Asthma-COPD overlap Syndrome (ACOS) is a syndrome in which a patient suffers from both chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and asthma. Standard definition and diagnostic criteria of this overlap syndrome is not established yet. It is important to formulate a definition of ACOS for accurate diagnosis and studies. Few biomarkers have been found which can be useful for diagnosis but much research is needed. The prevalence of ACOS depends upon the definition, diagnosis criteria and population analyzed. Different single nucleotide polymorphism (SNPs) has been identified in limited population.

Ridge augmentation of the deficient alveolar ridge is often required to compensate for the bone loss and to make it suitable for an implant placement. In this case report, we followed the technique of ridge split technique with simultaneous PRF and implant placement in the anterior maxillary region.

Genetic mutations in the CFTR protein gene cause Cystic Fibrosis. For disease occurrence, individuals have to inherit two defective genes of CFTR from each parent. CFTR mutations are distributed into six classes. Though CF affects all ethnic as well as racial groups, but in Caucasians of North European origin, it is more common. The clinical representations of CF include raised NaCl cons. in sweat glands, deficiency of pancreatic enzymes, azoospermia in adult males, and decline in lung function which leads to pulmonary exacerbations. The therapies for CF are gene therapy, CFTR modulators, potentiators, correctors, and stop codon suppressors. The incidence of CF in Pakistan is low as it is more common in Caucasians. Due to lack of suitable diagnostic tools, this disease is often neglected in Pakistani population.

Background: This analysis is a radiographic instrument that was developed directly from the philosophy expressed in Arnett and Bergman “Facial keys to orthodontic diagnosis and treatment planning, Parts I and II”. The novelty of this approach, as with the “Facial Keys” articles, is an emphasis on soft tissue facial measurement. This article describes comparison ofdentoskeletal factors between Himachali and Caucasian female population that contribute to an aesthetically pleasing face which should be considered during orthodontic treatment. The aim of the present study was to highlightthe differences in dentoskeletal factors between Himachali and Caucasian population. Materials and Methods: Lateral cephalograms of 50Himachali femalesof age group 18-25 years were taken in Department of Orthodontics, Himachal Institute of Dental Sciences, Paonta Sahib and tracing of soft tissue profile as well as related osseous and dental structures were made using Nemoceph software. Then Arnett’sdentoskeletal traits were compared with Himachali dentoskeletal traits. Results: The overjetin Himachali female population is more as compared to Caucasian female population. Conclusion: Himachali females may need more retraction of upper incisors as compared to caucasian females.

Achene and pappus macro and micro-morphological characters for 10 species belong to two sub-family of Asteraceae from eastern region of Saudi Arabia to evaluate the application of this character in the identification and differentiation level by using light microscope (LM) and scanning electron microscope (SEM). The achene morphological characters as, size, shape, color, texture, ridges, base, achene coat and pappus characters are done. The achene coat pattern sculpture recorded 6 types; striate, tuberculate, granulate, sulcate, irregular reticulate and reticulate-rugose, the main types were reticulate. The pappus type’s recorded three types; scabrous barbellate bristles, scabrous subulate scales free and capillary barbelllate, the main types were scabrous barbellate bristles found in seven studied species. The result for this study supports the use of achene morphological characters for identification and differentiates of different related species but cannot be used for taxonomical levels for the different tribes.

Background: To ascertain if herbal dentifrices have an effect on Streptococcus mutans count in orthodontic patients with Self ligating brackets. Material and method: patient had tooth No’s 25 included in the study with SLB bracket bonded. Dentifrices tested were Herbal based. Conventional tooth paste was considered as control group. Result: Paired T test compared the means of Streptococcus mutans count around SLB bracket at different time intervals. Conclusion: This shows self-ligating bracket has statistically significant reduction of Streptococcus mutans with herbal toothpaste.

Pregnancy though a normal physiological process exposes the person to oxidative stress. Glutathione is a master antioxidant; it protects both mother and foetus from the damage of oxidative stress and free radicals. In the beginning of pregnancy, Glutathione protects essential functions of the growing and developing embryo by controlling cell differentiation, cell death and other essential functions in the developing embryo. Hence this study proposed the level of glutathione in the pregnancy. Aim: To study the glutathione level in pregnant women (2ndTRIMESTER) and to compare with the non-pregnant woman. Materials & Methods: 50 pregnant women (2nd TRIMESTER) and 50 non-pregnant women attending OBG department in government medical college, chennai Specimen: whole blood with EDTA. Method: Glutathione is determined by dithiobis nitro benzoicacid Glutathione levels were measured using the dithiobisnitrobenzoic acid (DTNB). Results: It was found that the glutathione levels in second trimester of pregnancy were found to be less than non-pregnant women. Conclusion: The result shows that oxidative stress during pregnancy is responsible for the reduction in glutathione as there is demand for the antioxidant glutathione. This study can be used to reinforce the necessity for the supplementation with dietary antioxidants like glutathione, vitamin C, vitamin E etc. Keywords: Pregnancy, Glutathione, Dithobisnitrobenzoic acid (DTNB).

Background: This analysis was developed directly from the philosophy expressed in Arnett and Bergman “Facial keys to orthodontic diagnosis and treatment planning, Parts I and II”. The novelty of this approach, as with the “Facial Keys” articles, is an emphasis on soft tissue facial measurement. This article describes comparison of various facial lengths between Himachali male population and South Indian male population that contribute to an aesthetically pleasing face which should be considered during orthodontic treatment. The aim of the present study was to highlightthe differences in facial length norms between Himachalimales and South Indianmales. Materials and Methods: Lateral cephalograms of 50Himachali males of age group 18-25 years were taken in Department of Orthodontics, Himachal Institute of Dental Sciences, Paonta Sahib and tracing of soft tissue profile as well as related osseous and dental structures were made using Nemoceph software. Then Arnett’s soft tissue traits were compared with Himachali traits. Results: The present study showed that there is decreasedupper lip length in Himachali males as compared to South Indian population. Conclusion: Individual norms are necessary for a population in order to plan and deliver quality treatment.

Background: Risk factor reduction is the primary clinical approach in preventing coronary artery disease. Traditional risk factors are found to be absent in many of the cases. Novel risk factor – hyper homocysteinemia was reported to be associated with the disease process. Objectives: This study is aimed at identifying the association of coronary artery disease with homocysteine and other conventional risk factors, along with the risk they pose both independently and in combination. Methods: The study included 100 people, 60 subjects in the study group with diagnosed coronary artery disease & 40 subjects in the control group with no disease. Conventional risk factors are evaluated & compared along with homocysteine levels. Results: The data obtained concludes that the levels of homocysteine independently are significantly higher (20.19 ± 5.00) among the study than the control group (12.35 ± 3.39).However, there was no significant association between conventional risk factors homocysteine levels and conventional risk factors (smoking, family history of coronary artery disease, hypertension and diabetes). Conclusion: Elevated levels of homocysteine are associated with coronary artery disease. Homocysteine, in combination with the conventional risk factors, did not pose any increased risk for the disease. Raised levels of Homocysteine in the controls is probably attributed to the early sign of disease occurrence, further investigation is required into this aspect. Also, an investigation is necessary to search for the ways of reduction of risk like vitamin supplementation.

Background: To ascertain if fluoridated dentifrices have an effect on Streptococcus mutans count in orthodontic patients with Polycarbonate brackets. Material and method: patient had tooth No’s 45 included in the study with Polycarbonate bracket bonded. Dentifrices tested were Fluoride based. Conventional tooth paste was considered as control group. Result: Paired T test compared the means of Streptococcus mutans count around Polycarbonate bracket at different time intervals. Conclusion: This shows Polycarbonate bracket has statistically significant reduction of Streptococcus mutans with Fluoride toothpaste.

There are numerous Physiological terms being used in the field of Physical Education and Sports. For all the trainers, coaches and Physical Education teachers, the clarity and well understanding of all these terms is very important to make the players or the students understand fully, so that better methods of training or teaching may be facilitated. This paper will review the general Physiological concepts that already used in the field of Sports and Physical Education.

Background: To ascertain if fluoridated dentifrices have an effect on Streptococcus mutans count in orthodontic patients with Stainless steel brackets. Material and method: patient had tooth No’s 12 included in the study with Stainless steel bracket bonded. Dentifrices tested were Fluoride based. Conventional tooth paste was considered as control group. Result: Paired T test compared the means of Streptococcus mutans count around Stainless steel bracket at different time intervals. Conclusion: This shows Stainless steel bracket has statistically significant reduction of Streptococcus mutans with Fluoride toothpaste.

Background: Invasive breast cancer is a heterogeneous disease in its presentation, pathological classification and clinical course. Most tumors are derived from mammary ductal epithelium, principally the terminal duct-lobular unit. However, there are more than a dozen histological variants which are less common but still very well defined by the World Health Organization (WHO) classification. The prime objective of the current study is to document our institutional experience of such rare histological entities with review of literature of the same. Methods: The clinicopathological records of resected breast lesions submitted to histopathology department over the period of three years from Jan 2016 to December 2018 were reviewed retrospectively. It was observational, retrospective and descriptive analysis of 4 unusual histological types of breast carcinoma. The most common lesions like infiltrating ductal carcinoma (IDC) and infiltrating lobular carcinoma in malignant category and benign lesions were excluded from the study. Results: Among 528 breast malignancies reported in the institute, 48 unusual histological types were recognized, of which 4 are very rare histological types with less than 1% incidence. Conclusions: Here in we highlighted the rare varieties of cribriform, squamous, apocrine and signet ring cell carcinoma of breast with relevance to clinical, histopathological and immunohistochemical features. It is with significance to the fact that histological diversity of breast carcinoma has relevant prognostic implications.

Introduction: The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between vertical facial pattern and dental arch forms in class II skeletal malocclusion. Materials and Methods: The study comprised of 60 pretreatment (lateral cephalogram, dental cast and photographs) aged between 11-38 years full permanent dentition without agenesis and/or tooth loss except third molar. The evaluation of the dental arch form was performed using a computer analysis (AutoCad). Results: Assessment of interexaminar reliability analysis was performed using Kappa statistic. Pearson correlation was used to analyze the dental arch form and facial vertical dimensions. Conclusion: As the form of dental arches is associated with the vertical growth patterns, it would be desirable to use individualized arches for each patient.

Background: Body fluid samples are routinely received for cytological examination to diagnose inflammatory, benign or malignancy. Diagnostic efficiency depending on the type of fixatives used. Therefore these fluid samples are processed with six different fixatives to study thecytomorphological changes. Aim and objectives: 1.The aim of the study was to study as closely as possible the cytomorphological characteristics of body fluids by different fixatives. 2. To compare and analyse the most effective fixative. Materials and method: Inpresent study, the body fluid samples were received from various out-patient and inpatient departments of saveetha medical college and hospital (from Jan 2019 to March 2019). About 50 body fluid samples of various patients is collected for morphological examination .The moderate amount of fluid (10ml to 15ml) were processed by centrifugation, then smeared and stained. Results: Schaudins and carnoys fixatives are the best among the other six different fixatives which had an excellent nuclear and cytoplasmic features and clear background. Conclusion: Isopropyl alcohol using as an ideal fixative in ctytology laboratory. But Schaudins and carnoys are also as best fixative as that of isopropyl alcohol in body fluid cytology