Aim: Nosocomial infections are of great concern in hospital settings especially in intensive care units. Health care professionals and their medical equipment have long been known to act as vectors of pathogens. This study aims at evaluating the presence of bacterial pathogens on stethoscopes of health care workers and to substantiate the effectiveness of alcohol swabs for decontamination of stethoscopes. Methods: 50 stethoscopes belonging to physicians, residents, interns and nurses were swabbed before and after decontamination with alcohol swab. The health care workers belonged to the medicine, surgery, obstetrics, paediatric wards and the intensive care unit. Results: 36% of the stethoscopes were contaminated. Decontamination with 70% isopropyl alcohol showed a significant decrease in contamination. The predominant organism isolated was Staphylococcus aureus (50%). Conclusion: Nosocomial infections carry a higher level of morbidity and mortality. Most stethoscopes harbour potential pathogens. A change in the attitude of health care workers to disinfect their stethoscopes regularly and in between patients will bring about a break in the chain of transmission of infection. We recommend that disinfection of stethoscope should become an integral part of undergraduate and postgraduate education

Bacterial contamination of transfusion products, especially platelets are the most common cause of transfusion associated morbidity and mortality. Minimizing bacterial contamination in blood products is a priority for safe transfusion practices. A prospective study was done comparing the efficiency of two different disinfectant techniques by studying the flora on donor’s arm before and after disinfection. This study was undertaken as there are very few reports on this important transfusion protocol from Southern India. Mean number of colonies in post disinfection swab culture with 2% povidone iodine was found to be greater than that of 2.5% Chlorhexidine in 75% isopropyl alcohol. 2.5% chlorhexidine disinfection offers more effective reduction in bacterial contamination than 2% povidone iodine group.

This paper sought to establish primary school English Language teachers’ experiences that they encounter during schools’ inspection. Underpinned by the MacBeath Cube theory of Evaluation, a qualitative research approach was adopted where a case study research design was utilized with a purposively selected sample of fourteen (14) primary school English language teachers who had been picked from two schools that had been identified as underperforming. Data were analysed using thematic content analysis. The paper was based on the following research questions: What are the challenges encountered by English language teachers during schools’ inspection? How can the challenges encountered by English Language teachers during schools’ inspection be minimized? The findings of the study revealed that some of the challenges encountered by English language teachers during schools’ inspection were that, inspectors disrupted teaching and learning as they came unannounced; inspectors harassed, rudely reprimanded and disrespected the English language teachers; inspectors instilled fear on the teachers because they harshly criticized them and they also confused the teachers as they gave different insights on how best to teach English Language; inspectors threatened teachers with their jobs. The findings further revealed that all these challenges could be minimized if inspectors could respect teachers and provide constructive criticism. Based on the findings, the study recommends that inspectors should annually plan and announce dates for their visits and that the inspectors should follow the inspection guidelines when they visit schools. The study further recommends that the Ministry of Education should establish a policy which protects teachers from being harassed by the inspectors.

Gloria Naylor, in the Women of Brewster Place: A Novel in Seven Stories depicts the economic, sexual and psychological conditions that African American women go through. The female characters of the novel are victims of economic and sexual pressures that bring about psychological trauma. For Mariama Ba, in So Long A Letter, she points out the traditional practices and deep- seated customs that impact on the economic, sexual and psychological well-being of Senegalese women. Women’s lacks of moral comfort, the emotional intensity and the psychological shocked caused by men’s betrayal are the results of a misinterpretation, misconception and misunderstanding of tradition, customs and religion. The main purpose of the paper is to show how, Gloria Naylor and Mariama Ba, from different angles and cultures, has faithfully depicted the economic, sexual and psychological predicaments that Senegalese and African American women are suffering.

The study sought to determine funding patterns and cost-sharing in public universities in Nigeria. The main purpose of the study was to determine lecturers’ perception about funding patterns and cost-sharing in public universities and provide implications for global competitiveness. To achieve the purpose, one research question and one hypothesis were developed to direct the study. One hundred (100) lecturers were purposively sampled from a population of one thousand six hundred and six (1606). A research instrument titled “Funding Patterns in Public Universities and Cost-sharing Questionnaire (FPPUCQ)” was validated, and administered to twenty (20) lecturers, for data collection. Data collected were analyzed with Mean, Standard Deviation and Independent t-test. The result showed that funding patterns and cost-sharing need improvement. It was concluded that the funding patterns and cost-sharing in universities needs improvement in order to ensure the provision of quality education for global competitiveness. It was recommended among others that managers of universities should be more prudent in utilizing the meager allocations of government, students’ contribution, internally generated revenue, philanthropic donations, among others.

A condition in which a person feels uncomfortable in the crowded places, malls and using public transportation because he supposes himself unsafe in such places and imagines if an emergency situation occurs, no one will be there for his help thus leaving him helpless and embraced. Most of the time agoraphobia person is followed by panic attacks, in which person feels fast heartbeat rate, sweating, pressurized and even faintness occurs. It can be treated through counselling and proper medical checkups. Urinalysis is done in order to compare the level of specific gravity of urine with that of water for the purpose of monitoring any abnormality present in kidneys functioning. For this purpose dipstick test is done in this survey by dipping strips in the urine which changed their colour according to the intensity oof abnormality. After comparing the results we supposed there is some relation present in agoraphobia and urine specific gravity.

Background and Objectives: Urinary tract infections are one of the commonest community-acquired and nosocomial infections caused by bacteria in humans. Poor feeding habits, poor sanitation and low standard of living are related to urinary tract infections and these factors are rife in rural settings. Despite susceptibility of both sexes to this infection, there is a higher vulnerability of women due to their physiological and reproductive anatomy. This study was aimed to determine the prevalence and the rate of transmission of Urinary tract infections at our locations of study. Materials and Method: The study subjects were made up of 24 (15.9%) males and 127 (84.1%) females, with females as the predominant. This gives a male to female ratio of 1:3. Clean-catch midstream urine was collected was collected in a sterile bottle from 151 individuals between the age range of 10 to 30 years. The urine samples were processed and microbial isolates identified. Susceptibility testing was performed on all bacterial isolates. Results: Results from this study indicated that 83 (55%) from 151 individuals assayed were positive to UTIs. With coagulase negative Staphylococcus constituting the predominant microorganism and was responsible for (36.1%) cases of UTIs. This was closely succeeded by Klebsiella pneumoniae (18.1%) Staphylococcus aureus (14.5%) Pseudomonas aeruginosa (13.3%) Escherichia coli (7.2%) Micrococci (3.6%) Klebsiella ozaenae (2.4%) Enterococcus faecalis (2.4%) Candida albicans (1.2%) Proteus Vulgaris (1.2%). Conclusion: The incidence of urinary tract infection of 55.0% uropathogen in this study particularly among sexually active women is of public concern, hence the need for improved and screening facilities for routine laboratory test especially among the sexually active females. There is also the need for the provision of improved, adequate and affordable health care services in the community.

Glucose handling and metabolism is disturbed in acute kidney injury; L-arginine is a component of nitric oxide (NO) which aids the delivery of blood to tissues. This study focused on investigating the underlying effect that L-arginine would have on glucose handling and GLUT-4 expression in rats with acute kidney injury. Oral glucose tolerance test was used to assess the rat’s ability to regulate glucose metabolism, glucose utilization by the cells and how quickly glucose is cleared from the blood. Insulin tolerance test was used to assess insulin resistance and the sensitivity of target organs to insulin, as well as the rate of glucose clearance from the blood. Glucose transporter 4 expression was assessed via ELISA. Results showed that glucose clearance from the blood was more effective and rapid in the arginine-treated groups when compared to the control group. L-arginine induced rapid insulin-like action which was effective after thirty minutes of oral glucose loading in both groups treated with arginine but the effect was not long-lasting. Similar result was observed from the insulin tolerance test, again indicating an insulin-like action of arginine. L-arginine produced no marked difference in GLUT-4 expression across the various groups showing that the insulin-like activity observed may not be via the activation of GLUT-4 channels or exocytosis of GLUT-4 proteins to the plasma membranes of insulin target organs. This study showed that L-arginine exhibits a rapid but un-sustained insulin-like action in glucose metabolism by clearing glucose from the blood and this action is not via the activation of GLUT-4 channels on plasma membranes.

Euthanasia is a much debated concept around the world. It involves a human’s right to take way his life or have a choice of living the life. Art.21 guarantees the right of life and liberty also including human dignity as a fundamental right and human right. Does a person have a right not to live is the question of the hour.The study would be touch upon the history of Human right of a man in India, the justification to euthanasia’s legality or illegality while studying euthanasia in other jurisdictions as well thereby analysing the concept of life and death as a Constitutional right and a human right in formation of legislation to control and guide euthanasia and the principles by which it is governed and the policy towards an effective legislation in India while taking guidance from Netherlands and Belgium Court’s statement in validifying the act of passive euthanasia.

This research aims to effect of ifrs adoption, Information Asymmetry and Deferred Tax Assets to Earnings Management. The measurement of earnings management used in this research with an approach discretionary accruals modified model jones [1]. This research is included in descriptive research. The population of this research is various industrial manufacturing companies listed on the Stock Exchange in 2013-2017. The sample obtained was 120 sample using purposive sampling technique. In analyzing the data used a quantitative approach through Software Eviews 8. The simultaneous IFRS Adoption, Information Asymmetry and Deferred Tax Assets have a significant effect on Earnings Management. Partially, IFRS Adoption has no significant effect on Earnings Management, Information Asymmetry has a significant effect on earnings management, and Deferred Tax assets have a significant effect on Earnings Management

The main goal of economic development is to improve the quality of life of the people of the country and getting them out of abject poverty. To achieve this laudable goal, enormous resources are required. Where a nation operates a federal system of government having more than one level of government such as Nigeria, available national resources need to be shared among the various levels to enable each level discharge its constitutional functions. In Nigeria, like other federated nations, revenue generating and expenditure powers are shared among the three levels of government. The nation’s revenue sharing formula has been reviewed several times to keep pace with economic and political realities of the nation. Unfortunately, there has been so much discontentment with the various revenue sharing formulae on the ground that they have not met the development needs of the various regions of the country. As a result, people have not only called for a re-review of the current formula but are also calling for resources control and the restructuring of the nation in terms of economic and political. This paper examines the issues with revenue allocation formula in Nigeria and how to make the formula more responsive to the development need and aspirations of the people and to achieve the goal of poverty eradication and improving the people’s standard of living.

Retail business in Indonesia become an informal industry sector is high developing. From this phenomenon, some retailers in Indonesia try to package the products they sell with their own packaging and brands or private labels. The development of sales of private label products at Alfamidi Stores is still unsatisfactory and tends to stagnate. This study aims to determine the effect of brand awareness and brand loyalty on repurchase intentions and purchasing decisions. The design of this study is explanatory. The sampling technique in this study is on consumers who bought or consumed private label products in Alfamidi branches in Tangerang and filled out the questionnaire using the accidental sampling method but still fulfilled the specified criteria. The sampling technique is Quota Sampling with the amount determined by the researcher. Using Quota sampling, we get a sample of 100 customers. The method is Quantitative analysis with SEM analysis tools and Smart PLS tools.

House ownership credit financing in Permata Sharia Bank for business unit targets and achievements up to August 2018 there is a high enough gap from the target. In addition the ranking of Permata Sharia Bank which is still far below shows that the contribution of mortgage financing has not been high. This is caused by many factors including the financing process and product quality that still needs to be improved so that it affects on purchase decisions and also the repurchase of Permata Sharia Bank mortgage financing. This study aims to determine the effect of process and product quality on purchase decisions and repurchase. The design of this study is explanatory. The sampling technique in this study is Permata Sharia Bank customers in South Tangerang Region and filled out the questionnaire using the accidental sampling method but still fulfilled the specified criteria. The sampling technique is purposive sampling with a total population of 150 Permata Bank customers in the South Tangerang Region. By using the Slovin formula, a sample of 100 customers is obtained, the defined margin of error is 10% or 0.10. This study used quantitative analysis method with SEM analysis tools and Smart PLS and SPSS tools.

Our research theme is entitled: "The role of the African Union Peace and Security Council in peacekeeping operations in Africa. In conducting this study, our main objective was to take stock of one of the major concerns of the African Union Peace and Security Council, which is the maintenance of peace, security and stability on the contains. Through this research, we have seen that the African Union is in trouble and criticized for its inefficiency in its peacekeeping operations. This is due to the fact that this continental institution lacks sufficient financial, logistical and human resources, which leads to the taking over by the UN and the European Union to deal with all the operations carried out by it peace and security council.

Problematics of the execution of patent object which are technological products as fiduciary guarantees is the impact of disorderly attitude by the community in increasing added value and competitiveness when achieving development goals. It also arises from violations against Law No. 13 of 2016 about patent, ratification of TRIPs (Trade Related Aspect of Intellectual Property Rights), attachment to the rules of World Trade Organization (WTO). The problem is whether patent object can be used as a fiduciary guarantee and how positive law regulates the power of a fiduciary guarantee certificate in the execution. The research methods use a normative juridical method, by used secondary data obtained through study literature and analyzed qualitatively. The result and discussion of this research is that patent object can be used as a fiduciary guarantee and it can be executed if the debtor violate the agreement between parties, where the implementation of the execution is based on Article 29 paragraph 1 of Law No. 42 of 1999 about fiduciary guarantee. Also, the power of the fiduciary guarantee is the same as the court decision that has obtained permanent legal force if the agreement with fiduciary guarantee has been registered.