Mechanical enlargement of the root canals must be accompanied by copious irrigation of specific irrigants that can render the prepared canal as bacteria-free as possible. The use of herbal alternatives has become the dernier cri owing to the increase in antibiotic resistance against chemical medications. No study has been performed to check the antimicrobial activity of Nigella sativa oil against the persistent endodontic pathogen, E. faecalis & hence this preliminary study aims to compare the antibacterial potency of Nigella sativa oil against E. faecalis and compare it with 2.5% sodium hypochlorite. Nigella sativa oil and 2.5% Sodium Hypochlorite were tested against Enterococcus faecalis-ATCC 29212 to check for their Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) by double dilution method and Mean Kill Time as a measure of their antimicrobial potency to be used as an intracanal irrigant. The results show that Nigella sativa oil has a MIC of 0.4µl/ml while 2.5% sodium hypochlorite has a MIC of 50µl/ml against E. faecalis. Nigella sativa oil has bactericidal effects by 30mins of its exposure to E. faecalis while 2.5% sodium hypochlorite showed reduced growth of E. faecalis at the end of two-hour exposure. Under the limitations of this study, it was concluded that Nigella sativa seed oil has a better antimicrobial effect than 2.5% sodium hypochlorite against E. faecalis

Most of the water supply systems are managed by water supply users committee. The large numbers of water supply system are not functioning. Dhankuta 7, 8, 9 water supply system was constructed in 1993 and then after it was being operated by Water Supply Users Committee. The water supply system was running 23 years. The performance of the water supply system is under questions. The overall objective of the study was to assess the institutional Performance of Dhankuta 7,8,9 Water Supply System with implementation status of water safety plan. The stratified random sampling method was applied for sampling based on cocharent sampling method. The questionnaire survey focus group discussion, key informant interview, field observation were done to gather primary data as well as published report, journals, research paper, article, progress report were reviewed for secondary data. The institutional performance was analyzed through analysis of functionality index, institutional setup, staff productivity index, capacity of WSUC member and staff separately and the implementation status of water safety plan. Regarding to institutional performance the result shows that the functionality index is 70%, staff productivity index is 36.53, the individual capacity of WSUC member obtain 8 in institutional management, 7 in both technical knowledge and financial management out of 10. The implementation status of water safety plan shows that it is functioning partially and the consumers are conscious about water quality and more than 50% prefer boiling before drinking water. It should be enhanced the capacity of WSUC members and staff.

The porous surface of lightweight aggregate is the main weakness property for producing lightweight concrete. Thus, the filling porous in lightweight aggregate and creating thin layer surrounds aggregate produce stronger lightweight concrete. Therefore, the influence of silica fume and Sika level 100T on the tensile and compressive strengths of lightweight concrete is highlighted in this investigation. For this reason, it was cast and tested 84 lightweight concrete cubes and prisms. It was found that the compressive strength improves up to 22.73% and 34.57% due to inclusion 7.23% of silica fume and 9.6% of Sika level 100T, respectively. While the flexural strength enhances up to 5.4% and 25.72% due to adding 7.23% of silica fume and 9.6% of Sika level 100T, respectively. In addition, the curve fitting software was used in the formulation of the proposed models to verify this improvement and it was found that the proposed model has a good agreement with the test results.

This study analyzed the features offered by the websites of the premium and luxury 42 five star hotels in Saudi Arabia on six regions namely Riyadh, Jeddah, Makkah, Madinah, Abha and Jazan Regions of Saudi Arabia during 2018-19. The study evaluated the hotel websites under study based on eMICA stages of promotion, provision, and processing and also grouped in seven dimensions determined by the advanced content analysis. The study also provided insight into hotel websites characterization framework for consumer’s information needs on nine parameters as well. It was established from the findings of the study that Saudi Arabian five star hotel websites were yet to utilize the potentiality of their website as a tool for marketing hotel product and services. The aggregate average value of 9 functionality dimensions in this regard was only 36.2 per cent. This is further highlighted with their poor score in reservation functions (2.4%), website functionality (18.8%) and product information (35.9 %). The study found that the development of the most of the hotel websites we studied fell into the second stage of eMICA model, with the exception of Jazan and Abha regions hotels websites, which were in the first stage of development. The study findings hope to aid web marketing of five star hotels for providing the new age customer digital experience for the e-visitors of Saudi Arabian five star premium and luxury hotels.

Patients with dentofacial deformity often undergo orthognathic surgical procedures for correction of their deformity. This surgical procedure has its own share of complications which may manifest intra-operatively or in the immediate post-operative phase. Cutaneous complications following esthetic surgeries like orthognathic surgery are very rare. However, when they occur, they are usually early, minor, and transient. This review is intended to throw light on the occurrence of acne in the immediate postoperative phase in patients undergoing orthognathic surgery and the etiology & management of such acne.

Literature has shown that severe dental and skeletal malocclusions can have varying detrimental effects on speech production. This is due to the impairment of the orofacial structures which play a key role in the production of speech. Orthognathic surgery which aims to restore the balance between the dentofacial structures by correcting the dentofacial deformities is believed to have a positive effect on the speech production in such patients. This review throws light on the role of speech in patients undergoing orthognathic surgery.

This study aims to examine the effect of Current Ratio, Return on Equity, and Firm Size on stock returns; the type of research used in this study is quantitative research with descriptive statistical methods, with independent variables Current Ratio, Return on Equity, and Firm Size, and Dependent variable stock return. The samples used in this study were 13 manufacturing companies in the food and beverages sub-sector listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange during 2013-2017, using the Purposive sampling method. Data collection techniques using library study techniques with analytical methods, using multiple regression analysis through classical assumption test, hypothesis test, and coefficient of determination. The results showed that the Current ratio had a negative and not significant effect on stock returns, Return on Equity and firm size had a positive and significant influence on stock returns, the percentage of the influence of the independent variables (Current Ratio, Return On Equity, and Firm Size) on the dependent variable stock return is equal to the coefficient of determination 32%.

Planning for conventional orthognathic surgery involves clinical examination, model analysis & cephalometric analysis. Advances in the field of orthognathic surgery had prompted three-dimensional imaging and computer-assisted surgical planning of orthognathic procedures. However, even today clinical evaluation of face is considered gold standard in the diagnosis and treatment of orthognathic surgery. This paper throws light on the octa criteria in orthognathic surgery.

Musculoskeletal disorders are of major concern among the medical practitioners. Most occupation-related musculoskeletal disorders arise due to motions that are repetitive, in addition to the operator maintaining a static position. Good ergonomic design of the workplace is a basic requirement for facilitating the balanced musculoskeletal health that will enable longer, healthier career, enhance productivity, and minimize occupation-related musculoskeletal disorders among oral & maxillofacial surgeons. This review aims at highlighting the need for ergonomics in reducing occupation-related musculoskeletal disorders in oral & maxillofacial surgeons.

Internal audit is one of the key activities used to control the implementation of government policies and programs. Yet, studies show there are various factors that can affect the quality of internal audit in its implementation. Based on this background, this study aims to examine the extent to which competency, independence, and professionalism of internal auditors and time budget pressure affect the quality of internal audit of the Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries (MMAF). To observe causality between the factors and audit quality, this study applied qualitative approach through literature review and direct survey on the ministry’s internal auditors. Seventy people were taken as samples randomly and proportionally based on the auditors’ position. The results show that only competence and professionalism of the auditors that significantly affect audit quality, while other factors are indicated have less effect. Furthermore, this study found that reliable planning and quality control played a pivotal role in audit quality assurance. According to this research, it is necessary to increase the competence and professionalism of internal auditors to improve the audit quality. Government internal supervisory apparatus maintains independence and auditors maintain objectivity. In addition, this study also notes that the audit time calculations need to be done more thoroughly by the management.

In the current scenario, banking sector is considered a fundamental backbone of every economy in developed and developing countries. The importance of banking was established as it performs major role in every domain of business, as well as in the development of the countries. Banking sector in Pakistan is gradually rising, however, employees in this sector are under a lot of stress due to excessive work load, extra working hours, and in some cases employment insecurity, that may lead to unsatisfactory performance at job. This study highlights the significant positive relationship between bankers’ job satisfaction level with their emotional intelligence and workplace environment. It also focuses on the effects that emotional intelligence and workplace environment might have on the banker’s job satisfaction level while discussing the contributing demographic factors. The cross-sectional correlational research design was implemented to conduct the study. The data was collected through questionnaire and online surveys from different private and public banking sector employees of Pakistan (Lahore, Karachi, and Islamabad). The purposive sampling strategy was done in two stages, in the first stage, random selection of the branches of different public and private sector banks was completed. In the second one, a sample of 200 employees was selected for data collection according to the set inclusion criteria and their specific posted locations.

Vaccine hesitancy is considered to be a threat to the success of vaccination program and control of infectious diseases. It affects the morbidity and mortality thus overwhelms the health care system. Up to our knowledge there is no formal study done to assess vaccine hesitancy in Bahrain. The aim and objectives of this study is to determine the prevalence of vaccine hesitancy towards childhood vaccination in Kingdom of Bahrain. A cross sectional study was conducted in Bahrain’s five health regions. One primary health care center was selected randomly from each health region. Participants were systematically selected; every third attendant was asked to fill a self-administer PACV questionnaire. A total of 707 participants were enrolled in the study. This study found that 5.8% of participants were hesitant to vaccinate their children. Non-Bahraini were found to be more hesitant than Bahraini. In addition, 33.3% of the hesitant participants delayed their child's vaccination and 38.2% decided not to have their child vaccinated for reasons other than illness or allergy. Most of the hesitant participants had concerns about vaccine safety, as 65.9% of the hesitant participants were concerned that the child might have a serious side effect from the vaccine, 63.4% were concerned that childhood vaccines might not be safe and more than two third of them preferred that their children get fewer vaccines at the same time. However, 45.9% of the hesitant participants have trust issues about their child’s doctor. Although Kingdom of Bahrain has a high immunization coverage and low prevalence of hesitancy towards childhood’s vaccines, addressing vaccine hesitancy is important to maintain the high vaccination coverage and prevent communicable diseases targeted by vaccination.

Although the applications of renewable energy in Libya were started in the last few decades, they have only gained momentum in the last few years. Considering the past gained experience, a proposed national Renewable Energy plan aims toward bringing RE into the main stream of the national energy supply system with a target contribution of 10% of the electricity demand by the year 2020. The aim of this paper is to design a house that works with some renewable energy applications in one of the Libyan cities called Bani Walid. This paper includes some important steps for designing a home such as solar home design steps, wind energy calculations, battery sizing, and cost considerations.

Aim: The quality of care given by occupational therapists on sexual rehabilitation of persons with physical disabilities (PWDs) is influenced by their knowledge about, and attitude towards sexual rehabilitation. There is little information on the knowledge about, and attitude towards sexual rehabilitation of PWDs among OT practitioners in Nigeria. This study therefore assessed the knowledge and attitude of occupational therapy (OT) professionals and trainees about sexual rehabilitation of PWDs. Method: Using a purposive sampling technique, 73 OT professionals and trainees responded to this cross-sectional survey. Data obtained were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Significance level was set at 0.05. Results: The mean knowledge score for the OT trainees was 22.87±3.90 and 23.44±4.84 for OT professionals. Similarly, the mean score for attitude was 57.00±4.65 for OT trainees and 56.24±6.94 for OT professionals. Over 80% of the respondents had moderate knowledge about sexual rehabilitation while all the respondents had positive attitude towards sexual rehabilitation. Also, the attitude of OT professionals towards sexual rehabilitation of PWDs was significantly lower than that of the OT trainees (t=0.56; p-0.009) (Table-3). In addition, there was significant correlation between the knowledge and attitude of the respondents towards sexual rehabilitation of PWDs (ρ=0.26; p=0.025) (Table-4). Conclusion: In Nigeria, OT professionals and trainees demonstrated satisfactory knowledge and attitude about sexual rehabilitation of PWDs. Significant relationships exist between knowledge and attitude towards sexual rehabilitation of PWDs.

Introduction: Anaemia in pregnancy remains one of the most intractable public health problems in the developing countries. World Health Organization has estimated that more than half of the pregnant women in the world are anemic. Anaemia during pregnancy is associated with adverse infant outcomes, including low birth weight, preterm delivery and perinatal mortality, and it may also be associated with childhood intellectual disability. Objective: To estimate the prevalence of anaemia in primigravida, classify the severity of anaemia in different age groups. Material & Methods: It is a cross sectional study. Haemoglobin of 187 primigravida subjects in a tertiary hospital was estimated. The subjects were divided into age groups, below 20 years, 20- 25 years and more than 25 years. The mean and standard deviations of haemoglobin in different age groups were calculated. Observation & Results: Out of 187 primigavida pregnant women 91.1% below 20 years, 77.77% from 20-25 years and 36.58 % of more than 25 years were anaemic. Their mean Hb was 9.89gms /100 ml, 9.9gms / 100 ml and 11.1gms / 100ml respectively.