The periodontal disease is basically a multi-factorial disease that is impacted by many components of the periodontal tissue. If the periodontal disease is left untreated it can cause many severe complications of the oral cavity. The plaque can be prevented by maintaining proper oral hygiene and also visiting the dentist. The attitude and awareness of the people about the periodontal surgery is of utmost importance. The main aim of this study was study the attitude and awareness about the periodontal surgery among the population of Jizan in Saudi Arabia. The population of Jizan answered the questionnaire related to the attitude and awareness about the periodontal surgery. Periodontitis may lead to high risk of multiple tooth loss which eventually lead to edentulism. The results of this survey showed that 32 (32.8%) of the participants were in the age group of 31-40 years and majority of the people were females about 59 (60.2%). This survey about the attitude and awareness about the periodontal surgery is a stepping stone in spreading the knowledge and awareness in the population of Jizan, Saudi Arabia.

Background: Inguinal hernia is the most common surgical disorder occurring in young as well as elder males worldwide. Management wise there are many surgeries available in both tissue-based hernia repair as well as commonly practised prolene mesh inguinal hernia repair. New technique has developed, desarda hernia repair, is the tissue-based hernia repair in which, an un-detached strip of external oblique aponeurosis is used to repair the posterior wall of inguinal canal. This study compares the outcome of both desarda repair and lictenstein mesh hernia repair. Methods: Hospital based interventional study included 100 patients diagnosed with inguinal hernia and were divided into two groups, D (50 patients) for desarda technique and L (50 patients) for lictenstein repair. Outcomes measured were post operative complications as seroma, hematoma, orchitis, early and late postoperative pain, chronic pain and last was the recurrence. Hospital stay was also taken into consideration and follow up was done on day 7, 1 month, 6 months and 1 year after surgery. Results: During follow up, 10 patients suffered from chronic pain in lictenstein group compared to 5 patients in desarda group which was not significant (p = O.262). 1 Recurrence was seen both groups (p = 1). Seroma was seen in 2 patients in desarda and nil in L group whereas hematoma was seen more in L group. Conclusion: Results were comparable in both the groups, desarda being a new technique can be used in young patients to avoid complications most probably seen in mesh hernia repair.

Introduction: Mandibular third molars are the most frequently affected by impaction. No previous study had been conducted in the Jazan region. Aim of the study: To evaluate the prevalence and patterns of third molar impaction among the Jazanian subpopulation in the southwestern region of Saudi Arabia. Materials and methods: A retrospective study was conducted involving the analysis of the orthopantomograms (OPG) of 1012 patients who attended the Jazan University College of Dentistry. The OPGs were selected randomly from patient records to examine the frequency and pattern of third molar impaction. Data were analyzed, and p < 0.005 was set as significant. Results: A total of 1012 subjects were included, among whom 550 (54.3%) were males. The largest age group was 18–32 years old and accounted for 533 (52.67%) of the subjects. The number of subjects with impacted tooth/teeth was 668 (66%), and frequencies and percentages among the right and left sides did not considerably differ. The number of impacted third molars in mandibular arches was higher than that in maxillary arches. Impactions in Position C were usually in the maxillary arch (116, 11.47%), whereas those in Position A were common in the mandible. Vertical and mesioangular impacted angulations were frequent in the mandibular arch (162, 22.0% and 118, 11.7%). Cases of distolingual impaction were high in the maxillary arch (96, 9.6%). Class II impacted teeth in relation to the ramus were the highest in the right (259, 25.6%), and left (239, 23.62%), followed by Class I impactions. Conclusion: The prevalence of impacted third molars was slightly higher in the Jazan region than in other regions in Saudi Arabia.

Background: Hypertensive disorders in pregnancy is one of the major causes of maternal and neonatal morbidity, mortality, premature birth, intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR), and low birth weight and solely maternal mortality is account for 10-15% of maternal deaths in developing countries. Each year, an estimated 2.9 million babies die during the neonatal period and 2.6 million babies are stillborn around the world due to presence of PIH in pregnancy. According to WHO 2018, the rate of stillbirth is 21.9 per 1000 births in women with a pregnancy induced hypertension (PIH). The objectives of the study is to estimate the prevalence of pregnancy induced hypertension during pregnancy in a selected rural health center in Bangladesh. Methods & Materials: A descriptive cross sectional study was carried out and a semi-structured questionnaire was used to capture demographic data, obstetric history and on PIH status. The study was conducted from June 2019 to November, 2019. The 80 pregnant women with on or above 20 weeks of gestation admitted in the Shaheed Ziaur Rahman Medical College Hospital, Bogura, Bangladesh or who sought outdoor service were enrolled in the study through purposive sampling technique who met the inclusion criteria. Data on PIH was extracted based on hypertension with on or above systolic and diastolic blood pressure140 mmHg and 90 mmHg respectively and presence of anemia, oedema, vertigo, sudden weight gain, insomnia and oliguria throughclinical examination and measuring blood pressure (BP) using predesigned and pretested questionnaire. Results: The mean age of the women was found to have24.72 (±SD). The prevalence of Pregnancy Induced Hypertension (PIH) was found 7/80×100 = 8.75%. More than 57% of PIH was mild, followed by around 29% and 14% of PIH were moderate and severe respectively. History of hypertension, LUCS (The lower uterine segment cesarean section), abortion and stillbirth were found 5 (6.25%), 17 (21.25%), 21 (26.25%) and 13 (16.25%)

Dermatoglyphics is the branch of science that deals with the study of ridge patterns on fingertips, palm, soles, and toes. These patterns can serve as a noninvasive, cost-effective tool that can be used for the prediction of bronchial asthma. Objective: The present study was undertaken to study ‘atd,’ ‘adt,’ and ‘dat’ angles in bronchial asthma patients in comparison with controls. Materials & methods: palm prints were taken from 250 clinically diagnosed asthma patients from our hospital. Those prints were compared with 250 controls amongst the medical students and staff from the same hospital. Palmar prints were taken by standard ink method. From the palm print, the angles were measured and compared. Result: angles taken were analyzed between the patients, and the control group of individuals showed the statistical difference. Conclusion: we conclude that there is a genetic influence on the dermatoglyphic pattern, which can serve as a non-invasive, anatomical marker, and a predictor tool to determine the individuals with bronchial asthma.

In recent years, the global environmental problems have become more and more serious, among which the global climate change issue is the most noticeable. As U.S. President Donald Trump announced his withdrawal from the Paris Agreement, the international community has raised new concerns about the sharing of the global environment burden, and the issue of climate justice has attracted more and more attention from the international community. How to deepen the international environmental law principle of "common but differentiated responsibilities" with the relevant ethics of climate justice will be an indispensable theoretical guide for global environmental governance in the future.

The vessel arrival pattern is the basis of research on the port management including berth assignment, quay crane assignment and yard operations. The hypothesis that vessel arrival pattern follows the Poisson distribution (or the inter-arrival time of two consecutive vessel arrivals follows the exponential distribution) is regularly adopted by many researchers. This paper focuses on the vessel arrival pattern at the Hong Kong Port and examines the hypothesis mentioned above based on the real data. The chi-square test method is employed to check the hypothesis under the parameter the result shows the vessel arrival pattern does not follow the Poisson distribution. Researching into the arrival data, we find that there is peak time from 8 to 9 o’clock. Considering the peak time and normal time, respectively, we find that the vessel arrival pattern at both times follows the Poisson distribution. The conclusion is tested in different data set using the chi-square test.

Background: The prevalence and incidence of type 2 diabetes are rising rapidly worldwide, especially in Asia. Diabetes has been linked to a shorter life expectancy mainly because of its complications, including heart disease, strokes, eye disease, and kidney failure and bone disease. The aim of the study was to examine the relationship between high sensitive C reactive protein (hsCRP) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) in type 2 diabetes patients. Furthermore, we investigated correlation between serum hsCRP and ALP level with glycaemic triad (FBS, PPBS, HbA1c) in case and control group. Methods: A cross sectional study consists of 200 patients out of which 100 normal healthy controls (Group I), case - 100 patients having type 2 DM (Group II). FBS, PPBS, HbA1c, hsCRP and ALP were measured. Results: Mean serum hsCRP and ALP level were statistically significantly higher in case group compared to control group. Moreover, significant positive correlation was observed between hsCRP and ALP level as well as both with FBS, PPBS and HbA1c. Conclusions: Oxidative stress and inflammation appears to be a key component and also associated with poor glycaemic control and further pathogenesis of diabetes and its complications. All our finding suggesting a link between oxidative stress, inflammation and glycaemic control in patient with type 2 diabetes mellitus.

In Tanzania, education is conceived as a strategic agent for mindset transformation and for the creation of a well-educated nation, sufficiently equipped with the knowledge needed to competently and competitively solve the development challenges facing the nation. Based on this conviction, the government adapted the Big Results Now Initiative (BRN) from the Malaysian government in 2013 so as to realize its educational goals. The Big Results Now Initiative was aimed at improving students’ academic performance by fast-tracking the quality of secondary school education. It focused on delivering defined goals at a predetermined timeline; that is, from 2013 to 2016. This paper provides an empirical overview on the implementation of Big Results Now initiative in Tanzania and its efficacy on students’ academic performance in secondary schools. Big Results Now readiness dimensions and rationale is first presented alongside the nexus between implementation and academic performance in secondary schools. The paper concludes that the implementation of Big Results Now Initiative in Tanzania has had some noticeable effects on the academic performance in secondary schools. However, a lot still need to be done in as far as bridging the existing discrepancy between implementation and quality academic performance. It is recommended that the implementation of important educational initiatives like BRN should follow a bottom-up approach- for a sense of ownership and for a desirable attention to detail. Furthermore, the government should not wholly depend on donors to finance the implementation of educational policies and/or initiative but rather engage the local citizenry.

Aim: The main objective of the study is to assess and compare the skeletal and dental changes obtained before and after treatment using centrographic analysis in patients with class II skeletal base using three different treatment modalities - Functional, Fixed Functional and Surgical (BSSO advancement). Materials and methods: A sample of 240 retrospectively collected pre-and post-treatment lateral cephalograms of class II malocclusion treated by orthodontics or orthodontic-surgical combined approach are included. The samples are grouped as Group I - Functional appliances (Twin Block appliance), Group II - Fixed functional appliances (AdvnSync II) and Group III - Surgical (BSSO advancement). The lateral cephalograms are traced and analysed using Centro-graphic analysis on FACAD 3.10 (Ilexis AB, Sweden). The post-treatment cephalograms are analysed to compare the treatment outcomes amongst the groups. Results: The results show high statistical significance in post-treatment class II skeletal correction among the three groups — also, a sharp reduction in the prognathic maxilla in the fixed functional group. The post-treatment mandibular prognathism was observed in the functional and surgical group. In terms of vertical component, the most significant neutral position of FC was found to be in the fixed functional group. Conclusion: This study primarily establishes a non-numerical method of evidence of highly significant mandibular changes were observed across the three groups. The most effectively treated subjects were found to be of the BSSO advancement group followed by functional and fixed functional groups, respectively.

To study the role of the obstetric risk factors for low birth weight and preterm birth. A case-control study was carried out in 2017 at the University Hospital – Pleven; 1212 women in childbirth and 1212 live-born babies after single pregnancies were included in the study. The live-born infants were divided into two groups. The cases included the preterm low-birth-weight (PLBW) newborns weighing less than 2500 grams (g). The controls included full-term newborns with normal birth weight (FTNBW). The role of 8 obstetric risk factors (RFs) on PLBW was studied (maternal age, type of birth, amniotic fluid deficiency and congenital abnormalities, maternal pelvic size abnormalities, placental abnormalities, abnormalities of fetal membranes, umbilical cord abnormalities, and presentation of the fetus). The obstetric RFs were significantly associated with PLBW. Risk of PLBW is significantly higher (p=0.001) in breech presentation (exp (β)=6.622), placental abnormalities (exp (β)=5.556), maternal pelvic size abnormalities (exp (β)=4.426) and amniotic fluid deficiency and congenital abnormalities (exp (β)=2.903). The results of that study can be useful for effecting prevention programing of pregnancy and prematurity.

Background: Oral and dental problem is common among many Nigerian populace. The human oral cavity is one of the most dynamic habitats for numerous bacterial species where they undergo intense interspecies competition to form multispecies biofilm structure. Aim: The present study was designed to assess the oral bacterial profile and antibiogram of Adult Patients receiving dental care at Babcock University Teaching Hospital (BUTH), Ilishan-Remo Ogun State. Methods: A total of 200 oral swab samples were collected from 200 consenting participants (100 males and 100 females). The oral swab samples were cultured on Blood agar, MacConkey agar and Mannitol salt agar and incubated at 37oC. Gram staining, motility test and routine biochemical tests were done for the identification and characterization of the bacterial isolates. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was carried out using the disc diffusion method. Data obtained were analysed using SPSS Statistics software package (version 18.0). Results: The bacterial species isolated include: Streptococcus viridans, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Enterobacter spp, Streptococcus pyogenes, Enterococcus feacalis, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, and Escherichia coli. Out of the 288 bacterial isolates obtained, 139 (65.5%) of the oral bacteria isolates were non-pathogenic in nature, while 69 (34.5%) were pathogenic. The pathogenic organism with the highest percentage occurrence was Enterobacter spp (37.7%), followed by Streptococcus pyogenes (24.6%), Enterococcus feacalis (19.7%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (9.8%), Staphylococcus aureus (4.9%) and the least being Escherichia coli (3.3%). Most of the Gram positive bacteria were sensitive to Augmentin, Sulbactomas, Cefroxime, Ciprofloxacin, Levofloxacin, Erythromycin and Azithromycin; while most of the Gram negative bacteria were sensitive to Augumentin, Cefotaxime, Nalidixic acid, Nitrofurantoin and Gentamycin. Conclusion: Pathogenic bacteria capable of causing oral and dental pr

The objective of present investigation is to prepare and optimize an oral floating alginate gel beads of Diclofenac sodium using sodium alginate and oils was utilized as a dispersed phase to generate a uniform emulsion to create multiple tiny chambers in the alginate matrix for better buoyancy. Diclofenac sodium loaded beads were prepared by emulsion gelatin method. In this method pre gelation liquid of sodium alginate solution (2-4% w/v) was prepared. Oil (Light liquid paraffin, coconut oil, and olive oil) in the concentration (10%, 20% and 30%, was then added to the polymer solution. From the results formulation F3 was chosen as the most optimized formulation as it possessed all the required physicochemical characters and sustained drug release. The in vitro release data fitted with higher values in matrix model and the release was found to be Non- Fickian diffusion (anomalous transport) as the n value is in between 0.5 to 1. Entrapment efficiency and drug release of optimized batch FL3 were found to be 78.22% and 92.63% respectively. Drug absorption from the gastrointestinal tract is highly variable process and prolonging gastric retention of the dosage form is a challenging task. Under such circumstances, floating drug delivery system proves to be promising approach for gastric retention. The optimization of floating, drug entrapment efficiency and drug release behavior of Diclofenac beads was done by applying design expert

Management of patients in emergency departments is an important indicator of the quality of a healthcare system. In selected patients with acute appendicitis can we treat them by antibiotic therapy alone? The study aimed to assess the long-term efficacy of non-operative treatment in the management of uncomplicated acute appendicitis. A Prospective Cohort study was carried out in a periphery hospital, it included adult female patients satisfied the research criteria (January 2017 to December 2018). Those were including the clinical signs and symptoms of acute appendicitis, and radiological findings suggestive for acute appendicitis. Nonsurgically treated patients were divided in two groups based on the treatment outcome either successful or unsuccessful. It included 52 patients their mean age was 25.2±9.7 years. The majority were from the age group > 20 -30 years (46.2%). All had right iliac fossa pain, tenderness and rebound tenderness. Only in 43 (82.7%) patients the ultrasound was diagnostic. All patients received combined antibiotics in the form of intravenous 3rd generation Cephalosporin 1 gm twice a day and Metronidazole 500 mg three times a day. Successful cases were discharged on oral antibiotics for further 7 days. Successful, failure and recurrence rate were 93.8%, 7.69% and 6.3% respectively. Satisfaction questionnaire was filled by patients who treated conservatively and it revealed that 96.2% were satisfied from such type of management. In conclusion, the use of antibiotics for suspected acute non complicated appendicitis is effective and may avoid unnecessary appendectomy. Once nonsurgical management is started, close monitoring of patient's clinical condition is mandatory.

Sixty six (64) Sprague- dawley rats (average weight 150 - 240 g) of each sex were used for the experiment. The animals were acclimatized, maintained and housed in laboratory for 28 days. At the end of the study animals were anesthetized and were sacrificed by cervical decapitation. Blood was collected via cardiac puncture and studied for White blood cells (WBC), Red blood cells (RBC), Haemoglobin (HGB), Hematocrite (HCT), and Platelets (PLT) by Using Operon hematology analyzer. In the present study, hematological findings among the treated and control groups of rats, we found that the hematological parameters were disturbs on the treatment of anti -TB drugs ETH and PAS. Whereas we observed that after administration of seed extract of Piper nigrum independently or in combination with the anti -TB drugs, the hematological parameters were improved towards normalization.