Academic writing is the process of authors’ interaction and communication with readers. Based on Yang's classification of evidentiality and self-built corpus, this study examines and compares the characteristics of Chinese and western authors’ use of evidentiality in second language academic writing. The major results include: 1) Evidentials are universal in research papers. Chinese authors’ less use of evidentials indicates their tendency to conceal personal opinions to offer more objective arguments; 2) Both Chinese and western authors prefer reporting and inferring evidentials, owing to the style of natural science and the language practice of the subject; 3) The frequency of English authors’ sensory and belief evidentials is significantly higher than that of Chinese authors due to the different cultural backgrounds; and 4) As to the specific realization of each evidential type, the commonality and difference coexist.

The general aim of this research work is to examine “the ways of empowering the uneducated youths in Nigeria through Small and Medium Scale Enterprise: A Study of Ezeagu Local Government Area, Enugu State”. The specific objectives of this research work include the following: to identify the number of SME formed by uneducated youths in Ezeagu LGA, to examine the roles of small and medium scale enterprises in youth empowerment in Enugu State.For a successful completion of this research work, the researcher made use of both primary and secondary methods of data collection for information gathering. The population of the study was 1308 while the sample size of 306 was gotten through Taro Yamene formula. The data collected were presented in tables and analyzed with simple percentage while the hypotheses stated were tested with chi square. The findings made includes: the roles of small and medium scale enterprises in youth empowerment in Enugu State are entrepreneurship promotion, provision of employment opportunities, mobilization of savings and financial resources for productive enterprise activitiesand equitable growth across regions and between men and women, the contributions of government in SME development are provision of infrastructural development, promotion of small and medium scale enterprises through its policies, provision of capital and loans to small and medium scale business owners andprovision of skill acquisition centers in diverse areas.In conclusion, capital formation has affected the role of small and medium scale enterprises in youth empowerment in Enugu State to a very great extent, the challenges militating against the efforts of small and medium scale enterprises in youth empowerment in Enugu State are financial problems, management problems, infrastructure problems and socio cultural problems. The researcher therefore recommends that government at all levels in Nigeria should be encouraged to float Microfinance institutions in order to enable SM

Background: This analysis is a radiographic instrument that was developed directly from the philosophy expressed in Arnett and Bergman “Facial keys to orthodontic diagnosis and treatment planning, Parts I and II”. The novelty of this approach, as with the “Facial Keys” articles, is an emphasis on soft tissue facial measurement. This article describes comparison of various soft tissue structure traits between Himachali and Caucasian female population that contribute to an aesthetically pleasing face which should be considered during orthodontic treatment. The aim of the present study was to highlightthe differences in soft tissue structure norms between Himachali and Caucasian population. Materials and Methods: Lateral cephalograms of 50Himachali femalesof age group 18-25 years were taken in Department of Orthodontics, Himachal Institute of Dental Sciences, Paonta Sahib and tracing of soft tissue profile as well as related osseous and dental structures were made using Nemoceph software. Then Arnett’s soft tissue structure traits were compared with Himachali traits. Results: The length of upper lip, lower lip, pog-pog’ and menton are less in Himachali female population as compared to Caucasian population. Conclusion: All patients cannot be treated to one set of norms as the facial skeleton and its overlying soft tissue is different for different population in females.

The survival of banking industry is tied to their ability to use information and communication technology facilities to enhance their operational efficiency. Thus, banks are expected to strategically improve on the quality of services provided to their customers in order to remain relevant in a competitive environment. This paper assesses the impact of ICT innovation on service quality. The study made use of both primary and secondary data instruments for data gathering, questionnaires were used for gathering primary data and data from internet, journal were means of secondary data collection. Four hundred (400) banks’ customers were served with questionnaire, out of which only 360 were returned. SPSS version 20 and Regression were used in testing the hypothesis. The result revealed that ICT innovation has a positive impact on Assurance, responsiveness and tangibility, while it has a negative impact on empathy and reliability. It is recommended that banks should ensure that all staff are trained to be more innovative to be able to deliver superior services.

Background and rationale: Job stress has become a major problem in recent period particularly in nursing profession. Work stress is the second prevailing problem related to health. The background of critical care areas is extremely hectic and stressful, that result from frequent emergencies, extraordinary high-tech complexity, and absorption of severely wounded patients subject to abrupt alterations in their health condition. Stress in the hajj season seems to be at its peak because nurses have consecutive 15 shifts and handling a high numbers of multicultural and multilingual patients. Objective of the study: To find out the level of job related stress and its related consequences among nurses working in the critical care areas of King Abdullah Medical City during hajj season. Methods: We used a questionnaire of 35 questions with likert scale as 1= Never, 2 = occasionally, 3 = frequently, 4 = most often and 5 = always. In addition, we targeted all the nurses working in critical care area during hajj time of 2017. Results: From 100 (n=100) participants 39% responded as having mild stress, 47% participants having moderate stress and 14% nurses facing severe degree of stress. the majority 51% of this sample nurses showed moderate to severe degree of job satisfaction and a small percentage 2% were mildly satisfied with their job. Moreover, almost half participants 49% have mild mental and physical health problems due to stress while 22% to 29% respondents facing moderate to severe degree of health problems. Furthermore, 40% of the staff experienced a mild degree of being emotionally drained at work, while 33% of them had severe degree and 27% experienced a moderate degree. Additionally, 55% of the nurses responded that they are not participating in job related decisions. More than half of nurses were apathetic towards their colleagues and a maximum number of participant have feeling of incompetence. The results of an open-ended question for techniques to cope with the

Motor insurance has become as an essential aspect of the daily life playing a significant role in providing the cover mainly to the road vehicles and third party lives and property against accidental damage and many other perils including the natural disasters. Not like in other commercial contracts for the tangible products, the insured has no opportunity to examine the product prior to purchase. Accordingly, the customers get experience about the service provider after purchasing the product. At present, there are 28 insurance companies operating in Sri Lanka and out of which, fifteen companies offer the covers for the motor vehicle. Insurance companies make huge efforts to attract new customers and to retain the existing customers with them, as they experience switching the motor policy holders to competitors at the renewal due to many reasons. Accordingly, long term retention of motor policy holders by the insurers is a significant issue in the motor insurance industry in Sri Lanka. The problem of this study include “How the key determinants of service quality affect towards the customer satisfaction and whether there is effect of customer satisfaction on behavioral intention to retain with reference to motor insurance policy holders in insurance companies in Sri Lanka”. The population of this study were the motor insurance policy holders in the Western Province and the sample consisted with 125 motor policy holders selected through random sampling technique. Self-administered structured questionnaire was used to collect the primary data and the data was analyzed using Minitab software and the SPSS software packages to examine the customers’ attitudes towards the existing situation of the service quality of the motor insurers and to examine the customer satisfaction and intention behavior to retain with existing company. It was found that, customers were neither disagree nor agree with the existing situation of the insurers. Further, it was found that, there wa

A descriptive study was conducted to assess the effectiveness of Behavioral Change Communication on knowledge of self care management of diabetic foot ulcer among diabetic clients in Mappedu village. The objectives of the study was to assess the level knowledge on self care management of diabetic Foot ulcer among diabetic client in the pre test, To assess the effectiveness of behavioral change communication on self care management of diabetic Foot ulcer among diabetic client in the post test and To associate the post test level of knowledge with demographic variable Totally 50 samples were selected using convenient sampling technique. The researcher developed a structured interview schedule to assess the demographic variables of the samples .The pre test level of knowledge is assessed using questionarrie and then after completing pre-test the investigator administered vedio assisted teaching on diabetic foot care to the clients. Then the post test were conducted to the samples with the same structured questionnaire. The data were analyzed by using descriptive and inferential statistics.The findings of the study reveals that out of 50 samples in pre test 0(0%) had adequate knowledge, 17(34%) had inadequate knowledge 33(66%) had poor knowledge and in post test 35(70%) had adequate knowledge, 15(30%) had inadequate knowledge and 0(0%) had poor knowledge. The calculated ‘t’ value for experimental group was t=6.47 which is found significant at P>0.05 level. So the Behavioral Change Communication on knowledge of self care management of diabetic foot ulcer among diabetic clients is effective.

The head and neck cancer are sixth most common cancers worldwide with cancer of oral cavity. The basic treatment modality for the carcinoma of oral cavity has been surgery and the large defects resulting from the ablation of the tumors require reconstruction. The PMMC flap offer an easy, less time consuming with minimal postoperative complication as a reconstructive option in the hands of surgeon. In the present case report, 32 years old male patient was diagnosed with squamous cell carcinoma of right buccal mucosa and treatment plan was right segmental mandibulectomy and reconstruction by PMMC. A major pecto¬ralis myocutaneous flap was used to reconstruct a composite oro¬mandibular defect with excellent cosmetic and functional outcome. It provided a suitable and cost-effective reconstruction with low microsurgical risk, relatively short operative time, sufficient soft-tissue replacement and minimum donor site morbidity. Pectoralis major myocutaneous flap was found to be a versatile flap for reconstruction of large defects in Head and Neck region with minimal complication rate.

A blight white smile has always been a symbol of health, beauty and vitality for hundreds of years. Discoloration of the front teeth causes a significant disturbance in the aesthetics and may also decrease the patient’s self-esteem. Public demand for the aesthetic dentistry which includes the tooth whitening has increased in recent years. Dental bleaching offers a simplified, conservative and low cost approach to change the color of discolored teeth. The pigments oxidation is responsible for tooth bleaching and can be carried out with two different products; carbamideperoxide and hydrogen peroxide. The present case reports reflect a remarkable change of tooth color by in-office bleaching.

Introduction: Nephrotic syndrome is primarily a pediatric disorder and it affects 1-3 per 100,000 children <16 years of age. The prevalence of UTI is high in nephrotic syndrome patients.UTI may be responsible for poor response to steroid therapy and it also induces relapses. Objectives: To determine the incidence of urinary tract infection, identifications of pathogen and antibiotic sensitivity pattern of UTI in children with nephrotic syndrome. Method: All nephrotic syndrome patients attending the OPD or Indoor who are fulfilling the criteria were included in the study. Detailed history was taken. Routine tests including the urine culture sensitivity were sent. Result: Incidence of UTI among nephrotic syndrome patients was18.75%. E.coli, Enterococcus, Klebsiella sp., Acinetobacter was the organisms. Commonest organism found was E.coli. Aminoglycoside group of drugs found to be the most sensitive (100%) followed by third generation cephalosporin (80%). Conclusion: UTI is not at all uncommon in nephrotic syndrome patients and all the patients may not present with classical symptoms. Hence a high degree of suspicion is essential for early diagnosis.

Objective: To investigate the aesthetic perceptions of 100 consecutive patients and their parents of orthodontic treatment need and to compare their observations with that of orthodontists. Methods: The sample consisted of 100 consecutive orthodontic patients seen for the first time at Sharavathi dental college and Hospital. Of the total sample, 49 were males and 51 were females, with ages ranging from 7 to 21 years (mean + SD; 12.81 + 3.08). The self-assessment by patients and the recording by parents and orthodontists were carried out using the Aesthetic (AC) and Dental Health (DHC) Components of Index of Orthodontic Treatment Need (IOTN) as applicable. Results: The results showed a strong association in the perception of dental appearance by patients and the views of other dental assessors. These correlations were highly statistically significant (P<0.001) with the highest correlation between the parents and the orthodontists (r =0.791) while the least was between the patients and the orthodontists (r = 0.653). The study also found that about one-half of the patients were in the "definite need for orthodontic treatment". Conclusions: There is a strong relationship in the perceptions of dental appearance by patients, parents and orthodontists. This index could therefore be used as an effective tool in communication and achieving realistic treatment decisions.

Euler deconvolution and Source Parameter Imaging (SPI) geophysical interpretation techniques using Oasis Montaj version 6.4 was applied to estimate basement depth of northeastern part of Sokoto basin, northwestern Nigeria. The study area lies between longitudes of 505"E to 605"E and latitude 1205"N to 1305"N. The results of the studies indicate an increase in sedimentation northwards, with several depressions on the basement rock. The Euler deconvolution results shows the maximum depth in the study area to be 2.39 km, while Source parameter imaging indicates 1.79 km to be the highest depth. The areas where higher sedimentary thickness are observed such as sheet 11 (Rabah) and sheet 12 (Isah), are the most prospect sites where threshold temperatures could be attained.

Background: This analysis is a radiographic instrument that was developed directly from the philosophy expressed in Arnett and Bergman “Facial keys to orthodontic diagnosis and treatment planning, Parts I and II”. The novelty of this approach, as with the “Facial Keys” articles, is an emphasis on soft tissue facial measurement. This article describes comparison of various soft tissue traits between Himachali and Caucasian female population that contribute to an aesthetically pleasing face which should be considered during orthodontic treatment. The aim of the present study was to highlightthe differences in TVL projections norms between Himachali and Caucasian population. Materials and Methods: Lateral cephalograms of 50Himachali femalesof age group 18-25 years were taken in Department of Orthodontics, Himachal Institute of Dental Sciences, Paonta Sahib and tracing of soft tissue profile as well as related osseous and dental structures were made using Nemoceph software. Then Arnett’sTrue vertical projection norms were compared with Himachali traits. Results: The values of the projections to TVL are less in Himachali female population as compared to Caucasian population. Conclusion: The soft tissue is more pronounced in Caucasian females as compared to Himachali females when taken in reference to TVL line.

Radicular cysts are the most common odontogenic cysts affecting the oral cavity. They are usually asymptomatic and are diagnosed during routine radiologic examination. Depending on the extent of the lesion, the cyst is managed by non-surgical or surgical means. Root canal therapy is preferred in a localised lesion whereas in large extensive cysts, enucleation, marsupialization or decompression is done. In this case report, we present the diagnosis and surgical management of a massive infected radicular cyst in the maxillary posterior region.

Aim: To evaluate the soft tissue characteristics of skeletal Class II Division 1 subjects (group II) with low mandibular plane angel compared with skeletal Class I subjects (group I) in himachali population. Material and Methods: Lateral cephalograms of 100 adults (60 women, 40 men; age range 18-50yrs) were divided into 2 groups based on horizontal and vertical skeletal pattern (SN-MP angle): group I, 50 subjects; group II-low angle (<27°), 50 subjects. The correlations and multiple linear regression tests were used to determine the skeletal and dental variables influencing soft tissue characteristics. Results: For the soft tissue analysis of all subjects, lower lip thickness was significantly increased in group II-L compared with group I. The perioral soft tissue measurements of group II were correlated with the inclination and anteroposterior position of the maxillary and mandibular incisors along with facial depth (N-Go) and facial length (S-Gn). Upper lip strain of group II was influenced by the inclination and anteroposterior position of the maxillary incisors. Conclusions: It is important to evaluate lip strain and lip thickness based on the skeletal pattern as well as dental inclination to obtain balance in the perioral muscle activity.