Primary dysmenorrhea is painful menstrual period without any underlying pathological cause. It is a common problem among adolescents. Despite the high prevalence, primary dysmenorrhea is often poorly treated, disregarded by health professionals, pain researchers, and the adolescents themselves. They may accept it as a normal part of the menstrual cycle. Increased levels of prostaglandins E2 and F2α cause dysrhythmic myometrial contraction, hypercontractility, increased muscle tone leads to ischaemia and pain. It affects the quality of life and performance. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are the first line of treatment. Progesterone significantly relieves the pain in subsequent cycles. Combined oral contraceptives (COC) are invaluable in the management of dysmenorrhoea.

The disaster of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome COVID-19 caused by coronavirus infection (SARS-CoV-2) has led to a global pandemic and one of the most significant challenges to the healthcare professions. The number of confirmed COVID-19 cases among healthcare workers has been increasing. Coming to Dental practices, these are the crucial points for cross-infection, hence maximum care must be taken to minimise the risk of infection to, from, or between dental care professionals and patients. Covid-19 may also spread through aerosols generated during various dental treatments, resulting in transmission between patients and dentists. Since Covid-19 cases have also been reported among children, pediatric dentists are at risk of Covid-19 infection. At the same time pediatric dentist has a major task to deal with their routine dental treatment procedures in this covid pandemic,starting with patient management till the treatment ends.

With a population threatening towards 133.92 crores it is important for a country like India, to make mandatory efforts, providing health benefits to all especially those who are devoid till date. A terrific amount of strain is now being placed on the available medical facilities due to the low doctor-population ratio in India, which limits the time available for doctors to communicate with patients, especially those who belong to a lower socio economic class. Thousands of deaths are reported from unsafe abortion due to the lack of trained abortion providers, lack of knowledge, availability of safe services, compounded by the social stigma surrounding abortion. To save themselves from the surrounding stigma, they then turn towards local, less experienced doctors who charge low but, due to the lack of experience and proper knowledge the condition becomes more severe causing Septic abortion. Septic abortion, whether induced or spontaneously occurs because of improper, unsafe, and inadequate removal of products of conception. Subsequently products of conception become infected, bacteria infiltrate the placental tissue and infection spreads to the uterus. A condition unequivocally related to maternal complications such as hemorrhage, trauma and sepsis. Thus to avoid such outcomes the current article attempts to focus on the major challenges faced by the woman in India, further mentioning the prevention required and solutions associated with septic abortion.

Adult patients seeking orthodontic treatment are increasingly motivated by esthetic con¬siderations. The majority of this patients reject wearing labial fixed appliances and are looking instead to more esthetic treatment options, including lingual orthodontics and invisalign appliances. Since Align Technology introduced the invisalign appliance in 1999 in an extensive public campaign, the appliance has gained tremendous attention from adult patients and dental professionals. The transparency of the Invisalign appli¬ance enhances its esthetic appeal for those adult patients who are averse to wearing conventional labial fixed orthodontic appliances. Although guidelines about the types of malocclusions that this technique can treat exist, few clinical studies have assessed the effectiveness of the appliance. A few recent studies have outlined some of the limitations associated with this technique that clinicians should recognize early before choosing treatment options.

Aim and objective: To evaluate the presence, width and the initial part of mandibular incisive canal (MIC) and its relationship with the mental foramen (MF) in 60 CBCT scans for pre-surgical implant planning. Material and methods: In this retrospective analysis, random samples of 60 mandibular CBCT scans were taken to examine the dimension of MIC and its relationship to MF. Result: The location and measurements of the MIC in a contiguous system is measured by 60 CBCT scans. MIC was identified in 71.67 percent of cases with a mean diameter of 2.56mm, i.e. 45% started before MF and 26% began extremely close to foramen. Conclusion: The results from this analysis indicates that the pre-surgical preparation of the MIC in CBCT should be performed in order to ensure a minimally invasive and optimum location of the implant.

Fibrous dysplasia (FD) is a non-neoplastic developmental hamartomatous disease of the bone, characterised by a blend of fibrous and osseous elements in the region. It is a lesion of unknown etiology, uncertain pathogenesis, and diverse histopathology. With an incidence of 1:4000-1:10,000 it seems to be a rare disease. It represents approximately 2.5% of all bone lesions and about 7% of all benign bone tumors. The objective of this paper is to present an unusual case of Fibrous Dysplasia. A patient with chief complaint of pain and swelling in right side of the mandible was examined. OPG showed poorly defined mixed density pattern. Ultrasound of thyroid revealed enlarged nodes. CBCT revealed hypodense area. CT also showed features of osteomyelitis. Bone scan suggested fibrous dysplasia, which was confirmed by biopsy. Patient also had deficiency of Vitamin D.

Replacement of missing teeth with dental implants is has greater curve In recent days.as the importance of the treatment increases the researches among this procedure also increased.in this way so may new methods also invented to improve the treatment success. Placement of dental implants with the help of the dental implants is a successful criteria in present days.so the main aim of this review articles is to describe the various implant surgical stents and to describe the considerations to use the implant surgical guides

Literature search reveals that molar-incisor hypomineralisation (MIH) is a routinely encountered dental abnormality noticed around the globe in the recent past. This dental abnormality is often associated with complications that would invariably affect the quality of life of the individual in addition to posing a great treatment challenge to the operator. It is a common finding that the affected teeth are usually more prone to caries and enamel breakdown in the post-eruptive phase. Hence, it is considered that this condition could be accountable for a substantial amount of childhood caries since this condition has high prevalence. Recognition of the individuals at threat and early diagnosis can lead to the initiation of more effective and conservative treatment. This paper is intended to focus on the various aspects pertaining to molar-incisor hypomineralisation.

The field of endodontics and the success of endodontic procedures both heavily rely on effective chemo-mechanical debridement and disinfection of the contaminated root canal system. While the mechanical debridement involves removal of tissue/debris and enlargement of the canal with endodontic instrumentation (files), the chemical debridement relies heavily on irrigants and intra-canal medicaments. Current endodontic irrigation and intra-canal medications (such as 5.25% sodium hypochlorite and calcium hydroxide) used in endodontics do not provide adequate and complete bacterial eradication during endodontic treatment. It has been suggested that both sodium hypochlorite and calcium hydroxide are irritating and cytotoxic to dental and periodontal tissues if these materials reach beyond the confines of pulp canal space. A new material and method for disinfection is desirable.

This paper aims to examine newspapers texts concerning UNSC Resolution 2334 as displayed in The Boston Globe and The Jerusalem Post. Through the analysis the researcher investigates how the lexical and grammatical structure of the news articles are used to portray the events and the participants using Discourse Historical approach (DHA) and transitivity which are considered major approaches of Systemic Functional Grammar. The research concludes that lexical and grammatical construction of newspaper articles is never objective and is always motivated by ideology.

Although there are 12 branches of the Omani Craftsman House (OCH), which is considered by the Public Authority for Crafts Industries (PACI) and its associated enterprises to be the official retailer for marketing Omani traditional crafted products (PACI, 2019), it is not clear if the authority has given priority to considering craftsmanship in Oman as a business. Craft people’s marketing and business skills have long been of great interest in a wide range of art and craft fields. The main aim of this study is to investigate the importance of increasing the ability of Omani craftspeople to market their craft products at local markets.

This paper investigate the characteristics important to injection moulding via rheological behaviour, injection moulding, debinding and sintering process of water and gas atomised 316L stainless steel powder using new locally based binder system; palm stearin. The critical powder loading for injection moulding were 65vol% and 62vol% for gas and water atomised respectively. The gas atomised powder proves easier to mold because of a low interparticle friction and high packing density. In contrast, the water atomised powder has high viscosity of the injection moulding feedstock, high interparticle friction and a low packing density that interfere with injection moulding. Binder debinding was performed using solvent and thermal method. After debinding the samples were sintered at 1360oC using a high temperature vacuum furnace. Results indicate that water atomised powder could be sintered to 95% of theoretical density, while gas atomised powders could be sintered to near full density.

Aim: (a) to investigate the effect of Alveolar Ridge Preservation (ARP) on subsequent implant placement (IP) procedures and (b) to identify prognostic factors for ARP in relation to future IP. Material and Methods: Electronic and paper records of patients receiving one or more extractions with or without ARP followed by IP were reviewed in this study. Any sites with previously missing teeth, those that received immediate IP, growth factors, records with inadequate information or missing data were excluded. The need for additional grafting at IP, additional grafting prior to IP and sinus augmentation were the primary outcome measures. Statistical analyses were performed. Results: Out of a total of 1640 records reviewed, 829 patients with 1416 implants were included in the data analysis. There were no statistically significant differences between the sites that received ARP following extraction and the naturally healing sites on the need for grafting at IP, grafting prior to IP and sinus augmentation. The type of operator (general dentist or periodontist), smoking status, use of membrane at the time of ARP, loss of socket wall at the time of extraction and history for periodontal disease were confounding variables. Conclusions: Within the limitations of this study, ARP procedure used of implant site preparation did not show addition benefit on the future implant related outcome.

The Ventricular septal rupture (VSR) after acute myocardial infarction is a rare complication. However, the prognosis is improved by early revascularization. But, the mortality is high in country in development. Through this work, we report a case of two ischemic VSR in adult patient of 64 years old, complicated by acute heart failure, with favorable evolution after medical stabilization and surgical suture.

Objectives: To survey and analyze the distributive pattern of dentists working in private dental clinics in Al-Ahsa Governorate, Saudi Arabia. Methodology: This study used a unified questionnaire to survey private dental clinics in Al-Ahsa Governate from August to December 2019. Clinics were included if they had registered with the Ministry of Health and were operating in Al-Ahsa’s private sector. Clinics that were not available to visit during the survey period were excluded. During the study, participating clinics were visited and several data points were collected for each facility, including the total number of practicing dentists, year they joined the facility, and each clinician’s nationality, gender, and specialization. Results: The study showed 69 dental clinics registered with the Ministry of Health and serving the private sector in Al-Ahsa Governate. Sixty-six clinics (95.7%) agreed to participate. In the resulting survey of 301 practicing dentists, 73.8% were non-Saudi with Egyptians making up the largest national group at 27.2%. Among the Saudi dentists (n=79), 95% had joined their clinic in the last three years. For all participants the primary specialization was general dentistry (80.4%), the majority of whom were Saudi (31%) or Egyptian (27.7%). Among the dental specialists, 42.4% were orthodontists followed by maxillofacial surgeons at 27%. Conclusion: Private dental clinics in Al-Ahsa governorate are operated mainly by non-Saudi dentists. In the last three years, the number of Saudi general dentists joining private dental clinics has increased but there is still a need for dental specialists.