The study examined the impact of financial sector reforms on farmer’s access to agricultural loan in Nigeria. The specific objectives were to; compare the volume of loan accessed by the different agricultural subsectors in the different reform era, estimate the determinants of farmers access to agricultural loan, and determine the effect of the different financial sector reform overtime on farmers’ access to loan. Data for the study were obtained from CBN Statistical bulletin, CBN annual report, federal budget allocation report, annual reports and used for the study. Data obtained were analyzed using both descriptive and inferential statistics. The results showed that there was a significant difference in volume of loan accessed by the agricultural subsector. Results of the determinants of farmers’ access to agricultural loan revealed that, savings mobilized by financial institution, government budget allocation to agriculture and credits to private sector were the significant determinants of farmer’s access to agricultural loan. The study also revealed that financial sector regime era had a significant effect on farmers’ access to loan.

This study examined the extent to which the presence of local markets in Moshi District Council, especially in Kibosho area, influenced the cultural change of the Chagga from the 1890s to 1950s. Specifically the study analyzed the presence of local markets as a complex sector of commercial activity among the Chagga. Local markets played an important role in social, economic, political and cultural change of African communities; which expressed the conceptual association of learning new practices outside the sphere of their families. Data for this study were collected through archival sources, oral interviews and secondary sources. It has drawn on Evolutionary Diffusion Theory to make sense of the extent at which the process of cultural diffusion was responsible for cultural change in Moshi Rural District as the Chagga came into contact with other cultures. The major finding of this study is that local markets had significant meaning in the history of the Chagga because they acted as a centre for cultural transformation through diffusion or adaptation.

It is a well-known verity that many systemic diseases are manifested in the oral cavity. Irrespective of the organ system involved, changes frequently occur in the oral cavity reflecting disease elsewhere in the body. Uremic stomatitis is one such rare oral mucosal disorder associated with end-stage renal failure. Clinically it is characterized by the presence of painful plaques and crusts that are usually distributed on the buccal mucosa, dorsal or ventral surface of the tongue, gingiva, lips, and floor of the mouth. Hence, it is accurately said that oral cavity is the mirror of the general health and treating the underlying disease first followed by local therapy is the way to manage these conditions. Here, we discuss a rare case of a young male patient presenting with oral manifestations of previously undiagnosed renal failure.

The co-infection with Hepatitis B&C is a common problem in HIV infected patients as immune deficiency accelerates disease progression and may complicate the management of patients. The Co-infection is also associated with the reduced survival and an increases risk of progression to severe liver diseases with higher susceptibility towards hepatotoxicity due to antiretroviral therapy. The co-existence is quite permissive due to their shared modes of transmissions which are mostly through sexual contact with infected individuals, infected blood and blood products and vertical transmission. Materials and Methods: Serum samples were collected from HIV positive patients for detection HBsAg and anti-HCV antibodies by ELISA. Results: Out of 1000 HIV Seropositive patients 45 (4.5%) were positive for Hepatitis B, and 8(0.8%) were positive for HBV and HCV co-infection. Conclusion: Hepatitis B&C co-infection was found to be significantly higher in HIV positive individuals in comparison to normal population. Hepatitis virus infection leads to rapid progression of liver cirrhosis in HIV infected patients. Hence all HIV patients need to be routinely tested for markers of Hepatitis B&C infection may be required to monitor the clinical outcome.

The aim of this study is to examine the critical macroeconomic variables that determine the inflows of FDI in Nigeria over the period of 1990 to 2017 which past studies have not fully explored. Consequently, the study utilized data from UNCTAD World Bank database and CBN Statistical Bulletin and error correction model was used to address the objective of this study. However, the following are the crucial findings that originated from this study. The following are the crucial findings that the study discovered. The error correction term indicates that about 22% of total disequilibrium due to external shock in the previous year is corrected in the current year. The principal driver of FDI inflows in Nigeria is growth rate of the economy. While, market size only caused an insignificant FDI inflow in the short run. Therefore, FDI inflow in Nigeria is not market seeking. Furthermore, based on these findings, this study makes the following recommendations for the policy makers in Nigeria. The policy makers should embark on holistic approach that has the capacity to expand the country`s market size and ensure a double-digit growth rate of the economy. In the same vein, the policy measures that would guarantee sustainability of the FDI inflows through market size and growth rate of economy in the long run should be put in place by the policy makers in Nigeria.

Background: Coronary artery disease (CAD) is caused by atherosclerosis and its complications. Total leukocyte count and platelet have different roles in the pathogenesis of ST- segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). Aims and Objective: To evaluate the prognostic significance of haematological parameters in myocardial infarction patients by comparing with healthy subjects. Materials and Methods: This prospective study was carried out on 48 cases diagnosed with ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) and 48 normal healthy subjects from June 2018 to July 2019 in department of pathology and cardiology at Narayana Medical College & Hospital. Results: Of the total, 48 cases, 35 (72.91%) are men, 13(27.09%) are women with myocardial infarction and 48 controls of which 32(66.67%) are men and 16(33.33%) are women. Neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and platelet –lymphocyte ratio (PLR) were found to be significantly higher in STEMI group than the controls (p<0.005), 8.669±2.06 vs 2.09±0.45 and 210.05 ± 40.93vs 117.01±29.41. Mean platelet volume (MPV), Platelet distribution width (PDW) are higher in cases when compared to healthy subjects (13.79±3.36 vs 8.48±1.23) and (15.85±0.96 vs 14.71±1.16). Conclusion: Mean platelet volume (MPV), platelet distribution width (PDW), Neutrophil - lymphocyte ratio (NLR), Platelet-lymphocyte ratio (PLR) are considered to be an independent risk factors for myocardial infarction.

Introduction: The purity of the hemodialysis fluids is crucial for hemodialysis patients who are inevitably exposed to a large volume of water during hemodialysis. During this process the semi-permeable artificial membrane comes into direct contact with the bloodstream. Therefore it is important to monitor the purity of dialysis water. Aim and objectives: To compare two different methods for dialysis water analysis. Material and methods: 50 samples of dialysis water were collected from Saveetha Medical College and Hospital for this study. The study was conducted from 2018 December to 2019 March after getting Institutional Human Ethical Committee (IHEC) Clearance. By using the criteria of the AAMI, the present study is taken up to analyse the sensitivity of two different cultures technique i.e., spread plate and membrane filteration technique. Results: The standardization shows that spread plate technique was 80% effective and membrane filtration technique was 70% effective in identifying 100 CFU/mL of bacteria tested. Out of 50 unknown samples tested, 2 were ultra-pure, 21 were between 0.1-50 CFU/mL, 16 were between 50-100 CFU/mL and 11 were >100 CFU/mL by Spread plate technique. Likewise, 6 were ultra-pure, 30 were between 0.1-50 CFU/mL, 10 were between 50-100 CFU/mL and 4 were >100 CFU/mL by Membrane Filtration technique. Conclusion: From this study, spread plate technique proves to be equally sensitive with membrane filtration technique for analyzing dialysis water but when ultrapure water needs to be analyzed, spread plate technique gives much better bacterial recovery. i.e., only 2 samples were proved to be ultra-pure by Spread plate technique.

Basra gets its water from the Shatt al-Arab, the waterway formed by the Euphrates and Tigris rivers. Then it takes its way to the community through the water treatment plant. The tap water samples were studied to assess their bacteriological characteristics and their suitability for drinking purposes. Ten different localities and two bottled drinking water companies at Basra city were selected in this study. Bacteriological examination of water samples included the most probable number of presumed coliforms and fecal coliform bacteria. The results showed that the total number of coliforms was detected in all water samples taken from the ten sites. These samples were also having a positive result using another methods EMB medium and Membrane Filtrations Technique. There was no evidence of coliforms presence in two samples of bottled drinking water. The most common group of organisms used in water quality control are coliforms. These organisms represent the bacteria usually present in the intestinal tract of animals and humans. Biological contamination of water may occur during transportation from the plant to the consumer or during storage in the tank. Improving and expanding existing water and wastewater treatment systems is likely to provide good, safe and sustainable sources of water in the long term.

Georgia is in the leading position in Europe with its tax policy, which is confirmed by many international ratings. According to the World Bank rating, Georgia ranks 6th in terms of ease of doing business. In terms of simplicity of paying taxes Georgia is also one of the distinguished ones. It is on the list of countries offering taxpayers a revised Tax Code and bylaws, also, for the simplicity of the relationship with the tax authority, most electronic services are offered [1]. Many tax reforms have been implemented to support entrepreneurs and expand their activities. This article provides a brief overview of the major tax reforms implemented since 2011 and research in entrepreneurs, which clearly reflects the expectations of the implemented reforms and the impact on the activities of the entrepreneurs.

This study aims to examine the effect of mechanisms good corporate governance (consisting of institutional ownership and managerial ownership), cash flow volatility and investment opportunity set (IOS) on earnings quality. The population in this study was companies with manufacturing types listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange in the period 2013 to 2017. The sample obtained using the purposive random sampling method was 130 data. Data analysis uses multiple linear regressions. The results showed that the mechanism of good corporate governance does not affect earnings quality, but the volatility of cash flows and investment opportunity set (IOS) affect earnings quality.

This study was carried out to find out the extent of oxidation and its effects of oxidation if any on the renal handling of Na+, Cl-, K+ and HCO3- in rats fed open market purchased palm oil. Forty male wistar rats (weighing 140-160grams) were randomly distributed into three groups of ten rats each viz: control, fed normal rat chow, FPOmill (fed 15% mill fresh palm oil diets), FPOmarket (fed 15% w/w open market purhased fresh palm oil diets) and PPO (fed 15%w/w photoxidized palm oil diets) groups. Animals received water ad libitum. The experiment lasted for 12 weeks. Blood and Urine samples were collected at the end and the concentations of Na+, Cl-, K+ and HCO3- were determined. Mean plasma concentrations of Na+, Cl+, and HCO3- of FPOmarket and PPO groups were significantly (P<0.001, P<0.001 and P<0.05 respectively) lower than control and FPOmill groups. Plasma potassium levels showed the reverse. The urine concentration of Na+ and Cl- of the FPOmarket and PPO groups were significantly (P<0.001) higher than the control and FPOmill groups; The urine concentrations of K+ in the control and FPOmill groups were significantly (P<0.0) higher than the FPOmarket and PPO groups. The urine bicarbonate levels of the FPOmarket were significantly (P<0.05) lower than that of FPOmill. The urine output of the FPOmarket and PPO groups were significantly (P<0.001) lower than control and FPOmill groups. In conclusion, open market “fresh” palm oil has undergone some oxidation and is detremental to health. Its consumption should therefore be discouraged.

Background: Enrollment into Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery (OMFS) in Saudi Arabia is low generally. Aim: To evaluate the reasons guiding the choice of OMFS as a specialty by final year dental students and interns. Methodology: A questionnaire-based cross-sectional survey among final year students and interns across major Dental Colleges in Saudi Arabia. Respondents were asked to provide information regarding demographics, level of training, interest in specialty training, intended areas of specialization and factors influencing choice of OMFS or not. Results: In total, 210 questionnaires were returned. Out of these, 139 (66%) were final year students and 71(34%) interns; 112 (53%) were men and 98 (47%) were women; and most of them 189 (90%) were in 21–25 years age range. Overall, 209 (99.5%) were interested in specialty training. Knowledge of the scope of OMFS ranged from 73%-90% and 50% were interested in OMFS. Main motivation for interest was “desire to be a surgeon” (n=71, 34%). “Preference for other specialties” was the reason for lack of interest in OMFS (41%) and another 32% said that “long hours of surgeries and night calls” was their reason. Conclusions: Interest in postgraduate training was very high. The respondents demonstrated a good knowledge of OMFS and interest in the specialty also. Desire to be surgeon was the main motivating factor whereas preference for other specialties and the demands of OMFS in terms of the long hours in OR and night calls were reasons for lack of interest in the specialty.

With the rapid development of information technology and the huge business opportunities brought by China’s entry into the World Trade Organization (WTO), English advertisements are increasingly teemed with daily life. Therefore, the internationalization and globalization of advertisements has become an indispensable portion of people’s lives. Among them, the Chinese translation of English advertisements is becoming more and more important. The translation of English advertisements that is in line with aesthetic habits of Chinese readers can considerably boost the effect of publicity and effectively promote the sales of products. Based on the Skopos theory, this article analyzes several translation strategies of English advertisement through specific examples from the perspective of the uniqueness of English advertisement. It provides a theoretical basis for the translators to flexibly employ translation strategies in commercial English advertisements. And it has the vital guiding significance for advertisers to successfully attract consumers and achieve the purpose of advertising by the optimal translation.

In aiming to provide an economical supply of potable water for the inhabitant of University of Ilorin and its environs, 2-D Electrical Resistivity Tomographic development was adopted. A 2-D Electrical Resistivity Tomographic Techniques involves the application of gridded Wenner electrode arrangement in determining the variation of subsurface resistivity distribution. The surveying were carried out on field by employing 7 profiles containing 22 layouts all together with a constant surveying lengths of 150 m. The data obtained on field were inverted to obtain a pseudo-section where clearer models of the depth and apparent formation resistivity can be viewed at the same time using EarthImager Software. Three geo-electric layers were delineated which are Top soil, weathered/fractured Basement and fresh Basement. Out of the 7 profiles obtained the fresh Basement rock was only seen at profile F-F’ having resistivity values ranging from 2000.1 to 10000 Ωm. The thickness of the weathered/fractured basement (aquifer) is generally greater than 22.0 m and with a low resistivity values which are less than 30 Ωm at some zones. In conclusion, this study shows some levels of confidence that the groundwater potential within Unilorin substratum is of economic volume that is capable to sustain Unilorin and its environs.

A clinicopathological case report of a woman with an unusual right lower eyelid lesion is presented. The lesion was a slow growing ulcerated nodule over the eyelid clinically simulating a basal cell carcinoma, however unexpectedly the biopsy revealed the growth to be an eccrine poroma. Sweat glands occur commonly on the eyelids and eccrine poroma should be considered in the differential diagnosis of eyelid tumours.