.1%) patients had the indwelling catheter for 8-14 days. There was significant association of days of catheterization and CAUTI as per Chi-square test (p<0.05). The logistic regression analysis showed that days of catheterization were independently associated with CAUTI. Conclusion: The urinary tract of catheterized patients is highly susceptible to severe infection. This infection is associated varied microbiological aetiology. Antibiotic sensitivity pattern of the pathogen involved is also low. This along with existing underlying condition of comorbidities increases hospitalization, medication, morbidity and also adds to the financial burden. Therefore, it is imperative to carry out microbiological testing to determine aetiology and ascertain effective antibiotics. Emphasis should also be made on reducing the duration of catheterization in order to reduce the incidence of catheter-related UTI. Hospital-wide surveillance program and appropriate catheter care protocols should be developed and implemented from evidence-based protocol.

Pakistan, especially NWFP, possesses huge marble reservoirs. The promotion and development of marble industry could bring prosperity and development for the country. Swat, Buner, Chitral, Kohistan, Mardan, Hazara, Nowshera and Kohat divisions are high potential areas for quality marble in the province. Mohmand, Khyber, Bajaur, Orakzai and Kurram Agencies from Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA) have huge marble reservoirs. Pakistan offers big investment opportunities in mining, value addition and manpower development in the sector. Recent reports suggest that Saudi Arabia is interested in Pakistani marble to build its new cities with an expenditure of around $260 billion. Italy and other countries, it is learnt, want barter trade of their marble machinery & technology in exchange for the Pakistani marble. All this shows great investment potential in Pakistan’s marble and granite sector. As an estimate of Pakistan Stone Development Company (PASDEC), 297 billion tons of Marble and Granite reserves are available in the country. More than 1,225 quarries and 2,000 processing units are operational. A group of committed business men agreed to form a Strategy Working Group (SWOG) to address how the industry can reposition itself through a better strategy. Marble is gaining popularity due to its increasing usage in construction industry. Nowadays in the modern architectural designs of houses and plazas include the final touch of marble in exterior as well as interior portions due to its attractive look. The research purpose of the study is to investigate the mechanical properties of concrete with different replacement levels of ordinary Portland Cement with Waste marble powder and natural coarse aggregates with recycled coarse aggregates. The standard cubes (150mmX150mmX150mm) were casted. Laboratory experimentation was carried out to analyze the performance of M25 grade mix cases were casted and tested. The compressive strength effect of concrete of various amount of replacement of cement viz., 5%, 10%, 15% with Waste marble powder and various amount of replacement of natural coarse aggregates with 15%, 30% and 45% with Recycled coarse aggregates. The resultant concrete was tested for parameters like compressive strength, slump and workability and compared with conventional concrete.