Aims: Abruptio placenta which is a major cause of maternal morbidity and perinatal mortality globally is of serious concern in the developing world. We retrospectively analysed the abruptio placenta cases and evaluated its impact on maternal and fetal outcomes. Materials and methods: This is a retrospective study conducted in department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology at GGH, KADAPA from April 2018 to June 2019. Patients of abruptio placenta with more than 28 weeks of gestation, presenting with antepartum haemorrhage and their maternal and fetal outcome is evaluated. Results: In our study period we encountered 30 abruptio placenta cases. In 30 patients 11(36%) patients were presented with preeclampsia, 18(60%) patients were multiparous, and almost all the patients were having anaemia. These were considered as risk factors for abruptio placenta. All the cases were referred from nearby PHC to our tertiary care hospital, GGH, KADAPA. In our study 3(10%) patients developed complications, in that 2(6.6%) patients developed Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC) and 1(3.33%) patient had acute kidney injury and no maternal deaths encountered in our study. Regarding fetal outcome 22(73.33%) patients presented with IUFD by the time of presentation to the hospital and 1(3.33%) stillbirth, 2(6.6%) babies admitted in SNCU and 5(16.66%) were having good Apgar. Conclusion: We observed that higher incidence of anaemia, multiparity and preeclampsia as risk factors in our study population. We need to motivate public regarding the importance of antenatal care, improvement in nutritional status and create awareness about family planning practices. We noticed that early identification and intervention can prevent maternal and perinatal mortality.

HCC is the one of the most common of cancers and now according to world statistics it accounts for fifth most common types of cancer in the world. The mortality is very high and it second leading cancer in terms of cancer-related mortality in the world. The frequency has been on a study rise in the last one or two decades. It is one of the serious malignancies and has one of the worst prognoses in terms of morbidity and mortality. The numbers are expected to increase in the next decade or two as more and more urbanisation and industrialisation are happening thus indirectly leading to life style modifications. Liver is the mainly concerned with the metabolism and it is easily targeted as it is the first line of defence or contact as far as the ingestion is concerned. Toxic environment is one of the most important causes. With increase in the incidence and prevalence of the toxic substances being ingested and also the unhealthy life style followings is being practised, more number of cases is expected to encounter. If global scenario is considered then higher incidence is reported in the developed and industrialised nations. This study puts in an effort to profile the Hepato-Cellular Carcinoma cases.

Heart disease is a major cause of mortality and morbidity in pregnant women. It is reported in 0.2 to 4% of all pregnancies. The incidence of heart disease in pregnancy has increased in the last two decades due to better surgical treatment for congenital heart disease, due to which more number of women are surviving to reach adulthood and opting to conceive and continue pregnancy. Pregnancy is associated with major physiological adaptations in to ensure adequate blood supply to uterus and to ensure blood supply to growing fetus. The net result is increase in cardiac output, plasma volume, heart rate and decrease in systemic vascular resistance. Risk assessment in pregnancy is based on CARPREG scoring system. Patient should be informed about the increased chance of miscarriage, prematurity and fetal growth restriction. If pregnant female is on warfarin it needs to be switched to heparin at pregnancy detection and again at 36 weeks. In general, vaginal delivery is preferred and delivery should occur in tertiary centres with readily available team of cardiologist, anesthetist, senior obstetrician and neonatologist.

Rhinosporidiosis is a chronic granulomatous mucocutaneous infecion caused by Rhinosporidium seeberi. The infection is non-contagious and as the name suggests, it is primarily a disease of the nose. Here, we report a rare case of rhinosporidiosis affecting the nasopharynx in a 35 year old male patient.

Ameloblastomas are bening intraosseous lesions affecting maxillary jaws. They originate from the epithelium involved with the formation of teeth such as enamel, odontogenic rests of Malassez, reduced enamel epithelium and odontogenic cyst lining. Thus, the hypothesis of transformation of a dentigerous cyst into an ameloblastoma was suggested in the literature. These lesions are locally invasive and can grow to infiltrate soft tissues. The risk of recurrence after surgical treatment is important and a long term survey is indicated. The aim of this paper is to demonstrate the diagnostic dilemma in front of a well-defined radiolucent lesion of the mandibule associated to an impacted wisdom tooth and the diffuclties on therapeutic decision. A healthy 34-year-old man referred to our dentistry department complaining about the recurrence of inflammatory episodes associated with tooth number 48. The radiological examination showed a large well limited radiolucent lesion related to tooth number 48, situated in the ramus region. The patient underwent tooth extraction and cystic enucleation. The anatomopathological examination confirmed the diagnosis of a follicular ameloblastoma. Nevertheless, the cystic wall showed both a detigerous cystic portion in one part and a follicular ameloblastoma segment in another part, confirming the hypothesis of ameloblastoma transformation of a detnigerous cyst.

Bushke-Lowenstein Tumor Giant or Condyloma Acuminata is a rare neoplasm induced by an oncogenic human papilloma virus (HPV 11 and 6). It is a sexually transmitted disease. Despite of its indolent character it can probably degenerate to an aggressif epidermoid carcinoma like in our observation. We report the case of a patient who developed this tumor with locoregional destruction .The Aim of this work is to describe this pathology via a literature review.

Background: Child abuse is a serious problem causing physical, social and psychosocial harm to the children. Aim: To evaluate the effect of educational protocol in improving mothers’ knowledge, practice and attitude about child abuse. Design: A quasi-experimental research design [pretest -posttest] was used. Setting: At the out patient’s clinics at Zagazig University Hospitals. Sample: A purposive sample consisted of 100 mothers participated in this study and they were chosen according to inclusion criteria. Tools: Four tools were used; Interview questionnaire sheet, Mother's knowledge about child abuse, Child Abuse Prevention Attitude Scale, Check List for Expressed Practices on Child Abuse. Results: Revealed that most of the mothers were secondary education, house wives and from rural areas, there were statistical significant differences between pre\posttests regarding knowledge, practice, attitudes for the mothers regarding child abuse and there was negative association among the incidence of child abuse and the level of knowledge, practice, and attitude of their mothers. Conclusion: The applying of educational protocol for mothers was effective in enhancing their knowledge, practice, and attitudes regarding child abuse. Recommendation: Educational pamphlets about child abuse and its prevention strategies should be given to mothers in different settings such as, clinics, worksites and health care centers, and also establishing child abuse prevention programs at schools could be helpful.

Background: The major source of blood supply to long bones is by nutrient arteries in phases of ossification as well as during growth period Aim: to study the nutrient foramina of human femora and its surgical significance. Materials and Methods: 114 Dry femora (Right: 58, Left: 56) were collected from under graduate medical students and from the Department of Anatomy, Kurnool Medical College, Andhra Pradesh to study the morphometry of the nutrient foramina of human femora and its surgical significance. All the femur bones observed for number of nutrient foramen (NF) and location of nutrient foramen in the present study. The total length of each bone and distance of nutrient foramen from the proximal end of the bone was measured by using Osteometric board. Results: We noted 56 bones with single nutrient foramen on right femur bones, 2 bones noted with double nutrient foramen and also noted 55 bones with nutrient foramen on its linea aspera, 3 bones with nutrient foramen on its lateral surface out of 58 right femur bones in the present study. We noted 53 bones with single nutrient foramen on left femur bones, 3 bones noted with double nutrient foramen and also noted 52 bones with nutrient foramen on its linea aspera, 3 bones with nutrient foramen on its lateral surface, 1 bone with nutrient foramen on its medial surface out of 56 left femur bones in the present study. Conclusion: Variations in nutrient foramina is of great importance in understanding the blood supply of the femur bone for surgical procedures.

Family planning services are important for the health of mothers and babies, Family planning services are important for the health of mothers and babies, preventing both unwanted pregnancies and superfecundity. Sanliurfa has the highest fertility rate in Turkey, and the rate of giving birth at very young and old ages and mother-baby deaths are also high there. Therefore, it is important to encourage access to and use of family planning services among men in Sanliurfa, which has a patriarchal societal structure. This study aimed to determine the knowledge, opinions, and behaviors regarding FP methods among married men living in Sanliurfa, Turkey. The sample of this cross-sectional study included 300 married men aged over 18. The study found that married men living in Sanliurfa had a high level of knowledge about family planning methods; however, their use of family planning methods was low. They also held the opinion that men should actively take part in the use of family planning methods. Language and social insurance were found to be the most important factors affecting men’s use of family planning methods.

Water for human consumption may contain pollutants, so it needs to be treated. A natural clay, Bildet Omar bentonite (southern Algeria), was purified and characterized by calcination, pH-metry, IR, XRD and SEM. The results obtained showed that the clay has a conductance of 66.4 μS, a cation exchange capacity (CEC) of 0.91 meq / g and contains 12% of organic matter. Characterizations by IR, XRD and SEM showed that Maghnia bentonite (B) is composed of quartz as major impurity, illite (7%) and mainly montmorillonite. This clay was saturated with sodium (Na +) and associated with iron (III), aluminum (III) and copper (II). The latter are inserted, by couple (Al-Cu, Fe-Cu and Fe-Al, 50 - 50% in atoms), in the inter-sheet space of the soda montmorillonite. The mass ratio metals / B is equal to 0.0625. The samples obtained are applied to fix the organic matter (MO) wastewater, very heavy, the city of Touggourt (southeastern Algeria). These organic materials represent 60% of suspended matter (MES). This work involves the study of urban wastewater treatment in the Touggourt town by natural processes. Water is used red and green clay from the region of Bildet Omar, it shows the importance of effective treatment of wastewater by clay. The results obtained show that: • The best clarification is achieved with the use of clay • Parallel treatment significantly reduces organic matter. • The use of yellow clay leads to a better elimination of turbidity and organic matter.

Nanotechnology has proven to be a boon to entire field of dentistry. This review article provides update about nanotechnology in orthodontics and various treatment modalities available with newer technology especially in field of dentistry.

Introduction: Fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) has become popular as a valuable tool in preoperative assessment of breast masses, helping the clinician to plan appropriate management. It is a rapid, simple, cost - effective procedure with minimal complications. Aims and Objectives: 1) To assess distribution pattern of non-malignant breast lesions. 2) To evaluate diagnostic accuracy of FNAC with cytohistological correlation. Materials and Method: Cross-sectional descriptive study with the use of secondary data was done for 2 years, including all the non-neoplastic and benign neoplastic cases where FNAC on breast lumps was performed in the department of Pathology, SDM College of Medical Sciences, Dharwad, Karnataka, India. Cases where the aspirate were acellular or hemorrhagic and malignant breast neoplasms were excluded from the study. FNAC slides were collected from the departmental archive and were reviewed. Results: Of the total 339 cases, 11 (5.60%) were males and 328 (94.39%) were females. Age group ranged from 10 to 70 years. Fibroadenoma was the most common lesion (72.27%). 98 cases were followed up with biopsy, out of which 95 cases were concordant and 3 were discordant. Diagnostic accuracy of FNAC was found to be 96.93%. Conclusion: The most common benign breast lesion was found to be fibroadenoma. Discordance rate of FNAC was 3.06%. Hence, FNAC is a valuable tool in the evaluation of non-malignant breast lesions.

Introduction: Ovarian lesions are commonly encountered lesions of diverse morphological spectrum that may develop from neonatal period to post-menopause. They are amongst the most frequent cause of hospitalization and surgery in gynaecological practice. Distinguishing non-neoplastic lesion from a neoplastic lesion on the basis of clinical, radiological or gross characteristics alone is a challenge, thus histopathological examination is must as it is also important in guiding therapy. Objectives: This study was undertaken to study the various histopathological patterns of ovarian lesions, their classification and relative distribution of these lesions. Material and Methods: This is a retrospective study of ovarian lesion specimen that was received in the Histopathology section of our department over a period of 5 years from January 2013 to December 2017. Results: A total of 190 cases of ovarian lesions were included in this study with age range from 14 years to 75 years. 106 were non-neoplastic and 84 were neoplastic in nature. Functional cyst including Corpus luteal cyst was the commonest non-neoplastic lesion (26 cases) followed by 21 cases each of endometriotic cyst and simple cyst. Out of 84 neoplastic lesions, 74 were benign, 3 were Borderline and 7 were malignant in nature. Serous cystadenoma was the commonest benign lesion and Serous carcinoma was the most common malignant tumor in our study. Conclusions: Ovarian lesions comprises of wide spectrum of lesions and their presenting clinical, radiological and gross features are very similar. Hence Histopathology forms the mainstay of definitive diagnosis and categorization of these lesions.

Objectives: To find the prevalence & clinical profile of various benign breast lesions in females presenting with breast lump and to establish its cytohistologic correlation. Methods: A prospective study was conducted in the Department of Pathology, Chirayu Medical College and Hospital, Bhopal [M.P]. A total of 203 patients were diagnosed with benign breast lesions both by Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology and Hisopathology over a period of twenty four months. Data including age, complaints and clinical examination was collected from patients presented for FNAC in Cytology Department with Breast complains. Result: Benign breast lesions are more common in younger age group. Of 203 cases 47.3% belongs to 3rd decade of life (Age 21-30yrs) followed by 31% from 4th decade (31-40). The commonest mode of presentation was Lump in breast in 55.7% cases. The spectrum of lesions were Fibroadenoma 54.2% (n=110), Fibrocystic disease 14.3% (n=29), Fibroadenoma with atypia 3.9% (n=8), Granulomatous mastitis 3.4% (n=7), Breast abscess 4.9% (n=10), Galactocele 2.0% (n=4) and Acute mastitis 3.0% (n=6), Papillary lesion 3.4% (n=7), Phyllodes 2.0% (n=4), Duct ectasia 1% (n=2), Fat necrosis 0.5 % (n=1). Histology was available for 117 cases. No discrepancy was noted. Conclusion: It is essential to diagnose the Breast lesions at the earliest for appropriate management. Diagnosis by FNAC is safe, easy, accurate and economical procedure with easy repeatability, yielding quick results and reducing the need for open biopsies in the reproductive age group. Confirmation of diagnosis by Clinical Examination, FNAC and Histopathology is an important part of diagnostic workup.

Globally cervical cancers affect about 15% of the women and are the second most common cancer among female population. A dramatic reduction has been observed in the incidence and mortality of cervical cancer after the introduction of Pap test. This study was carried out to assess the role of pap test in cervical cytology and to determine the prevalence of various lesions. This cross sectional study was carried out among 400 patients who attended Gynaecology. Out Patient department. Smears were taken from female patients in the age group of 30-60years with complaints like frothy white discharge, post-coital bleeding, intermenstrual bleeding, dyspaerunia and lower abdominal pain. After fixation in 95% alcohol and staining, each smear was carefully examined. The cytological smears were made by staining under Papanicolaou’s technique and interpreted using new 2001 Bethesda system. Although majority of the smears were negative for any intraepithelial lesion or malignancy, (87.3%), inflammation was present in 69.7% of the smears and 62.5% showed non specifc inflammation. In addition, 28(7.0%) showed candida infection and 1(0.25%) had evidence of Trichomonas infection. Pap test continues to be an essential screening tool to detect early cervical lesions. In addition, it pap test is useful in highlighting the significance of screening test in women of both reproductive and postmenopausal age groups.