The effect of Momordica charantia leaf extract was evaluated on male wistar rats. The animals were randomly assigned into three (3) groups of six (6) rats each. Group one (1) served as control and received distilled water. Group two (2) and group three (3) received 200mg/kg and 400mg/kg of the hydromethanol (20%:80%) extract respectively. In the final 10 days of study, the males were co-habited with female rats [1 male:2 females]. Results obtained showed that the extract significantly (P<0.05) reduced Fertility index and percentage fertility of male rats. Decreased sperm quality previously observed with the extract of M. charantia with associated reductions in serum Testosterone level may be responsible for this observation.

Acute respiratory infections are one of the causes of morbidity and mortality in our country. The present study was undertaken to study the complications of lower respiratory tract infection.

Physics of a gymnast is very important for appearance on the competition, but also is crucial for performance, as an extra weight decreases the ability to perform certain movements and leads to injuries. The aim of the study was to reduce body weight of young female gymnast with minimum losses of muscle mass changing diet. Nineteen years old gymnast was involved in the study. Nutrition was examined using food questionnaire and food records. Body impedance analyzer Ioi 353 was used for body composition analysis and Heath-Carter method – for somatotype determination. Wingate and Sargent test were applied for anaerobic capacity determination. A low carbohydrate energy restricted nutritional plan for five days was developed. The subject reduced her weight by 2.1 kg. Her anaerobic capacity did not change significantly according to Wingate test (relative average power 2nd visit – 6 W/kg and 5th visit - 6.22 W/kg), but according to Sargent test (2nd visit – 3345.6 W and 5th visit – 4252 W) her power increased. The results clearly show that the person reduced the weight for about one month and the largest percentage being due to the loss of body fat and this did not affect the anaerobic capacity of the gymnast.

The aim of this study is to explore research skills and abilities that can be embedded into the mainstream curriculum for undergraduate management studies. The paper draws on surveys and relevant literature in the field of undergraduate research and explores the extent to which research skills and abilities can be incorporated in curriculum development at undergraduate level. It further proposes strategies in teaching and assessment for research framework that can be embedded into the main stream curriculum for undergraduate management studies.

Background: Head and neck cancers (HNCs) account for 30% of all cancers in Bangladesh. In Bangladesh, tobacco related cancers are very common because of the widespread use of tobacco. The paucity of any study from this region in young head and neck patients has prompted us to take up this study. Objective: To find out the head and neck squamous cell carcinoma in young adults patients. Methodology: A retrospective study was conducted at Oncology Department, Enam Medical College & Hospital, and Dhaka, Bangladesh during January 2019 to December 2019. Data regarding tumor site, age, sex, education, habit of tobacco (smokeless and smoke), and betel nut consumption were analyzed using IBM SPSS version 19. P<0.05 was considered as statistically significant. Results: About 75.1% patients were males. Among patients ≤39 years, 83.7% were tobacco chewers, 50.5% were smokers, and 83.7% betel nut chewers, and among >39 years, these proportions were 83.7%, 56.2%, and 78.7%, respectively. The most common site among ≤39 years and >39 were mouth (40.8%) and hypopharynx (36.8%). Among tobacco and betel nut chewers and smokers, the most common sites were mouth (40.3%, 42.5%) and hypopharynx (41.5%). The site of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma was highly associated with chewing and smoking habit (P<0.05). Among illiterate patients, proportions of tobacco and betel nut chewers and smokers were 65.3%, 61.6%, and 67.9%, respectively. Conclusion: A positive association between tobacco use, male gender, and low education levels were found. The younger generation should be made aware about the adverse health consequences of tobacco use to reduce the preventable risk factors of HNC.

Internal hernias represent less than 1% of the causes of acute intestinal occlusions of mechanical origin, they can be acquired or congenital, among these hernias, an internal hernia of appendiceal origin has never been reported, we report the case of a patient who presented acute apendicitis complicated with strangulated internal hernia.

Stakeholder empowerment is critical to the successful implementation of educational programmes. Empowered stakeholders may get actively involved in the activities of the projects, may be more willing to support decisions that may support the goals and objectives and are more likely to provide creative and innovative solutions to programme implementation challenges. Moreover, stakeholders who feel empowered may be more inclined to support both short and long term strategies of the programme. The context of early years’ education programmes require more empowered stakeholders capable of making decisions on the resource needs of early years’ education programmes, but have the capacity to creatively innovate and provide long term strategic thinking and networking for mobilizing teaching and learning resources for the early years’ education programmes. The involvement and participation of empowered stakeholders is critically required in early years’ education programmes to address the challenges of teaching and learning resources for science activities in early years’ education programmes. While empirical studies suggest a relationship between stakeholder empowerment and mobilization of resources, few studies have examined the influence of stakeholder empowerment on implementation of science activities in early years’ education programmes in Kisumu East Sub-County, Kenya. The study adopted cross-sectional design. The target population for the study was 1227respondents, composed of County Executive committee members, County Chief Officers, Departmental directors, Project management committee members, Sub-County Administrators, Ward administrators, EYE coordinators and EYE instructors. Simple stratified random sampling was used. Using Krecjie and Morgan table of sample estimation, a sample size of 297 was found to be sufficient for the study. Descriptive and inferential data were analysed using SPSS computer package version 21. Descriptive statistics included frequencies, percentages, means and standard deviations. Inferential statistics included correlation and regression analyses. Pearson correlation(r) and coefficients of determination (R2), were computed to assess the association between stakeholder empowerment and resources mobilization for science activities in early years’ education programme. There was significant positive association between stakeholder empowerment and resources mobilization for science activities in early years’ education programme (r=0.462 P<0.01). The study recommends that the county governments in Kenya should strengthen stakeholder empowerment strategies in their early years’ education programmes to ensure sustainable resources for early years’ science activities. It is also recommended that stakeholder empowerment strategies should be integrated in the design and implementation of the early years’ education programmes in devolved early years’ education programme in Kenya.

Objective: To assess the knowledge, attitudes and practices of mothers regarding exclusive breastfeeding in infants, admitted in PIMS, Islamabad. Study Design: Descriptive qualitative study design based on in-depth interviews. Place and Study Duration: It was carried out from December 2015 to May 2016 involving mothers of infants admitted in PIMS Islamabad. Materials and Methods: Data was collected through in-depth interviews from the mothers of infants till the saturation of ideas, which was came at the thirtieth respondent. The collected data was analyzed manually. Verbatim notes were taken and interviews were recorded. After transcribing the data, nodes and sub-nodes were developed and on the basis of them, themes were generated. Results: The results of the study showed that most of the mothers knew the advantages of breast feeding and its importance for the health of the infants. The main reason behind this was the cultural practices, running in the families for years as well as the myths of elderly at homes, who were the main decision makers. Conclusion: The study gave a basic level of knowledge, attitude and practices of mothers about exclusive breast feeding. Breastfeeding is a natural and beneficial source of nutrition and provides the healthiest start for an infant.

Introduction: Human nutrition refers to the provision of essential nutrients necessary to support human life and health. Poor eating habits and lack of nutritional knowledge are crucial public health issues that have serious health implications, through proper dietary education for their patient's, dentists play a significant role in preventing nutritional-related diseases. Aim and Objective: The current study set to evaluate the knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP) on diet counseling among dental practitioners. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study using a pre-tested structured questionnaire written in English, which includes 25 questions based on knowledge of the dental practitioners about diet and nutrition counseling, which were given to 200 participants and the participants asked to respond to each item. Data analysis was performed using SPSS software 21.0 and presented as descriptive statistics and Logistic Regression (p < 0.05%). Results: Of the subjects, 78% agreed that nutrition was a vital component of total health care. However, only 46.8% of the participants reported that they had received adequate training in diet counseling. Most of the subjects agreed that diet counseling needed to be emphasized in dental education, 28.9%, and only 40% of the participants expressed their confidence in rendering diet counseling to their patients. Conclusion: The present study concluded that most of the participating subjects had basic knowledge regarding diet and its importance in oral health. Lack of confidence, time, and apprehension about financial reimbursement were three main reasons cited as obstacles for the incorporation of diet counseling in routine clinical practice.

The prime concept behind root canal treatment is to achieve a proper coronal and apical seal. Apicoectomy (root-end resection) with retrograde filling is a widely followed procedure to encounter the condition when all the efforts of endodontic treatment have failed. Among various ideal requirements of a root-end filling material, proper sealing ability is one of the most required properties. So, the selection of appropriate root-end filling material is to be done to prevent microleakage in the apical area after root-end resection. This study aims to evaluate the apical microleakage of two root-end filling materials. "Biodentine," which is known for its excellent biocompatibility and "MTA Repair HP," which has superior handling properties are compared in this study. Root canal treatment till obturation is done for all the samples. Root-end resection is done by removal of the apical 3mm with an angulation of 90° to the long axis of the tooth. The root end cavity of a depth 3mm is made. The samples were randomly divided into two groups, group 1 - MTA Repair HP, group 2 - Biodentine. Materials were manipulated according to the manufacturer’s instructions, and the root end cavities were filled with the respective materials of the belonging groups. Two coats of nail varnish is applied, and the samples were immersed in methylene blue dye. Dye penetration study was done, and specimens wereexamined under a stereomicroscope. Results are tabulated and statistically analyzed. Within the limitations of the study, it is concluded that, in comparison to these two root-ends filling materials, Biodentine showed the highest sealing ability and less microleakage compared to MTA Repair HP, which showed moderate microleakage.

Introduction: The most common malignancy encountered, in current setup is breast cancer in females. It stands second, as the most common cause, of death caused by cancers in developed countries. The diagnosis of the variants of breast cancer can be done with aid of immunohistochemistry (IHC) that is expression of ER, PR, Her2/Neu, and this has led to application of multiple systemic therapeutic strategies. The purpose of this study is to find the proportion of triple negative breast cancers in the study group and to compare the clinical features, natural history and outcome of Triple Negative Breast Cancer (TNBC) to other non-triple variants of breast cancers. Materials and methods: Analysis of retrospective clinical database was performed for 100 cases for the duration of 3 years (2017-2019). Clinical, histopathological and IHC patterns were compared under various headings. Results: Significant difference was found between the two groups in the variables such as age of diagnosis, tumor size, grade, lymphatic spread and prognosis. The patterns of reference amongst them show qualitative difference with triple negative group in view of risk of recurrence which peaked at 4 years and declined rapidly. On the contrary the others presented with constant risk of recurrence over a period of time. Conclusion: Triple Negative Breast Cancer has a more aggressive clinical setup as compared to others, although the findings are transient. The morphological characteristics alone cannot be used to classify breast cancers in two subtypes with different prognosis.

Superficial myofibroblastoma (SMF) of the lower female genital tract is a rare, recently recognized benign mesenchymal tumor. We report a very rare case of a superficial myofibroblastoma located in the hymenal ring of a 35 years old Virgin women. On examination, she had a circumscribed nodular mass, located in the posterior portion of the hymen, and exteriorized by the vulvar cleft, measuring approximately 34cm. The surgical treatment was based on local resection, and an hymenoplasty to preserve the virginity of our patient. The histopathological examination revealed a hypocellular tumor, composed of spindle tumor cells with myofibroblastic differentiation, and the presence of nuclear polymorphism, making it difficult to distinguich from a sarcamatous origin. The immunohistochemistry evaluation helped to obtain the diagnosis of SMF, by showing reactivity for estrogen and progesterone receptors, desmin, CD34. The knowledge of the clinicopathological aspect of superficial myofibroblastma is essential to distinguish it from the other mesenchymal lesions of the lower female genital tract. The treatment of this particular localization should consider the preservation of the hymenal ring especially in our cultural context.

Background: Gallstones are the major culprits for gallbladder pathologies. More than 95% of biliary tract disease is attributable to cholelithiasis (gallstones). Most patients are unaware of the disease and remain asymptomatic for life. Aim: To determine morphological characterization of gallstones in cholecystectomy specimens to understand its association with etiology. Material and Methods: All cholecystectomy specimens having gallstones received at the Department of Pathology over a period of four years were studied for morphological characterization. Results: Out of 178 gallbladders showing calculi, patients of 5thand 7th decade (24.15% and 21.92%) were commonly affected and majority were females (69%) when compared to males (31%). Most common calculi were mixed type of stones (64.04%). 48.88% gallbladders were having round to oval shaped calculi, 24.15% were polyhedral, multifaceted and 26.97% were irregular in shape. Conclusion: The population of the present study showed mixed type of calculi as common observation which depicts its etiology of change in lifestyle with following western diets and concurrent infectious cause.

Background: We evaluated the predictive power of the C-reactive protein (CRP)/albumin ratio for intraparenchymal injury and the severity thereof in patients with head trauma. Methods: One hundred and seventy-five consecutive adult patients with head trauma admitted to our tertiary care emergency department from January to December 2017 were included in this retrospective study. The patients were divided into the following two groups: those without (group 1) and with (group 2) pathological findings related to head trauma on cranial computed tomography (CCT). The patients were also divided into two subgroups based on the presence or absence of traumatic parenchymal lesions (e.g., brain swelling, cerebral contusion, intracerebral hematoma, and pneumocephalus, defined as traumatic brain injury (TBI). Observations and Results: CCT revealed that 124 (70.8%) patients had pathological findings (CCT+), of which skull fracture was the most common (n = 50 patients). Compared to head trauma patients without pathological lesions on CCT (group 2), the mean serum CRP/albumin ratio was significantly elevated in patients with pathological lesions (group 1). Of the 175 patients, 104 (59.4%) exhibited trauma-related parenchymal lesions on CCT. Compared to head trauma patients without TBI, the mean serum CRP/albumin ratio was markedly elevated in patients with TBI. Conclusions: An increase in the serum CRP/albumin ratio in patients with TBI enables discrimination of those with and without pathological lesions on CCT. The CRP/albumin ratio might be predictive of trauma-related parenchymal lesions in patients with head trauma.

Ovarian cancers account for about 3% of all cancers in women and is one of the leading causes of mortality among all cancers of the female genital tract. The study aimed to record the histopathological spectrum of ovarian neoplasms over two years in a tertiary care hospital. This retrospective study was done for a period of 2 years (JUNE 2017 to JUNE 2019) in the Department of Pathology, Narayana Medical College, Nellore. Here we studied 114 cases of ovarian mass specimens, which were fixed in 10%formalin. 4-5micrometer thick sections were cut on a microtome and stained by H and E stain for Histopathological Examination. In this study, 114 cases of ovarian neoplasms were analyzed. Out of these, 101 were benign, three were borderline and 10 were malignant. Histopathologically, surface epithelial tumors were the commonest (96). The second most common was germ cell tumor (10) followed by sex cord-stromal tumors (8). Benign tumors were frequent in 31-40 years of age, borderline tumors in 21-30 years of age, and malignant tumors in 41-50 years of age group. Ovary is a common site of neoplasia in the female genital tract and usually presents with a variety of clinicomorphological and histological features. The study revealed an increased incidence of malignancy because patients usually present in advanced stages of the disease, and this is an alarming finding.