Oxidative stress is the outcome of an imbalance between the production and neutralization of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS) such that the antioxidant capacity of cell is overwhelmed. The present review briefly summarized the underlying role of overwhelming levels of RONS in the pathophysiology of diabetes mellitus (DM). The primary causative factor of oxidative stress in DM is hyperglycemia, which operates via several mechanisms. However, the individual contribution of other intermediary factors to hyperoxidative stress remains undefined, in terms of the dose response relationship between hyperglycemia and overall oxidative stress in DM. Intuitively, the inhibition and/or scavenging of intracellular free radical formation provide a therapeutic strategy to prevent oxidative stress and ensuing pathologic conditions.

Background: Staphylococcus aureus is a pathogen worldwide with large disease burden. Methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is prevalent in hospital care settings and community. Timely diagnosis and treatment is essential to avert further complications of this infection as compared to Methicillin sensitive Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA). Aim of the study was to determine the prevalence of Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) from pus samples in a tertiary care hospital and to analyze the antibiotic susceptibility patterns of MRSA isolates. Methodology: A cross sectional study which was done in a tertiary care hospital from Jan 2018-June 2018. Various clinical specimens were cultured and staphylococcus aureus was isolated and identified using standard biochemical tests and CLSI guidelines. Results: Out of 1090 pus samples processed 597 were growth positive and among these 196 were gram positive. Out of 196 gram positive isolates 119 were staphylococcus aureus of which 56 were MRSA & 63 were MSSA. All MRSA isolates were sensitive to Vancomycin and Linezolid and moderate sensitivity to Gentamicin and Co-trimoxazole. Conclusion: In hospital setting MRSA infection cause of worry due to resistance to commonly prescribed drugs. Regular surveillance and robust Antimicrobial stewardship can help to limit these infections.

We investigated the effect of vanadium citrate in the amounts of 0.125, 0.5 and 2.0 μg/ml of water on the indicators of lipid metabolism in the blood plasma of rats with alloxan induced diabetes. Blood plasma was extracted using chloroform-methanol mixture according to the Folch method. The total amount of lipids was determined by weighing the dry residue (gravimetric method). The division of lipids into classes was performed by thin-layer chromatography on silica gel. During the research, we found that the total amount of lipids, phospholipids, non-esterified cholesterol, triacylglycerols, non-esterified fatty acids, as well as the cholesterol-to phospholipid ratio increased in the blood plasma of rats with alloxan induced diabetes. However, the level of diacylglycerols and esterified cholesterol decreased. Given the consumption of vanadium citrate, the total levels of lipids, phospholipids, non-esterified cholesterol, triacylglycerols, and non-esterified fatty acids in the blood decreased, but the level of diacylglycerols and esterified cholesterol increased compared to the rats with experimentally induced diabetes. It was found that lipid metabolism is normalized in the blood of rats with experimentally induced diabetes that were watered with the solution of vanadium citrate in the amount of 0.125 μg/ml of water.

Background: Acute onset seizure is one of the common causes of childhood hospitalization with significant mortality and morbidity. There is limited data regarding acute seizures episodes and its outcome from developing countries. Current study aims to find the common etiology of seizure and classify seizure types in various age groups. It was also aimed to find outcome in relation to diagnosis, abnormal imaging, EEG and requirement of monotherapy or polytherapy. Material and Method: This was a hospital based prospective study carried out in the department of Pediatrics, Calcutta National Medical College and Hospital from June 2016 to May 2017. Children aged 1 month to 12 years presented with acute onset seizure were enrolled. Variables collected were demographics, clinical presentation, laboratory tests, brain imaging, elect- roencephalography, diagnosis and therapy. The data was analysed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) for Windows version 16.0 (SPSS Inc ; Chicago, IL, USA). Results: A total of 491 patients were admitted for acute onset seizure with 289(58.8%) males and 202(41%) females. Among these patient 280(57%) presented with fever and 55(10.9%) children presented with status epilepticus. Generalised onset tonic clonic was the most common seizure type, central nervous system infection was the most common etiology in all the age groups. Final outcome was made at the time of discharge as discharged without sequelae, dischaeged with sequelae and death. Patient with CNS infection had highest mortality. Conclusion: CNS infection and febrile seizure were common cause of seizure in fewer than 5 children. Group of children presenting with unprovoked seizure require long term follow up studies including neurophysiologic studies and neuroimaging for better understanding of childhood seizure disorder in developing countries.

This research was conducted on the basis of a violation of the sale and purchase of plots of land which continued the construction of residents' houses in the East Coast Surabaya (Pamurbaya) protected area. Protected areas are areas that are defined by the main function of protecting environmental sustainability which includes natural resources and artificial resources. Included in the Pamurbaya area are Gunung Anyar District, Rungkut District, Sukolilo District and Mulyorejo District. This research also explains the implementation of the Government in fulfilling the right to adequate shelter to the community but on the other hand protected areas are very important for cities. Eviction or control is considered a good solution, but needs to be studied in advance regarding the impact caused by the control. In this study, we will discuss the steps to restore the function of the East Coast Surabaya (Pamurbaya) protected area, the impact on the fulfillment of the rights of the people who are at Wisma Tirto Agung Phase IV, and the impact caused by eviction. This study uses qualitative analysis methods, types of sociolegal research, as well as an empirical juridical approach, researchers collect all the data needed both primary data sourced from interviews or other secondary data. The results of this study indicate that the Surabaya City Government has not provided a clear solution to the cases that occur, residents of Wisma Tirto Agung stage IV remain in their homes. The plan to restore the function of protected areas by conducting evictions is still in the assessment stage because the Surabaya City Government cannot decide on evictions without regard to the rights of the community to have a decent place to live. In carrying out evictions, of course there are impacts caused. Can be seen from the psychological, economic, and social aspects.

Cross sectional study was carried out on donkeys in some districts of Dhamar governorate with objectives to identify and determine the prevalence of gastrointestinal nematodes of donkeys from December 2017 to May 2018. Fecal samples were collected randomly from 369 donkeys and examined with flotation, McMaster and Baerman fecal examination techniques. The results revealed that, the overall prevalence of gastrointestinal nematodes was 67.75.5%. Seven species of gastrointestinal nematodes were identified. The species identified in descending order of prevalence are: Trichostrongylus axie (35.50%); Oxyuris equi (34.42%); Trichonema or Cyathostomins (24.93), Strongylus vulgaris (21.14%), Strongylus quinus (15.99), Strongylus edentatus (7.046%) and Parascaris equorum (4.065%). Statistically, significant differences (P=0.000) among prevalence of species were observed. The higher prevalence rate recorded in young animals, month of April, male animal and Maghreb anss district was as 83.57%, 78.26%, 68.06% and 88.24% respectively. The age-wise and month variation showed association (P=0.001) with prevalence; while, no with sex and area factors. The higher mean of FEC was recorded in the month of April (1482.04); whereas the lower in the month of December (729.3). It is concluded that working donkeys in study area harbor variety species of gastrointestinal nematodes. Raising awareness regarding gastrointestinal parasites and improved management practices are recommended to control gastrointestinal nematodes of donkeys.

Intra-uterine copper devices (IUCD) are one of the most widely used reversible contraceptive methods used in India due to its lost cost, easy availability and long duration of action. However it is associated with few complications, one of the most important among which is uterine perforation and IUCD migration. IUCD might migrate into abdominal cavity, intestine and very rarely into the urinary bladder. Authors hereby report a rare case of 35 years old woman who presented with suprapubic pain since 1 month and found to have lost Copper T in the urinary bladder, which was inserted 14 years back postpartum. Laparotomy with cystotomy was done and complete IUCD was retrieved from wall and cavity of bladder successfully. Authors hereby review the literature regarding migrated IUCD found in the urinary bladder

Background: Autism is a neurodevelopmental disorder which interferes with the person's ability to communicate and relate to others. Median of global prevalence of autism spectrum disorders is 62/10 000. Both genetic and environmental factors are responsible for its development. The aim of this study was to investigate the sociodemographic, prenatal, perinatal, and neonatal risk factors of autism. Methods: This study was done from the digital database of the child guidance clinic of the department of Psychiatry of a tertiary care hospital in Kolkata. Results: In this study male-female ratio among autistic children was found 3:1. Two thirds of the children came from urban nuclear families. Families of autistic children were more or less evenly distributed among all social classes. Antenatal, Perinatal and neonatal factors which were found to be significantly associated with Autism were antepartum haemorrhage or threatened abortion, pregnancy induced hypertension, prematurity and pathological jaundice. Conclusion: The present study found significant correlation between birth factors like antepartum haemorrhage, pregnancy induced hypertension, prematurity and pathological jaundice with autism. Further studies are needed to verify our findings, and investigate the effects of multiple factors on autism.

In general, human trafficking is a global problem that is very seriously addressed, where the majority of victims are children and women. The research method used is a type of normative juridical source from secondary data by reviewing the legal literature and the Act. The results of the study are the provision of fulfilling the rights of children and women as an effort to form legal protection for children who are victims of crime. Legal protection efforts are children's rights that should be given when becoming victims, namely the rights of children and women to obtain restitution as stipulated in the provisions of the law. The mechanism for submitting and providing restitution for children and women can be carried out based on the laws and regulations that apply, one of which is Law Number 21 of 2007 concerning the eradication of criminal acts of trafficking in persons. In addition, there is also a Government Regulation Number 43 of 2017 in which the submission of restitution is divided into two stages, namely submitted during the process of investigation and prosecution. In this case, the investigator must be notified to the victim of his compensation rights (restitution), after being told then the victim must submit restitution within three days with the requirements for the application file that has been determined in government regulations

With the fast depleting conventional energy reserves, the thrust for developing newer and alternative energy sources is the key research area worldwide. With the increase in the pollution level there is a need for searching a sustainably developed and environmental friendly energy source. The municipal solid waste has become one of the major pollutants worldwide. About twenty percent of the municipal waste comprises of the different types of polyethylene waste. The process of conversion of the polyethylene waste into useful fuel has become one of the emerging fields, countries are working worldwide. The development of gaseous and liquid hydrocarbons from polyethylene mix via hydropyropysis process is being studied. The hydropyrolytic process of converting LDPE, LLDPE, MDPE and HDPE type of polyethylene into useful gaseous and liquid hydrocarbon fuel provides a path to degrade waste polyethylene into small and very small chain products. The different fractionation of the extract obtained from the mother liquid was studied. The fraction ranging from temperature 150 0C to 400 0C has been studied to observe the diesel type fraction present in the liquid. The different blend study with the conventional diesel is being studied for property determination and end use. The chromatographic, distillate properties by simulated distillation analysis and mass spectra studies were carried out to understand the properties of the product. The blend study of the diesel type fuel from polyethylene with conventional diesel fuel provides a scope for its usefulness as feedstock in internal combustion engines and power generation.

This paper aims to research whether there is link between FDI inflows and Economic growth in the Republic of Seychelles Island. The ordinary least square results obtained shows that, the impact of FDI inflows on economic growth is low. Small Island Developing States attracts less FDI inflow because they are limited to few resources that attracts overseas firms which results in retarded development. The research lighted that impact of foreign direct investment on host countries does not only depend on the quality and quantity of the FDI inflows but some other variables such as the internal policies and the management skills, market structures, economic trends among others.

Starting from Placid Tempels’ discovery of “being-force” as characteristic of the worldview of Bantus and from the natural theology of Kôngo religion as the exposition of its essential doctrines through deductive logic, this paper attempts a generalization of the notion of n‟kisi, often wrongly reduced to the concept of fetish. This generalization demonstrates that the concept of n‟kisi alludes to spiritual power as the protecting presence surrounding the human being and the animating spirit governing human beings, phenomena as well as objects of nature and of human creation. Thus defined, the concept of n‟kisi can be grasped through the divine, human, and demonic modes. While the divine n‟kisi is related to the practice of African traditional religion, the human-produced n‟kisi is rather an aspect of African traditional technology. As for the demonic n‟kisi, it is the result of the loss of the support of holy ancestors due to failure to observe ethical requirements, and/or the use of submitted evil spirits.

Lately, there was a face-off between chieftains in Africa and the International Criminal Court (ICC) over the indictment sitting African heads of state. Former Sudanese leader Omar al Bashir and the President of Kenya and his Deputy were indicted by the ICC for crimes against humanity committed in their countries. Following their indictment, the African Union (AU) made a representation to the ICC to suspend their trials while their term in office subsisted. This request was turned down. A similar request was made to the Security Council and was also rejected. In response, the AU decided to stop any form of collaboration with the ICC. It argued that sitting heads of state enjoy immunity under customary international law. Against the backdrop of persistent gross human rights abuses in Africa and the inertia exhibited by the AU, this paper calls for continued cooperation of two institutions in the interest of the victims of these abuses and the progress of the continent.

Costus speciosus (C. speciosus) has several pharmacological properties including antioxidant activity. Recently we have shown that methanol extract of C. speciosus leaves of summer has maximum in vitro antioxidant activity. Aim of the present work was to isolate antioxidant compound from C. speciosus leaves. Summer sample of C. speciosus leaves were collected from the local market and identified by the taxonomist. Methanol extract of the leaves was prepared and processed for isolation of antioxidant compound. Acid hydrolysis, solvent treatment, chromatographic experiments followed by crystallization were done to isolate a compound. In vitro antioxidant activity of the isolated compound was measured by superoxide anion generation with the help of xanthine-xanthine oxidase assay, linoleic acid peroxidation assay as well as by DPPH photometric assay. Isolated compound showed significant in vitro antioxidant activity which was comparable to that of quercetin, a synthetic antioxidant. The isolated compound may, therefore, be used as natural antioxidant.

Objective : This study aims at (1) validating the use of Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II (APACHE II) scoring system in the medical intensive care unit ( MICU) for prediction of the risk for mortality, (2) to compare the predicted death rate with the observed death rate of the patients gender wise and age wise. Design: Hospital based prospective study. Setting: Hospitals in South India, affiliated to medical colleges. Methods: A total of 350 patients admitted in the MICU between the age of 18-57 were enrolled for this study. APACHE II score was calculated in each patient on the day of admission within 24 hours. The predicted mortality was calculated on the basis of this score. Results: The mean APACHE II score was 9.42 ± 3.4. The ICU mortality rate within 24 hours after admission was 14%. The area under the Receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC curve) was 0.8 indicating good discrimination. The standardized mortality ratio (SMR) was 0.9. Conclusion: The study validates that APACHE II can be a reliable tool in predicting the mortality rate in MICU patients of Indian population within 24 hours of their admission.