The pectoralis major myocutaneous flap (PMMC) was first described by Pickrell in 1947, and perfected in 1979 by Ariyan. The reconstruction of oral cavity defects represent a challenge esthetically and functionally. The case reported, we reconstructed oral mucosa and skin cheek-labial in one-step procedure preserving the deltopectoral flap from the same side. The patient was a 55-year-old male who had sustained squamous cell carcinoma. The tumor ablation resulted in oral cavity exposure. A PMMC flap was used to reconstruct oral mucosa and skin cheek. We opted to preserve the deltopectoral flap in the event that skin island necrosis did occur. The pedicle pectoralis major myocutaneous (PMMC) flap based on the thoracoacromial artery procedure, has been widely used in the reconstruction of head and neck defects but in literature a few case of oral reconstruction is reported. PMMC flap applications mainly in oral cancer surgery include the tongue, floor of mouth, buccal, mandible reconstruction, reconstruction of full thickness defects of the cheek. It’s due to its simple technical aspects, versatility and proximity to the oral cavity region. Disadvantages of the PMMC are reported and minor complications that did not require second procedures. The use of PMMC flaps in reconstructive oral surgery is a safe, quick, one-step procedure, not requiring microvascular experience that is particularly indicated in elderly patients and/or those with severe medical comorbidities. Whether the low rate of complications and donor site morbidity, we consider that the well-being of the patient should not be underestimated.

In 2019, Santos Dumont Airport (SDU) completed 83 years of existence. The first civil transportation airport in Brazil was inaugurated on November 1936, while Rio de Janeiro was the Brazilian capital, two kilometers from the downtown area. To date, 29 thousand passengers are transported per day, approximately ten million per year, the second in public transportation in Rio de Janeiro, and the sixth Brazilian airport. On September 2019, SDU airport re-opened the two airport runways, closed for maintenance since August 12. Key findings pointed SDU airport important for regional flights in Rio, where Galeão International Airport (GIG) operates international flights. Also, despite the Brazilian capital has been changed from Rio to Brasilia, in 1961, SDU Airport, nevertheless, kept increasing civil transportation rates, due to its strategical location, in front of Guanabara Bay. Analysis of civil aviation in Brazil and worldwide, and discussion complete the present article.

The paper highlights the metallic contents of cosmetic product includes whitening cream and lipstick of different brand and colour and they are commonly used products in Bangalore city. Sample were analysed to determine the heavy metals like Copper (Cu), Iron (Fe) and Nickel (Ni) using Atomic absorption spectrophotometer (F-AAS). The heavy metals like Cu, Fe and Ni were detected in all the samples with varying concentration except iron, iron was below detectable level in lipstick samples. The concentrations (ppm) of Iron (Fe) ranged between BDL and 4.4881ppm in both lipstick samples and whitening creams samples. The concentration of Copper (Cu) ranged from 0.5392ppm to 0.5054ppm in lipstick samples and 0.5704ppm to 0.495ppm in whitening creams. The concentration of Nickel (Ni) ranged from 28.2911ppm to 26.713ppm in lipstick samples and 31.383ppm to 27.670ppm in whitening cream. The partial elimination of heavy metals from cosmetic products after manufacturing can be possible. However, the quality of the products can be improved by consideration of raw materials and heavy metal levels. The excessive use of cosmetics should be discouraged by public awareness. Therefore, efforts are necessary to make aware of the users and the general public especially pregnant women and children about the harmful consequences of cosmetics use. It is suggested to regular monitoring of heavy metals and chemicals used in cosmetics as pose health risk among the users.

With the end of the previous millennium and the entry of the new millennium, a new and somewhat strange war emerged. With the technological development and the invention of modern computers, this threat has become inevitable and imminent for both big and small countries. The new form of conflict is as challenging to international peace and security as the traditional ones and came with new threats that take place in a virtual battlefield known as cyberspace. Thus, cybercrimes, cyberterrorism and cyberwarfare came under the limelight on the international stage and became one of the primary concern of the world of the United States and other world powers. The western powers started considering cyberterrorism to be same with traditional terrorism and advocate for the application of equal measure to address it. The qualitative descriptive method of data analysis was utilized in making meaning out of the data collected from the secondary sources. It involves a descriptive summary of the information collected on specific events of the issues under study. This paper dwells on the phenomenon of cyberterrorism with inquisition of whether international law applies to cyberspace. Finally, some recommendations are offered on how to address the issue.

Gingival hyperplasia or enlargement is usually a secondary manifestation of underlying systemic diseases or drug induced or part of a syndrome. In certain cases if the causative factors of gingival enlargement are unknown, then it should be categorized as idiopathic gingival hyperplasia. We are presenting a case report of idiopathic gingival hyperplasia with the chief complaints of generalized gingival hyperplasia with supernumerary teeth mimicking Zimmermann Laband syndrome. The management of patients with idiopathic gingival hyperplasia should be thoroughly examined to rule out the known cause and blood samples should be taken to exclude blood dyscrasias.

Background: The patients with peripheral arterial disease (PAD) have impairment in lower limb function which negatively impacts mobility and daily activities. Over a period of time, the patients with PAD experience difficulty in their walking ability (i.e., walking distance, speed, and/or stair climbing). The reduced walking ability leads to the mobility loss and thereby an inability to perform the daily activities of live. Objective: This study highlights the gap in literature on the basis of the views of the patients as well as the experience of primary care health professionals on the diagnosis and the management of PAD. It also demonstrated the problems that the patients and the primary care health professionals experience regarding the PAD diagnosis and management, and reveals the issues that could explain the delayed in the diagnosis and under- management of PAD. It also throws light on the need for providing the information to PAD patients and also to motivate them for regular follow-up. A more proactive attitude is needed for early identification of PAD by probing for the symptoms during the routine interactions. Method: Semi-structured interviews and focus groups were conducted with PAD register patients (P; n = 20), practice nurses (PNs; n = 10), district nurses (DNs], n = 10), registered nurses (RN; n = 10), and General Physicians (GPs; n = 20). Results: The attitudes of health professionals towards PAD, difficulty in the accessing tests, and the delay in the patient reporting impacted upon the diagnosis. Some health professionals had a proactive while others had a reactive approach to PAD identification.

Objective: This study aims to estimate the prevalence of congenitally missing permanent teeth in a group of 5100 dental patients in Yemen. Methods: A total of 5100 digital panoramic radiographs were retrospectively examined for the presence of congenitally missing permanent teeth. The radiographs were obtained from the archival records of patients attending a local dental centers, and colleges of dentistry at the provinces of Ibb, Thamar, and Sana'a in Yemen. Results: A total of 293 congenitally missing teeth were observed in 165patients (136 females and 29males); the overall prevalence of congenitally missing teeth in permanent dentition was 3.23% (2.23% in males, 3.58% in females). Congenitally missing teeth was more prevalent in the maxilla (55%) than in the mandible (45%) and in the right side of the jaws (52.6%) than in the left side (47.4%). The most common congenitally missing permanent tooth was the maxillary lateral incisor (44.48%), followed by the mandibular 2nd premolar (34.48%), the maxillary 2nd premolar (15.51%), the mandibular lateral incisor (5.17%), and the maxillary canine (0.7%). Certain anomalies were co-existed along with tooth agenesis in 66 (40%) patients. Canine impaction was the most common among 29 (17.58%) patients followed by microdontia among 27 (16.37%) patients. Other anomalies present were transposed teeth among 4 (2.43%) patients, ectopic eruption among 4 2.43) %) patients and supernumerary among 2 (1.21%) patients. Canine impaction was commonly seen in relation to the lateral incisor agenesis followed by microdontia. The present study results give a clue of the magnitude of the problem, but further studies are required to identify the etiology of dental agenesis in Yemen.

Background: Iron deficiency anemia (IDA) has a negative impact on women reproductive health, causing impaired cognitive abilities and decreased physical performance. Aim: to assess the factors influencing iron treatment among anemic pregnant women. Research Design: Correlational descriptive research design was adopted for this study. Setting: The primary health care unit in El-Baranea is affiliated to directorate of health in Ashmon El-Menofea. Sample: A Purposive sample of 150 pregnant women was recruited for the study. Tool: Two tools were used for data collection I) structured interviewing questionnaire, II) Self-report practices questionnaire. Results: most of the sampled women had malpractices in their nutritional habits & in receiving the iron treatment although they complied to take iron treatment every day. There was a relationship between the level of knowledge about iron treatment and the level of education (p ≤ 0.05). Conclusion: There are many factors influencing iron treatment as women’s level of knowledge and malpractices in receiving their iron treatment. Recommendation: Continuous health education for all women who receive iron treatment should be provided in antenatal clinic.

People are transferring large amount of data that are critical and consume large amount of time through the Internet such as email, banking transaction and online purchase. But due to high exposure they are susceptible to being heavily attacked or become attractive targets for attackers. This can be solved by using a modern phenomenon called symmetric encryption. Symmetric encryption is used to ensure that information is hidden from anyone for whom it is not intended. This research conducted a performance evaluation of symmetric data encryption algorithms namely Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) and Blowfish. The evaluation is done for four different data types: image data type, audio data types, video data types and textual file data types. The performance evaluation metrics are encryption time and throughput. The prototype is developed using JAVA, compiled using the Netbeans IDE7.1.2 with default settings in jdk 7.1 development kit. Results obtained from this evaluation indicated that blowfish is more efficient than AES. But for Blowfish the encryption time sometime decreases with the increase in data size. This can be attributed to the fact that Blowfish uses 126, 192 or 256 key sizes.

The demand of aesthetic orthodontics has increased among young and adult population. The request for fast and invisible orthodontic treatment has encouraged the development of clear aligners. Clear aligners are considered as an alternative to dental braces. They are devices that use thermoplastic materials which apply pressure to teeth to move into the desired position. Dozens of company around world offer some type of clear aligner orthodontic product and is widely considered as the future of Orthodontics. Advantages of sequential aligner therapy has been discussed widely, this article discuss concerns and adverse effects and reactions associated with aligner therapy. However, until more clinical research becomes available, aligners cannot be routinely prescribed as an effective alternative to fixed labial appliances. Let us look before we leap.

Background: The retrohepatic segment of the inferior venacava lies in the groove on the posterior surface between caudate and the right lobe of the liver and has the hepatic veins opening into it, these openings are known as “Ostia Venae Hepaticae”. Aims & objectives: The aim of the present study is to analyse and interpret the axial direction course and its variations in the retrohepatic segment of inferior venacava in the Tamilnadu population. Material and Methodology: Seventy formalin-fixed adult liver specimens were taken for this study and carried out in the department of anatomy, SRMC &RI, during the year 2012-2015. To keep the liver in anatomical position to find out the axial direction in the retrohepatic segment of the inferior venacaval groove concerning the longitudinal axis of the liver, it was observed to have vertical, oblique toward left or curved toward left. Observation & Results: Our observation of the oblique axial direction of the RHIVC was close to the other observations reported by previous authors in Indians. The incidence of the left curve in the present study was close to the results reported by the majority of previous authors. The vertical orientation of RHIVC was similar to the results reported in the existing literature. In the present study in Tamilnadu population n=70, axial direction shows n=18-25.7%, vertical n=32 - 45.7%, oblique n=20 -28.5%. Conclusion: To conclude, this study re-emphasizes the vitality of the knowledge of the varied pattern of the retrohepatic segment of inferior vena cava in facilitating an accurate and better-designed road map for the hepatologists, liver transplant surgeons and interventional radiologists.

Introduction: Pseudoexfoliation syndrome is a recognized risk factor for developing glaucoma, cataract and lens dislocation. Pseudoexfoliation syndrome is also associated with increased risk of complications during cataract surgery due to poor mydriasis and zonular weakness. Objective: The aim is to find out the prevalence of glaucoma in Pseudoexfoliation syndrome patients attended to Shaheed Doctor Aso hospital, Sulaimaniya city, Kurdistan region of Iraq and Azadi Teaching Hospital, Kirkuk city - Iraq. Patients and Methods: This cross sectional study encompassed 378 patients (756 eyes) with whom the pseudoexfoliation syndrome was detected as an incidental finding aged 50 years or older. A detailed evaluation including general and ophthalmic history, slit lamp biomicroscopy, intraocular pressure measurement (TOPCON computerized tonometer CT-80 and Goldmann Applanation tonometer), gonioscopy (Goldmann three mirrors goniolens) and dilated eye examination were performed. Oral informed consent was obtained from all participants. Results: Out of the 378 patients who had pseudoexfoliation syndrome, 58 (15.3%) were diagnosed with pseudoexfoliation glaucoma and 34 patients (9%) with ocular hypertension. In the glaucomatous patients, men to women ratio was 2:1, this was statistically significant (p = 0.001). Most of patients in the age group (70-79) years of age, represent 23.3%. Bilateral Pseudoexfoliation syndrome was associated more with pseudoexfoliation glaucoma (58.6%), while unilateral pseudoexfoliation syndrome was associated more with ocular hypertension (64.7%). The Kurdish race patients expressed the highest prevalence of pseudoexfoliation glaucoma and ocular hypertension (31.5%) followed by the Arabic race (20%) and lastly the Turkmen (16%). Conclusion: Pseudoexfoliation syndrome showed to be a significant glaucoma risk factor locally, with a prevalence of (15.3%), and if we added the Ocular hypertension (9%), it will be (24.3%). Recommendation: Patients with Pse

Background: In the current era of globalization and modernization teaching - learning methods employed in medical education needs revamping to keep pace with the changing trends in teacher-student interactions and teaching-learning methods. Social media as an educational tool seems to be a promising adjunct to impart medical knowledge to the millennial minds. So, the current study was done with students studying anatomy in first year M.B.B.S 2017 – 2018 batch at GMC &ESICH, CBE to evaluate the usefulness of social media as an educational tool in learning anatomy. Aims & Objectives: To assess the impact and usefulness of social media in learning anatomy among students studying in first year M.B.B.S 2017 – 2018 batch at GMC &ESICH, CBE for a period of one year. Material and Methods: A questionnaire was prepared containing 9 questions pertaining to the usefulness of social media as a tool in the learning anatomy after getting ethical clearance. The same was given to 100 students studying in the first-year MBBS and their responses were collected and evaluated statically. Results: Out of 100 questionnaires distributed, all were completed, collected and evaluated (response rate: 100%). Of 100 students, 86% students felt that using social media helped them to understand the subject better, 81% students felt that social media tools they used made their learning experience enjoyable and subjects interesting, 67% students felt that they were motivated to learn more through social media and that they could inculcate the habit of learning through social media with ease, 52% of students answered positively for usefulness for all topics, 44% of students answered excellent as their overall rating, 41% of students felt that using social media tools was more time consuming, 38% of students felt that it was useful for preparing and facing their various theory and practical examinations, 16% of students reported using social media regularly for their study of anatomy. Conclusion: So

Laboratory testing plays a critical role in healthcare delivery with test results used for disease screening, diagnosis, treatment progress and prognosis. Some tests are performed outside the laboratory by non-laboratory trained individuals using Point of Care Testing (POCT) devices. We aimed to evaluate the knowledge, factors that may affect results generated, quality control practices and the importance of POCT regulation on the overall testing process. This is a prospective study which 70 POCT devices operators / users gave their consent at the University of Calabar Teaching Hospital. Pretested questionnaires were used as the tool for evaluation. The respondents were 70 in number including medical doctors (51.4%) and Nurses (45.7%). The most commonly used POCT devices included glucose meters (91.4%), urine testing strips (65.7%) and haemoglobin meters (25.7%). Other devices in use were bilirubin meters (5.7%) and cholesterol meters (1.4%). About half (56%) of respondents understood the test reaction principles of their devices. Accident and Emergency department had the highest use (37.1%). Quality control practices were undertaken by 24.3% of respondents. Majority (65%) of operators used their devices for monitoring the progression of illness. Opinion on the regulation of use of POCT was supported by most respondents. Periodically validating and calibrating POCT devices within the hospital by the central laboratory will go a long way to ensure uniform testing and improve result quality.

The existence of Indonesian Elementary Schools in Malaysia is difficult to detect. That is because there are many variations in the types of basic education, the status of parents in Malaysia as illegal workers, and the location of the organization in accordance with their workplace. All of the basic education units must all be prepared by the Indonesian government. This study aims to portray the provision of teachers who will be assigned to teach Indonesian primary schools in Malaysia. The research uses a case study method with a qualitative approach. The research subjects were the Indonesian teacher provider authority, consulate general, and the principal of the Indonesian primary school/ CLC in Malaysia. Data collection techniques with interviews, observation and focus group discussions. Data is processed inductively with flow analysis. The results showed that the provision of Indonesian primary school teachers in Malaysia had not met the needs in the field. Many problems in the field, among others: the provision of teachers has not been able to meet the number and quality of competencies, variations in basic education patterns, lack of guidance, limited learning space, and future unclear teacher career development. Suggestions to the authority of the teacher supply provider in order to be able to meet the teaching staff in accordance with the needs of the field and be able to overcome the shortage of teacher staff.