Anemia is a condition in which the blood hemoglobin (the main oxygen-transporting protein in red blood cells) level is under the minimum extreme of the reference range for the age and gender of the person .It is the most common hematological disorder affects millions of women at reproduction period around the globe that may influence in different phases of their socioeconomic lifestyle. It occurs due to increase red blood cell destruction or due to bone marrow failure to produce adequate number of blood cells. Iron deficiency anemia is the most common type of anemia noticed among women during their reproductive age, while other types are less common. Pernicious anaemia and folate deficiency are recognized to cause secondary infertility. Any attempts to treat infertility or to even establish preliminary investigations should be delayed until anaemia is treated. Management of anaemia itself may resolve the infertility problems and should be taken as a first line treatment in all cases.

Dental decay is one of the most prevalent diseases of mankind. In many countries, its severity increased in correlation with importation of sugar, reaching its zenith in about 1950s and 1960s. Dental caries, unlike periodontal disease, is now recognized as an infectious, transmissible, multifactorial disease of bacterial origin. The philosophy of caries management by risk assessment, or CAMBRA®, represents a paradigm shift. Current evidence-based emphasis is on the need to recognize a carious lesion in its earliest stage before demineralization has produced a cavitated lesion that requires restoration by a dentist. Prevention strategy is to determine the dental caries risk factors for patients of all ages and to introduce remineralization strategies into the patient's dental care plan. Therapy should focus on patient-specific approaches that include disease monitoring and preventive therapies supplemented when necessary by restorative care. Changes in the management of dental caries will require health organizations and dental schools to educate students, practitioners, and patients in evidence and risk-based care. This paper discusses current understanding of the caries balance, the process of demineralization and remineralization of tooth structure, caries risk assessment, the different levels of caries risk and a brief review of strategies to control dental caries. Adequate treatment protocols specifically related to the remineralization of non-cavitated lesions using dentifrices and related studies are discussed.

Very few ethnic groups in Cameroon have been subjected to ethnobotanical surveys and data on plants having medicinal properties against sinusitis which are very scarce. The current study is about exploring the Cameroonian flora in order to promote traditional medicine in the treatment of this affection. Ethnobotanical surveys were conducted among traditional healers and herbalists from villages and local markets in the Centre, Littoral, East and West provinces in order to identify the plants used by these four major cultural groups in Cameroon to treat sinusitis. After recipe characterization, the plant specimens were harvested and identified. Their floristic characterization and finally determining the composition of their bioactive metabolites were done. A total of 78 recipes involving 52 medicinal plant species were identified for sinusitis treatment; these recipes were prepared using plant combinations. These plants belong to 29 families, the most represented belong to the Fabaceae (7 species), Rutaceae (5 species) and Rubiaceae (4 species) families. 73.00 % are woody plants from which the bark (56.00 %) is mainly collected. Fruits of Massullaria acuminata (29 occurrences), bark of Piptadeniastrum africanum (17), Erythrophleum suaveolens (9), Mammea africana (9), Cylicodiscus gabunensis (6) and leaves of Nicotiana tabaccum (5 occurrences) are the most commonly used organs to prepare the recipes which are mainly administered by nasal instillation (60.77%). The bark of Antrocaryon klaineanum (6 occurrences), the stems of Costus afer (6) and the fruits of Citrus lemon (5 occurrences) are used as plant combinations. These plants are forest species (62.00 %) with regional distribution (40.00 %) whose diaspores are spread by zoochory (97.00 %). They contain many bioactive compounds, in particular phenolic compounds responsible for their pharmacological activities and thus justifies their use in the traditional treatment of sinusitis.

The essence of teaching and learning materials to any learning institution cannot be overemphasised. This is more so when it comes to the learning of the young children. This research study focused on the effects of learning and teaching resources in lower primary school children. The education system in Kenya is evolving a bit slowly even as it is faced with inadequate teaching/learning resources in lower primary schools due to poor planning and corruption in the process of acquiring learning resources. A mixture of both purposive sampling and simple random sampling techniques were used in the study. The instruments that were used in data collection include questionnaires, the interview schedule and the observation schedule. The findings were that most books in school libraries are outdated and need to be upgraded to fit with the changing world of technology especially with Social Studies. Teaching and using of black boards and toys play a very important role in the teaching and learning process.

Teaching embryology seems to be a valuable part of the medical education and remains significant for facilitating undergraduates to appreciate the birth defects. In health care professional studies, self-directed learning (SDL) is considered an indispensable learning parameter. Numerous attempts have been made to compare lecture with alternative forms of self-directed learning. Objectives of the present study are – 1.To compares the effectiveness of self-directed learning with didactic lectures in learning embryology among first year medical students, 2.To assess the perception of students towards self-directed learning. This was a comparative study conducted on 80 Phase I MBBS students of Mamata Medical College. They were divided into 2 batches (Batch A and B) of 40 each. On the first day, Batch A was given a didactic lecture, while Batch B underwent a self-directed learning session with all the study materials provided. A pre and post-test questionnaire was administered. On the second day, the batches were reversed and another similar topic was dealt with. Perception towards Self-directed learning was collected using a pre-validated questionnaire. A paired t-test comparing both methods showed that the scores following self-directed learning were more compared to didactic lectures. Students choose self-directed learning as it improves the understanding of the subject and helps to clear up doubts. Embryology should be taught by different methods at the right level & context.

Aim: The aim of this study is to determine the prevalence of hepatitis B/C diseases among Syrian refugees living outside the temporary accommodation centers in Şanlıurfa city center, and individuals' levels of knowledge and risky behaviors related to these diseases. Methods: The research is cross-sectional. It was carried out with 473 Syrian refugees who were living in Şanlıurfa city center outside the temporary accommodation centers in April 2015 – 2016. Cluster sampling method was preferred in the selection of the sample. The questionnaire form, which was prepared by the researchers, was applied, and a venous blood sample was collected from the individuals during data collection. HBsAg, Anti-HBs, Anti-HBc total and Anti-HCV levels of the blood samples were examined. Descriptive statistics, Chi-square, and Mann-Whitney U tests were used in the evaluation of the data. Statistical analyses were performed at 95% confidence level. p<0.05 value was accepted as statistically significant. Results: Of the Syrians, 62.2% were women and 37.8% men, with a median age of 34.0. 25.6% of participants had never attended school, and 82.2% of them were married. 57.3% of asylum seekers were Arabian, and 41.9% were Kurdish. 80.1% of them didn't know enough Turkish to communicate. Participants' average monthly income was 171$. An average of 8.6 individuals was living in the household, and the individual/room rate was 3.2. 60.3% of Syrian refugees had not heard of hepatitis B disease, and 69.1% of them had not heard of hepatitis C disease. Only 2.3% (n=11) of the individuals correctly answered all the questions about the transmission and prevention of hepatitis B/C diseases. 1.7% of Syrian refugees were HBsAg positive, 23.9% were Anti-HBc total positive, and 0.4% of them were Anti-HCV positive. 25.2% of Syrian refugees were anti-HBS positive, while 7.1% were immunized with the hepatitis B vaccine. There was no statistically significant difference in the distribution of HBsAg and Anti-HC

Objective: In the current scenario, many patients were suffering from musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) due to uncontrolled diabetes. Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) causes secondary complications of articular surface of capsular membrane of joints. That’s why this study is intended to evaluate the prevalence of musculoskletal disorders in type 2 diabetic subjects of tertiary care centre of Gwalior, India. Methods: 400 diabetic subjects, selected via screening through survey in the OPD and IPD of Department of Orthopedics, J. A. Group of Hospitals, Gwalior (M.P.). The standard screening procedures such as glycated haemoglobin and musculoskeletal complication assessment were the criteria for selecting type 2 diabetes mellitus patients and T2DM patients with musculoskeletal disorders. The musculoskeletal complications were assessed by standard methods. Result: The prevalence of MSDs in T2DM was 75% with 43.5% male and 31.5% female suffered from various MSDs. The dupuytren’s contracture, frozen shoulder had more prevalence in T2DM. The male T2DM and female T2DM had maximum prevalence of frozen shoulder and Dupuytren’s contracture respectively. Conclusion: The MSDs were prevalent in T2DM patients. So, proper care must be taken to prevent the complications of MSDs in T2DM patients. Good glycemic control is necessary to prevent the MSDs complications in T2DM.

The Aspergillosis of the Paranasal sinuses is a well-recognized form of fungal infection, the involvement of the pituitary gland by aspergillosis is extremely rare. In which the main pathogen of the fungal seller is aspergillus classes. The pituitary infectious fungi consisted of different groups and dimorphic fungi. The leading pathogen of fungal seller abscess is the type of aspergillus. The possible route of infection through sphenoid sinus with a thin seller roof. A pituitary tumor differentiates through its size. Pituitary tumors undesirably are known to grow in the sphenoid bone, cavernous sinus, mid-nasal ductus, and left cerebral hemisphere. In our case presentation patient presented with pituitary macroadenoma, which diagnosed through magnetic resonance imaging. Presented with nasal mass, and acromegaly features headache. Right eye vision loss. Through endoscopy, biopsy report shows the nasal fungal infection. Surgical treatment, the trans-sphenoidal procedure will be planned as recommended in literature reviews.

Introduction: Under the background of the new curriculum reform in basic education, students and teachers will jointly improve classroom efficiency under the guidance of the new curriculum concept. This article mainly takes the implementation status of the new primary school mathematics curriculum reform in Yucai Experimental School of Shuiye Town as the research object. Some results and existing problems of the new curriculum reform of the elementary school are obtained through the investigation and study, and some suggestions are put forward.

An accreditation plan can improve an organizational facilities and services regarding patient care and provides quality improvement skills. In my case scenario, I conceptualized an idea about accreditation of private well-established health care setting. The Kurt Lewin’s theory insights a framework of change at the accreditation level, which will be achieved by the application of the transformational leadership style. Transformational leadership style works as guider, motivator, collaborative and bind with sustain the change management mission. The accreditation requires an international standard of practices and high quality of patient care in an organization. The accreditation requirement is fulfilled in the context of organizational cultural and environmental values, beliefs and delivery of services. In the case scenario presented an idea by the reflection on its organizational change. The private health care organization had accreditation capabilities. All essential and standardized equipment and performing procedural guidelines and following protocols. Kurt Lewin’s theory give directions to such these kind of organizations in the context of change at the level of accreditation.

The aim of the paper is to increase our knowledge about the transition from being a classroom teacher to becoming a teacher educator in a university-based teacher education program. The data collection consists of interviews with teachers from compulsory school who have some years of experience as teacher educators. In line with earlier results, the teacher educators felt comfortable with their previous teaching experience and sought credibility as teachers. However, in contrast to earlier studies they did not find the transition troublesome in general, even if they suggested improvements to the support offered. They all perceived themselves as engaged in their own learning, mainly through self-study and seminars rather than through research of their own. Their self-understanding is focused on being a teacher, and to a lesser degree is complemented with research interest or activity. The conclusion is that a group of teacher educators may not develop an expanded self-understanding that includes research. Neither this study nor earlier studies show that sufficient time is devoted during the recruitment process or in-service training of teacher educators to discussing the balance between teaching and research.

For any economy to experience speedy and rapid growth, a viable and effective insurance industry is required. So, it is important for insurance business within the financial institution to be given priority by the government if vibrant and robust economic growth is expected. Hence, this study investigated the effect of life insurance business’s income on the economic growth of Nigeria. Using secondary data sourced from the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) Statistical Bulletin and Nigeria Insurers Digest, from the period of 1990 to 2017, the study adopted the Pearson correlation analysis (ordinary) and ordinary least square (OLS) regression technique to analyze the data and test the study’s hypotheses respectively. The findings show that exchange rate, foreign direct investment, and life insurance business have really impacted and influenced the growth of Nigeria economy within the period under investigation. But, the study reveals that inflation rate has negative relationship with economic growth of the country.

Analysis for the presence and concentration of sixteen Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) were carried out in roasted plantain, roasted meat and smoked fish in Ondo, Ondo State Nigeria. The proximate analysis was carried out using the method of AOAC. A representative portion of about 5 g of sample was taken from the homogenized sample and extracted with ultrasonicator using three solvent systems: methanol, methanol: dichloromethane (1:1v/v) and dichloromethane. The aromatic fraction was subsequently analyzed with Gas Chromatography (GC/FID). The results showed that the percentage fat content ranges from 4.32 % roasted plantain to 19.27 % roasted meat, protein content ranges from 6.07 % roasted plantain to 44.86 % smoked fish, the moisture contents ranges from 19.39 % smoked fish to 58.31 % roasted plantain while the carbohydrate ranges from 8.89 % roasted meat to 22.09 % roasted plantain. From the result of GC/FID analysis, sixteen PAHs found in the samples ranged from 0.99 – 0.10 μg/kg, 0.01 – 0.73 µg/kg and 0.00 – 0.72 µg/kg for roasted plantain, roasted meat and smoked fish respectively. The sum of all PAHs concentration found in the samples was 6.16 µg/kg for roasted plantain, 6.22 µg/kg for roasted meat and 4.97 µg/kg. The ratios of phenathrene to anthracene ranged from 1.21 in fish to 3.66 in meat, which suggest that the PAHs are from pyrogenic source. Similarly, the ratios of Flouranthene to Pyrene which ranged from 1.01 in plantain to 3.76 in fish also suggest pyrogenic source due to combustion and the benzo (a) anthracene to chrysene ranged from 0.03 in meat to 0.51 in plantain which equally suggested pyrogenic source. Thus, the relatively high concentration of PAHs in the roasted plantain and meat may be attributed to the smoking process.

This research aims to determine the effect of information technology, management support, and internal control on quality of accounting information systems. Research population located in a finance company in Jakarta. The research sample was 137. Data were collected using a questionnaire method with a Likert scale. The data analysis method used is Partial Least Square (PLS).The overall results of this research stated that information technology, management support, internal control affect the quality of accounting information systems. User competence does not affect the quality of accounting information systems. This research has limitations only conducted at finance companies. Therefore, it is better for further research to be done in different companies and add or expand other variables that can affect the quality of accounting information systems

This research aims to find truth through testing (confirmation) on effects of organizational commitment and internal control on accounting information system quality and its impact on accounting information quality. The results are expected to proof that the model can become a solution to accounting information system quality and accounting information quality. The data was obtained by distributing questionnaires to 365 trading companies registered in PT. Solusi Akuntansi Indonesia. The data was statistically processed using Linear Regression. The research method was survey research to obtain a causal answer through an analysis of causes-effects on accounting information system quality and accounting information quality. The result indicates that organizational commitment and internal control have positive and significant effects on accounting information system quality. Further, it affects accounting information quality. The research implication indicates that organizational commitment and internal control are important to produce a quality accounting information system. So, it will produce quality accounting information as well.