This research was prompted by a reflection on the level of preparation and the way in which the course of Principles of Economic Theory is taught at the last grade of secondary education in Greece. Under the Greek system of access to tertiary education, this course determines, to a large extent, admission to university departments of economics. The research was conducted with students in a department of economics by investigating the degree of satisfaction from their high school preparation in relation to their decision to attend private supplementary teaching for the national admission exams to tertiary education. Additionally, there was an investigation into the choices of the educators as to the way in which the course in question was taught.

Economic diversification entails the process of reducing dependence on single source of income or output generation. The basic idea behind economic diversification, therefore, is to develop the kind of diverse sectors that make significant value addition in an economy rather than relying on a single sector. It is in this backdrop that the present study is articulated to shed light on the pattern of economic diversification among the countries of the Middle Eastern region. The present paper employed two measures of diversification such as share of employment and value added of a particular sector in Gross Value Added over the period 1970-2016. The study has found that the region as a whole is witnessing economic diversification in terms of both the criterions at a moderate speed. Dynamic tradeable sectors should be developed in order to enhance the pace of economic diversification to strengthen macro-economy.

The Integrated Management System (IMS) could consider as one of the most important factors that eases the process of integrating many quality and safety management systems into one system to facilitate the implementation of the systems requirements. Jubail Technical Institute (JTI) obtained ISO 9001 certificate in 2015, followed by several certificates such as ISO 22000, OHSAS 18001 and ISO 10015 respectively. These certificates and others made it necessary for JTI to unify efforts and increase the effectiveness of meeting the requirements of these systems. The used tool for achieving these purposes was the MISWEB which is an internal website that organizes the integration of quality and safety management systems in IMS and provides many internal services. Throughout the MISWEB, JTI has been developed many electronic procedures, documents and forms to communicate them for the sake of increasing the use of forms, procedures. In this case study, the impact of IMS (ISO 9001, ISO 22000, OHSAS 18001 and ISO 10015) through MISWEB was measured. Specifically, the satisfaction rates of the faculty members, and the administrative staff on the procedures, forms and documents of IMS. Many tools and methods such as the tables, figures, and shape in addition to the Likert scale for the surveys were used to illustrate the impact of the IMS. A group of faculty members and the administrative staff have been surveyed over five years. The number of those samples from the two surveys were (152, 159, 125, 120, 82) for the years (2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019) respectively. The analysis of data went through several steps such as the average scores and the range was from (3.87 to 4.45) out of 5. Moreover, the standard deviation of the data was measured and ranged between (0.67 and 1.08). The results of the Cronbach Alpha tests reached (0.89). The overall satisfaction rate of the faculty members and administrative staff on the procedures, forms and documents in the IMS at the MISWEB website were (86%). The satisfaction rate of the faculty members on the clarity of responsibilities in the procedures and clarity of procedures were (93%). While, the satisfaction rate of administrative staff on the clarity of procedures and forms, the extent of updating these forms, the suitability of these procedures and forms is equivalent to (80%). These results have led to improving the integrated management system. As well as enhance the work of MISWEB and pursue the satisfaction of faculty members and administrative staff to ensure high-quality services.

Background: In modern-day Dentistry, a significant emphasis is over esthetics. Hence, it is crucial to understand the various agents capable of adversely affecting the esthetics of a restoration due to its staining capacity. Objective: The aim of this in vitro study was to evaluate the effect of surface polishing, oral beverages and food colorants on the surface roughness and color stability of Restorative Materials. Materials and Methods: 60 Disks of Nanohybrid resin composite of different manufacturers measuring 4 mm in diameter and 5 mm in thickness were fabricated using a custom made Teflon mold. Pre-polishing surface roughness (Ra1) of all the five samples was measured using a Surface Profilometer. Pre immersion Spectrophotometric value (ΔE1) recorded for the baseline color of the samples. Three groups were formed consisting of 20 samples in each group, ie. Group I: Control group; Group II; Group III. The samples divided into subgroups (A, B, C, D), which was immersed in the respective test solution for 10 min thrice a day for 15 days. Sub Group- A - lipstick; Sub Group –B-Indian Blueberries; Sub Group–C -Sugar Candy; Sub Group -D –Carbonated drink- Fanta. Post immersion Profilometric value was recorded to evaluate roughness brought about by the solutions (Ra2), and Spectrophotometric amount was recorded to evaluate the color change in samples (ΔE2). Results were statistically analyzed using ANOVA. Results: Mean roughness (Ra2-Ra1) values are recorded in Sof-Lex, followed by the Diamond polishing paste and Control group. There were records of a Comparison of surface roughness caused due to beverages and food colorant solutions. Conclusion: Color alteration materials are affected by type and storage time.

Introduction: Early diagnosis and therapeutic intervention can improve the outcome of acute myocardial infarction (AMI). However, there are no satisfactory cardiac biomarkers for the diagnosis of AMI within 6 hours of onset of symptoms. Among the novel biomarkers of AMI, we tested the diagnostic accuracy of Heart type Fatty Acid Binding Protein (HFABP) in prospectively recruited patients with independently adjudicated outcomes. Methods: Prospective observational study was conducted at the Department of Pathology and Department of Cardiology, Dr Ram Manohar Lohia Institute of Medical Sciences Lucknow. After taking informed consent, 80 cases of chest pain suggestive of coronary origin (within 6 hours) were included. Results: Group a included 55 patients while Group B included 25 patients. In our study on Receiver operator curve (ROC) analysis, the AUC (Area under curve) was 0.846 (95% C.I. 0.743 to 0.948; p value <0.001) for HFABP. The optimum cut-off value for HFABP to diagnose AMI was 6.38 ng/ml with a Sensitivity, Specificity, PPV (Positive Predictive Value) and NPV of 86.4%, 84.5%, 67.9% and 94.2% respectively. Conclusion: The optimum cut-off value for HFABP to diagnose AMI was found to be 6.38 ng/ml were in concordance with similar studies. A high sensitivity and NPV is essential for the early ‘rule out’ of AMI patients. Since more than 70% of patients who present with acute chest pain to an emergency department do not have AMI, HFABP can be used as rule out tool to prevent unnecessary admissions of patients suspected for AMI considering its high sensitivity and NPV. Though, it was not a reliable marker for AMI diagnosis because of low specificity and positive predictive value. Further larger studies are needed to understand whether HFABP can add incremental value in rule-in AMI.

A long with the digitalization of Youtube became an alternative means of campaigning for politicians before the general election. President Joko Widodo (Jokowi) used this video application to increase his popularity and, at the same time, socialize his political activities over the past 5 years. Through Youtube, Jokowi presents his daily activities as president, for example thr household activities and activities as President of the Republic of Indonesia. The researcher wanted to examine how much the influence of President Jokowi's Video Blog (Vlog) toward the Political image and Electability for the 2019 Presidential Election. This study intended to examine the validity of the S-O-R theory on the situation of social media booming. The method used was a survey method, with data collection techniques through questionnaires distributed to 221 respondents. The results showed that the variable of political image and a correlation value have 0.593 which produced an effect of 35.2%. While the coefficient of determination of the electability variable has 0.393 which resulted an effect of 15.5%. This means that 35.2% of the political image variable and 15.5% of the electability variable are contributed from the jokowi vlog variable. Whereas 49.3% can be explained or influenced by other variables which are not examined by the present researcher.

Skin and soft tissue infections (SSTI) are the most common infections encountered in community and healthcare settings. There are different risk factors associated with SSTI including trauma, surgery, skin disease, immune defects and injection drug usage. Intravenous drug users (IDU) are frequently susceptible to SSTI due to unsafe injection practices, sharing of needles and low immunity. Intravenous drug usage is most common in young and homeless people globally. Although Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes are the commonest pathogens however there are serious infections caused by rare pathogens such as botulism by Clostridium botulinum and tetanus by Clostridium Tetni. Prompt diagnosis and accurate management at the healthcare level will help in alleviating the symptoms and improve the outcomes. The continuous education and enhancing the implementation of prevention strategies are the responsibilities of local and national government to reduce the harmful drug use. In this review we are addressing the current challenges associated with causative pathogens for SSTI in IDU and their management and preventive strategies.

Individuals undergoing radiological investigations are exposed to natural and man-made radiation which could be ionizing or non-ionizing. This study aimed at assessing the knowledge of radiation and practice of radiation protection measures among patients awaiting radiological investigations at a teaching hospital in Southwest Nigeria. Consenting patients awaiting investigations at the radiology department of LAUTECH teaching hospital were enrolled for this study. Semi-structured interviewer-administered questionnaire were used and knowledge scoring was done. The data were analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Scientists (SPSS) version 22 and p< 0.05 were considered statistically significant. The mean knowledge of radiation score among the 200 patients studied was 55.8%±20.8. Participants with high education had significantly higher score (62.46%±15.07) than those with low and no formal education (34.79%±22.38) p= 0.001. Participants who practiced personal protective measures had higher scores than those that do not p= 0.001. However, there was no statistically significant difference in the knowledge scores between the males and females (55.59%±20.41vs 56.14%±21.35) p>0.05. This study showed that knowledge about radiation helps in adopting a lifestyle that protects from radiation but the knowledge of participants about radiation appears to be shallow. Patients were not aware of the type of radiological investigation they undergo and the associated radiation risk. It is strongly recommended that patient should be well informed about the radiological investigations they undergo.

Aims: To correlate AGE, TYPE, RBC INDICES in deciding the severity of anaemia in adult females in tertiory care hospital. Settings and Designs: A hospital based cross sectional study was done at our tertiary care centre in central clinical laboratory of Dr. D. Y. Patil Medical College & Hospital and Research Centre, Pimpri, Pune among 1000 adult females to evaluate prevalence of spectrum of anaemia. Considering a confidence level of 95% and confidence interval of 3.1 the number of patients in our study to achieve statistical significance is 999. This was calculated by Survey System (http://www.surveysystem.com/sscalc.htm#one). The Survey System ignores the population size when it is "large" or unknown. Population size is only likely to be a factor when you work with a relatively small and known group of people (e.g., the members of an association). Hence a sample size of 1000 was considered adequate for our study. Results: Majority of the females (42.44%) were in the age group of 26-35 years followed by 31.9% in the age group of 18-25 years, 19.2% in the age group of 36-45 years, 4.9% in the age group of 46-55 years and 1.6% in the age group of 56-65 years. 410 (41%) females had mild anaemia while 440 (44%) and 150 (15%) females had moderate and severe anaemia. The mean corpuscular volume (MCV) of females with mild anaemia was 70.94±1.35fl while the mean MCV of females with moderate and severe anaemia was 66.29±2.43fl and 60.82±1.77fl respectively. There was significant decrease in mean corpuscular volume (MCV) with increase in severity of anaemia as per ANOVA test (p<0.05). The mean corpuscular haemoglobin (MCH) of females with mild anaemia was 25.74±2.38pg while the mean MCH of females with moderate and severe anaemia was 21.16±2.07pg and 17.84±1.96pg respectively. There was significant decrease in mean corpuscular haemoglobin (MCH) with increase in severity of anaemia as per ANOVA test (p<0.05). The mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (MCHC) of females with mild anaemia was 32.76±3.14 while the mean MCHC of females with moderate and severe anaemia was 29.55±2.83 and 26.91±2.34 respectively. There was significant decrease in mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (MCHC) with increase in severity of anaemia as per ANOVA test (p<0.05). The mean red cell distribution width (RDW) of females with mild anaemia was 17.72±0.87% while the mean RDW of females with moderate and severe anaemia was 18.26±1.18% and 20.05±1.37% respectively. There was increase in red cell distribution width (RDW) with increase in severity of anaemia but the increase was statistically not significant as per ANOVA test (p>0.05). Conclusion: Iron deficiency anemia is increasing in females, specially in reproductive age group of developing countries. The haematological parameters can aid in early recognition of type and cause of anaemia and thereby improve the outcome. The study confirms that iron deficiency anaemia is the most common cause of anaemia in pregnancy and is a major health problem in developing and developed countries. Early detection, treatment and prevention of anemia can improve maternal as well as child outcome.

The case study seeks to explore the issue of parental involvement /intervention in the primary and secondary teachers’ work in Greece, in order to both the cases which contribute to a favorable and pleasant school climate that effectively helps the teachers’ work and the problems and difficulties that do not contribute positively to the work of the teacher and the school unit in general to be identified. For the conduct of this study, twenty five postgraduate students who are simultaneously teachers were recruited. As a research tool written texts were used, while the texts were analyzed by the qualitative content analysis. Overall, findings indicated that Greek parents are most of the times involved in the teachers’ work and in school units in general wrongfully, without having the appropriate and adequate pedagogical knowledge, while, on the other hand, teachers behave appropriately, from a pedagogical stance, as they deal with the parental involvement.

Background: Breast lumps are a common presentation among females. Breast carcinoma is 2nd commonest malignancy in females in India and needs early detection for proper management. Fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) is an established and highly accurate method in the investigation of palpable breast lumps. So the study was performed to analyse the cytomorphological spectrum of palpable breast lesions in a Tertiary Care Centre in North India. Material and Methods: This retrospective study was carried out in the Department of Pathology in GMC, Jammu. Female patients with suspected breast lumps who underwent FNAC in our department over a period of one year were included in the study. Detailed history including patient’s age, site and duration of breast lumps was noted. Findings of FNAC were recorded in detail and results tabulated. Results: Inadequate/Non-Diagnostic aspirations were seen in 13 cases. Majority of cases were seen in 4th decade of life. Among all aspirations, fibroadenoma was the commonest lesion seen in 36.4 % cases while malignancy was seen in 20.1 % cases. Conclusions: FNAC is a rapid, economical, and reliable tool for the diagnosis of palpable breast lesions. FNAC provides useful information in the management of the lesions and prevents unnecessary surgery in cases of non-neoplastic lesions.

Nigeria’s democratic experiment has come a long way. Just like any other political entities, the electoral experience is not without some teething challenges such as ballot box snatching, violence, rigging, etc. in the recent times, a new electoral challenge has just been added into the political lexicon: merchandisation of votes otherwise called vote buying and vote selling. A situation whereby votes are commoditized and political gladiators curry political favor from the electorates by devising series of monetary strategies to win elections; while the electorates also sell their votes to meet their financial lack. Investigating the preponderance of merchandisation of votes in the Nigeria’s forth republic, the paper focused on the just concluded July 14, 2018 gubernatorial elections in Ekiti state, Nigeria. Rational choice theory, a variance of Political Economic Approach (PEA) was handy as the foundational basis of the paper. The paper also used contextual analysis source of data collection as the instrument of investigation in other to extrapolate the electoral challenge. It is observed that the politicians and political gladiators embarked on vote buying as a desperate strategy to win elections, so as to gain the plenipotentiary power to authoritatively allocate state resources/values. The electorates on the other hand, sell their votes, because they see it as a way of getting their own share from the politicians who seldom forgetting them after the elections; because of poverty, lacks, famine, in other words, lack of basic family needs; unemployment, illiteracy etc. as some of fundamental reasons for selling their votes. This menace is not without some socio-political and economic implications on the political system. However, the paper observed that to checkmate the merchandisation of vote in Nigeria, certain proactive strategic options are needed such as behavioral and attitudinal change, poverty reduction or eradication schemes, socio-political education, economic empowerment, provision of gainful employment etc. as part of strategic options to ameliorate or eradicate the menace in Nigeria.

The presence of airborne microbes and their relationship to disease has become an important area of study, as many bioaerosols in indoor and outdoor environments have been found to cause adverse health effects. This study was carried out to assess the application of sterile food samples as a novel technique in the bacteriological probing of air quality. In this study, different food items (pawpaw, meat and yam) were sterilized by autoclaving, and exposed to an outdoor air condition, in order to isolate bacteria capable of causing contamination of sterile materials, including processed food samples exposed to the air environment. Five (5) grams each, of the various food samples were exposed at varying elevation to a maximum height of 40 feet above ground level and studied at daily intervals for five consecutive days. The bacterial population dynamics as well as diversity was determined and was observed to vary with respect to the food type used as sampling substrate and exposure duration. In the overall analysis, meat had more bacterial load than pawpaw, while yam was the least. The results obtained from the investigation showed that E. coli (25.9%), Klebsiella pneumonia (16.9%), Pseudomonas auroginosa (15.6%), Staphylococcus aureus (12.9), Shigella spp. (11.7%), Bacillus spp (9.1%), and Salmonella spp (7.9%) were the most frequent bacterial isolates in the air environment studied. The study reveals a novel method of air quality determination using sterile food samples. The study further recommends proper waste management at the tropospheric level to prevent upward movement of particles.

This study investigates the effect of the quality of doctor services on patient loyalty via the mediating influence of patient satisfaction. Variables like gender and proximity were also controlled for. Quantitative methods were used to analyze the data collected from a questionnaire that was randomly administered to out-patients (2500) in the five referral hospitals in Ghana. Results from the t-tests and ANOVA revealed that gender does not have an effect on patient satisfaction. Likewise, proximity did not have an effect on satisfaction and further loyalty. Correlation analysis results showed strong positive relationships between quality of doctor services and patient satisfaction, the quality of doctor services and patient loyalty and finally patient satisfaction and patient loyalty. This finding proves that the quality of services rendered by doctors influence the satisfaction of patients and further earns their loyalty.

Background: Germ cell Tumours (GCT) of testis accounts for majority of the testicular tumours while Non germ cell tumours of testis are generally rare. Angiomyolipoma (AML) is a common benign mesenchymal tumour that is commonly seen in the kidney and other than this site is generally very rare. The Aim is to study the different testicular lesions and to search for the rare tumours of testis. Materials and methods: It is a Hospital based Prospective observational study over a period of 3 years in orchidectomy specimens. Sample size includes 100 cases. Results : Non neoplastic testicular lesions accounts for the majority of the cases with most commonly seen in second decade of life while the Neoplastic lesions seen mostly in the 3rd and 4th decades of life with encountering one rare case of Testicular Angiomyolipoma. Conclusion: Diagnosing rare tumours of any organ is always a challenging task for every pathologist and it is also a visual treat. Hence it is imperative to maintain hawks vigil during microscopic diagnosis to identify such rare tumours for better management strategies.