The role of education in human development cannot be overemphasized. To most of us, the basic function of education is to develop, in holistic terms an all-round, well-balanced and self-functioning human person. The emphasis on the intellectual development of the human person is premised on the need to produce an individual capable of translating what is learnt into pragmatic programs as to be able to improve conditions under which we find ourselves and be a better, rational and global citizen. This article explores the need for education in the critical faculty as the best avenue for inculcation of skills, dispositions and traits definitive of value creating education for human development.

Every youth in Maiduguri was suspected to be a member of the Boko Haram group by the Military, Youths who were not part of the Boko Haram ideology were viewed as infidels by the sect group. Hence, they were caught up in a cross road in between the Boko Haram group and the military. This situation informed the youth’s resident in Hausari ward of Maiduguri to organize themselves into groups to fish out the members of Boko Haram and hand them over to the Military. The main objective of the study is to analyse the indirect approach of counter insurgency in Maiduguri, Borno State, Nigeria. The specific objectives are to assess the indirect approach of counter insurgency. And how such indirect approach in Nigeria by the military joint task force in collaboration with the Civilian joint task force in the North East has contributed in curbing insurgency, and also to assess the views of the community on the indirect approach of Civilian Joint Task Force in counter insurgency measures in Borno state. The study adopted Social Contract Theory as the theoretical framework for analysis. Thomas Hobbes noted that regulation can be accomplished if all civic enrol into an undertaken to give up their single ability to the supreme, in return for the care and protection of life and property. Simply put, that it is the obligation of the state to shield its citizens from danger. The resident in Borno state had hitherto surrendered their individual rights to the state and yet the state has not protected the people, hence the coming together of individuals to establish their own security organisation that is, the Civilian Joint Task Force in Maiduguri to bridle the activities of Boko Haram that has bedevilled the society. The data was obtained from primary and secondary sources. The primary sources derived from the questionnaire, while the secondary data were obtained from the review of relevant literatures. Purposive sampling techniques were used. One hundred and fifty (150) respondents constitute the sample size but only one hundred and forty six (146) were found suitable for the analysis. The questionnaire was administered in Bolori 1, Bolori 2, Bulablin, fezzan,Gamboru, Gwange 1, Gwange 2, Gwange 3, Hausari/zango, Lamisula, Jabba, Limanti, Mafoni, Maisandari, Shehuri North, Shehuri South. Sample was drawn from each cluster to represent the whole population of Maiduguri Metropolitan area. The researcher opted for this sample size given the nature of the study. The data was analysed using frequencies, tables and simple percentages. The data indicated that there is indirect engagement of the youths through the Youth Community Mobilization and volunteer groups in curbing insurgency in Maiduguri, Borno State. It also showed that the groups serve as local intelligence providing information to the arm forces. The youths have been instrumental in identifying and arresting suspected Boko Haram members and handing them over to the arm forces. The relationship between the arm forces and the volunteer groups is cordial in curbing insurgency in Maiduguri. The indirect approach is welcomed in Maiduguri and the members of the community believe that youth groups should be part of the security operations in Maiduguri Metropolis and the entire region bedevilled with insurgency. It is recommended that the federal and state government should encourage the youths who have been courageous in the fight against terrorism, by providing incentives and adequate logistics. This is to guarantee potency in their operation. To heighten the relationship between the arm forces and the Community mobilisation Task Force and the volunteer groups. There should be adequate legislative frame work for the procedure of mediate engagement of the topical in conflict resolution in form of vigilante groups.

Background: Out of different cartilages of larynx, cricoid is the strongest cartilage. It is the only cartilage which extends completely around the air passage. Renewed interest in subglottic stenosis recently has underscored the importance of detailed knowledge of cricoid cartilage. Aim: To study morphometric features of cricoid cartilage in adult human cadavers and also to compare the measurements of the cricoid cartilage between male and female. Materials & Methods: Larynx specimens of South Indian population, were collected from 62 cadavers (Male: 31, Female: 31) from postmortem bodies from the department of Forensic medicine, MMC and RI, Mysore for a period of 18 months from Nov 2013 to April 2015. Following four parameters like height of arch and lamina, outer Antero-Posterior and Transverse diameters were measured using digital vernier caliper in mm on each cricoid cartilage and the observations were tabulated. Results: Mean value of height arch of cricoid cartilage was 5.97±0.94 in male and 4.94±1.01 in female. Mean value of height of lamina was 21.3±1.9 in male, 17.91±2.29 in female. Mean value of outer antero-posterior (AP) diameter was 23.84±2.43 in males and 19.18±2.34 in female. The mean value of outer transverse diameter was 25.53±2.23 in male and19.29±2.52 in female. Conclusion: The mean values of all parameters of cricoid cartilage were more in males compared to females. The mean value of outer AP diameter was equal to the mean transverse diameters in females. Where as in males and the mean transverse diameter was more than AP diameter.

There are many potential harms associated with self-medication such as, toxicity, drug resistance, serious adverse effects, drug interactions, drug abuse and dependence, still it is being practiced widely for various reasons such as to save time & cost, to prevent symptoms or to treat minor illnesses, unavailability of doctors etc. The endeavor of this study was to describe and evaluate the self-medication practices, reasons behind self-medication & use of antibiotics without prescription among pharmacy students in northern India, using a structured questionnaire. The study was conducted in March 2015 with in 100 students from pharmacy field & related disciplines. Data concerning demographic characteristics, medication use habit, and self-medication were collected through a validated questionnaire with open and closed-ended questions. Medication knowledge was evaluated by the number of correct answers. Paracetamol & NSAIDs (89%) were found to be most frequently used OTC medicines for headache/ Fever. around 60% students consider self-medication for GI disease, 33% for skin disease & local injury, and 32% for ophthalmic ailments. Pharmacy students has significant knowledge about drugs. they were familiar about correct name, dose, associated side effects of drugs. Friends, Relatives and medicine retail shops are evaluated to be responsible for promoting self-medication among the pharmacy students. The presence of pharmacists in all medicine retail outlet can play a significant role to prevent self-medication harm. Immediate actions to promote healthcare under qualified Health Care Professionals should be considered by policy makers.

Competency Based Education (CBE) programme is being implemented in Kenya’s primary and secondary schools. It is believed that competency based education programme will not only make Kenyan students more competitive in the national and global markets, but will also effectively promote competiveness, innovation and will facilitate the acquisition of 21st Century skills among Kenyan students. However, implementation of the competency based education programme has been dogged by controversies and disagreements among various education stakeholders in the country. The controversial issues include perceived limited consultation of stakeholders and the preparedness and readiness of teachers and schools to effectively implement CBE programme. Stakeholders have also raised concern about inadequate teaching and learning resources, overcrowded classrooms, dealing with low ability students and learners. These issues have sparked heated debates and disagreements among stakeholders on teachers’ and schools’ preparedness to effectively implement competency based education programme. The purpose of this study was to examine the influence of stakeholder consultation process on implementation of competency based education programme in public primary schools in Kisumu east Sub- County, Kenya. Descriptive research design was used. The target population was 1242 consisting of lower grade teachers, head teachers and member of parents’ associations from 46 public primary schools in Kisumu East Sub County. A sample size of 291 was computed using Krecjie and Morgan [1]. Data was collected using a self-administered questionnaire. Simple random and stratified sampling procedures were used. Descriptive and inferential statistics were computed using SPSS. Descriptive statistics included frequencies, percentages, means and standard deviations; while inferential statistics included Pearson’s correlation(r), co-efficient of determination (R2), Anova Test (p value) and Beta coefficients (β). There was significant positive relationship between stakeholder consultation process and implementation of CBE programme in public primary schools. It is recommended that the Ministry of Education and other education policy advisors should strengthen consultations with all the stakeholders to ensure effective and sustainable implementation of CBE programme in the country.

Aim: The present study aimed to identify undergraduate student’s perceptions of endodontic treatment through a survey, which analyzed student profiles and their difficulties. Materials and methods: Fifty students who had experienced endodontic, laboratory or clinical procedures responded a survey based on their experiences, concerning their perceptions, experience and self confidence levels. Results: About 50.9% of the undergraduates noted having some trouble when taking periapical radiographs. About 67% of the undergraduates had problems identifying root canals. Whereas in case of intracanal medication and irrigation doesn’t pose any significant difficulty. Conclusion: This survey study helped to discover various loop-holes in the education agenda which, if changed correctly, would be of great help to both the quality of undergraduate’s performance and the time dentistry schools spend trying to deal with these issues.

This study aims to determine the validity of learning tools with peer tutoring models in improving student learning outcomes and Self Efficacy on Newton's Law material. The development model used is the ASSURE model, but only to stage 5 (Requires Learner Participation). Test the product in step 5 using Tessmer. The validation data subjects were 3 expert validators, while the practical data subjects were 2 partner teachers, and the effectiveness data subjects were grade VIII students of SMPN 10 Banjarbaru. The type of data collected is validity data. Validity data collection techniques are carried out through the validation of learning tools developed using the validation sheet instrument. Data analysis was performed using descriptive techniques. The results showed that, the developed learning tool has a very valid category. This result is supported by the opinions of 3 students in individual trial activities (one to one). Based on the results of development and research shows that the learning tools developed are valid, practical and effective.

Introduction: Over the last 15 years, maternal mortality has declined in most parts of the world. The maternal morbidity burden remains still high for which there is a need for greater awareness about the complications of childbirth. A better understanding helps in lessening the burden and helps in providing better services and to improve health of puerperal women. The aim of this study is to analyse various puerperal morbidities in women delivered at cheluvamba hospital, Mysuru. Method: This is a prospective descriptive observational study, done in cheluvamba hospital, attached to MMC&RI, Mysuru, and Karnataka which is a tertiary care center. The study was done for a period of 12 months duration from november 2016 to october 2017. Parameters studied were age, parity, various puerperal morbidities, mode of delivery, onset of morbidity, risk factors. Results: During the study period, total number of deliveries in Cheluvamba hospital were 11327. cesarean sections were 3136 and total vaginal deliveries were 8191 .out of 11327 women,161 (1.42%) women developed puerperal morbidities. the most common morbidity was wound infection and dehiscence seen in 46 (28.6%) women, followed by breast complications seen in 39(24.2%) women and puerperal pyrexia and respiratory tract infections in 20(12.4%) each. Conclusion: The most common puerperal morbidity is wound related complications. The study showed that there was considerable puerperal morbidity after caesarean section .These complications can be reduced by designing and implementing evidence based and cost effective management guidelines.

This study aims: (1) evaluating the validity of the learning tools developed seen from the validation test, (2) evaluating the practicality of the learning tools developed seen from the implementation of the Learning Implementation Plan (RPP) during the learning process, (3) evaluating the effectiveness of the learning tools developed seen from tests of learning outcomes, critical thinking skills, science process skills, attitudes and skills of students. This study uses a Tessmer development research model consisting of 5 steps, namely: (1) self-evaluation; (2) expert opinions (expert review); (3) individual trials (one to one); (4) small group trials; and (5) field test. The trial design is guided by the formative evaluation flow design, which is to find out the validity, practicality, and effectiveness of the developed device. Trial subjects at the individual trial stage consisted of 3 people, at the small group trial stage consisted of 5 people, a field test with 30 students with different levels of knowledge and all subjects were 7th Grade students. The results of the study concluded that: (1) Valid learning tools based on expert opinion include, syllabus, material analysis, teaching material, worksheets, student critical thinking skills assessment sheets, students' science process skills assessment sheets, teacher activity assessment sheets, and activity assessment sheets learners; (2) Learning tools are considered practical based on the activities of teachers and students who are very good from the implementation of lesson plans, self-assessment and students' responses are categorized as good; (3) Learning tools are considered effective based on learning outcomes that have exceeded the Minimum Mastery Criteria that have been set, the ability to think critically and the science process skills are increasing, and the attitudes and skills of students are categorized well.

This exploratory prospective study evaluated women's responses to questions that asked them to describe how their body image and sexual functioning had changed since their breast cancer diagnosis to treatment. A questionnaire concerning quality of life and various sexual problems experienced after diagnosis and treatment was anonymously completed by 200 women in the Department of Obstetric Gynecology of the University Hospital Center Hassan II of FEZ in MOROCCO. To be eligible, subjects had to be sexually active and had histology proven breast cancer. They also had to have received treatment for breast cancer. Breast cancer and its treatment may result in significant difficulties with sexual functioning and sexual life. Addressing these problems is essential to improve the quality of life of Moroccan women with breast cancer.

Difficulties in learning science especially in critical thinking skills are characterized by low mastery of concepts, misconceptions, and those related to contextual matters. Specifically developed learning set will be able to increase students' mastery of critical thinking skills. This research development aims to evaluate the validity, practicality, and effectiveness of the development of science learning set to develop critical thinking skills of junior high school students. The research subjects were 7th grade students of Muhammadiyah 3 MTs Al-Furqan Banjarmasin. The validity data of the learning set was obtained through the assessment of 3 experts. Data on the practicality of learning set include evaluating the implementation of lesson plans and students' responses to the small group test. Data about the effectiveness of learning set include: 1) the results of students' critical thinking skills; 2) cognitive assessment results. Data was collected through tests and observations and analyzed descriptively. The results showed that the science learning set developed were classified as valid based on the results of the validation, including the design of the learning set, format, material, language, presentation, supporting innovation and improving the quality of teaching and learning activities. Learning devices are also declared practical because they are easy to use by students. This is supported by: 1) The implementation of lesson plans in small group tests scores from the lowest 3.00 to the highest 4.00 in the practical to very practical categories; 2) Students give positive responses to the learning process. The effectiveness of science learning set has also been fulfilled, this is based on the findings of the study: 1) students' critical thinking skills in the field test are at least good categories; and 2) students' cognitive learning outcomes through field tests are in the good category (80 ≤ 100%).

Nursing documentation is a crucial part of the nursing process as it the essential way of communication within the health care team regarding patient care. Nurses’ knowledge about documentation is important as it a legal requirement and main responsibility of nursing staff. Objectives: To assess the nurse’s knowledge and recording system nursing documentation among staff nurses and to assess level of knowledge nursing documentation and recording systems of nursing care among staff nurses. Methodology: Quantitative approach with Descriptive design was used for the study. Convenience sampling technique was used to assess level of knowledge regarding system nursing documentation. Results: The study results show that the overall knowledge among 50 Staff nurses 12(24%) had moderately adequate knowledge, 31(62%) had adequate knowledge and only 07(14%) had inadequate knowledge regarding legal and ethical aspects among maternity staff nurses.

This research investigating the implementation of constructivist teaching techniques, challenges and opportunities of an English foreign language teacher in Beseka Secondary School, grade nine writing class in focus. The nature of the study can be descriptive study. The population of this study consisted the entire English foreign language teacher and grade nine student in regular programmes in all the tertiary institutions in Akaki Kality Sub city in Addis Ababa in the 2016/2017 academic session, which were 720 in number. The sample size for the study was 84, which is 10% of the entire population. The major research tool used to gather data was observation. The second tool is semi structured interviews for teachers. The third one was questionnaires administered to teachers and students who were selected randomly from grade nine students. After the data had been collected the responses to the questionnaire part and information obtained through observation and recordings were counted and tallied then, descriptive statistics were employed in analyzing the quantitative data while content analysis was applied in analyzing the qualitative data. The collected raw data was analyzed using mean score for quantitative method of data analysis and qualitatively interpretation to ensure the reliability and validity of the collected data. Findings revealed the challenges and opportunities of an English foreign language teacher in Beseka secondary school, grade nine writing class face and also indicated that these challenges negatively affect the academic performance of these students. Based on the findings, some recommendations were made which includes that students must have the behavior of cooperating, helping one another to draft or revise what they write and so on. Rather than total dependency on those whom they think are better than them. Also, teacher should show concern by informing students how and when assessments will be and make study materials/resources readily available so as to enable students prepare adequately for improved academic performance.

Background: Oral diseases are the most common chronic diseases having considerable impact on quality of life. Quality of life is the final goal in every child’s development. Aim: The aim of the present study was to assess the oral health related quality of life (OHRQoL) of 12- 15 year old School going children of Moradabad City. Material and method: Study was conducted on 392, 12- 15 years old school going children in Moradabad city. The clinical examination was done by using WHO Oral Health Assessment Form for Children 2013. A child perception questionnaire by Jokovic et al was filled by the students and personal interview of parents was done to collect data regarding their oral health related quality of life. Result: Out of 392 subjects examined 207 (52.8%) were caries free whereas 185 (42.7%) subjects showed dental caries. Mean total DMFT was recorded as 1.14 ±1.70. Mean total CPQ score at was recorded as 26.87 ±16.12. Conclusion: Presence of dental caries was found to be associated with increased CPQ score presentation a positive impact on Quality of Life of children.

Learning Natural Sciences in Vocational Schools requires an assessment that emphasizes the scientific process and learning outcomes related to natural events around. But in reality until now science learning is still centered on the teacher and during learning more use textbooks and assessment only in the form of a written test at the end of the lesson. This results in low student performance skills and learning outcomes. One of the supporters who can practice the performance skills and student learning outcomes is a learning tool based on guided inquiry. This study aims to determine the appropriateness of guided inquiry-based science learning tools to practice vocational student performance skills. The device development is based on the Dick & Carey development research model so as to produce learning devices that are tested to the field test stage. The validity of the device is validated by experts, then in this observation also observes the activities of teachers and students, student responses, the influence of the use of learning tools, and student performance skills. The results showed that; (1) guided inquiry-based science learning tools are declared valid by experts, (2) teacher and student activities are categorized as good, (3) student responses show positive responses, (4) and there is an increase in student learning outcomes by 78.60% and Student performance skills improve with each meeting and have good criteria. Based on the results of a descriptive analysis of the learning tools developed it is said to be feasible and able to train performance skills.