The aim of this systematic review is to determine the effectiveness of arthroscopic lysis and lavage as a diagnostic and therapeutic tool for management of internal derangement of temporomandibular joint. Method: A systematic review will be conducted according to the guidance of Cochrane Collaboration and the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) statement. Search strategy will be tailored according to Population, Intervention, Comparison, Outcome and Study design (PICOS) approach. Ovid Medline, CINAHL Complete, ScienceDirect, Web of Science, Cochrane centre register for clinical trials and Pub-med data bases will be searched from1975 to 2020. Truncation, Boolean and Proximity operators will be applied as appropriate. Cochrane’s tool for risk of bias assessment will be used for randomised trials and for non-randomised studies, Newcastle Ottawa Scale will be used. Narrative synthesis will be conducted for all the included studies and if an adequate data were available, a meta-analysis will be conducted. Significance: The study will systematically assess the therapeutic potential of arthroscopic lysis and lavage and define its position in the ladder of management of internal derangement of temporomandibular joint in comparison to other lines of treatment. It will also investigate the diagnostic limit of temporomandibular joint arthroscopy in assessment of disc status and its ability to detect adhesions and perforations in comparison to magnetic resonance imaging.

Being the second inhabited country within the world, the Asian country is facing an increasing state. Among the trade that’s developing the welcome and commercial enterprise trade plays an important role in increasing job opportunities. This can be conjointly the trade wherever several area units trained and formed as entrepreneurs thanks to the most important social crisis "unemployment'', it's wise to train additional entrepreneurs. This leads several to face the social challenge of the state by being associate businessperson, help themselves with their own business and making opportunities for others. In recent years, people have become more and more forward on starting up their businesses even in small-scale due to unemployment and various reasons. One of those small-scale, creative and developing such businesses is Home Baking. Home baking Entrepreneurs or Entrepreneurial Home bakers always have numerous possibilities in doing their business. These Entrepreneurs who do home baking have more freedom than most of the commercial bakers since they don’t have limiters that are faced by the commercial bakers. Starting it as a hobby, developing it as a skill and finally making it has asset an Entrepreneurial Home baker’s growth is slow but at the same time, it is very steady and broad in Home baking. This growth process may vary from each Entrepreneurial Home baker. A Home Baker’s role in Entrepreneurship is also an effort in improving entrepreneurship in India thus decreasing unemployment, increasing the opportunities for self-employment and the number of employers. This study helps us to understand the role of Home bakers in Entrepreneurship in detail with various studies such as case study of Home bakers, a comparative study with commercial bakers and snowball study on home baking.

Omphalocele (exomphalos) is one of the most common abdominal wall defects. The size of the defect and the severity of the associated anomalies determine the prognosis, the morbidity and mortality of this pathology. Prenatal screening and diagnosis of the abdominal wall defect and concurrent anomalies is important as it allows for effective prenatal counseling and optimal perinatal management. The purpose of this article is to discuss the approach to prenatal diagnosis and management of omphalocele through two cases reported.

The role of education in human development cannot be overemphasized. To most of us, the basic function of education is to develop, in holistic terms an all-round, well-balanced and self-functioning human person. The emphasis on the intellectual development of the human person is premised on the need to produce an individual capable of translating what is learnt into pragmatic programs as to be able to improve conditions under which we find ourselves and be a better, rational and global citizen. This article explores the need for education in the critical faculty as the best avenue for inculcation of skills, dispositions and traits definitive of value creating education for human development.

Every youth in Maiduguri was suspected to be a member of the Boko Haram group by the Military, Youths who were not part of the Boko Haram ideology were viewed as infidels by the sect group. Hence, they were caught up in a cross road in between the Boko Haram group and the military. This situation informed the youth’s resident in Hausari ward of Maiduguri to organize themselves into groups to fish out the members of Boko Haram and hand them over to the Military. The main objective of the study is to analyse the indirect approach of counter insurgency in Maiduguri, Borno State, Nigeria. The specific objectives are to assess the indirect approach of counter insurgency. And how such indirect approach in Nigeria by the military joint task force in collaboration with the Civilian joint task force in the North East has contributed in curbing insurgency, and also to assess the views of the community on the indirect approach of Civilian Joint Task Force in counter insurgency measures in Borno state. The study adopted Social Contract Theory as the theoretical framework for analysis. Thomas Hobbes noted that regulation can be accomplished if all civic enrol into an undertaken to give up their single ability to the supreme, in return for the care and protection of life and property. Simply put, that it is the obligation of the state to shield its citizens from danger. The resident in Borno state had hitherto surrendered their individual rights to the state and yet the state has not protected the people, hence the coming together of individuals to establish their own security organisation that is, the Civilian Joint Task Force in Maiduguri to bridle the activities of Boko Haram that has bedevilled the society. The data was obtained from primary and secondary sources. The primary sources derived from the questionnaire, while the secondary data were obtained from the review of relevant literatures. Purposive sampling techniques were used. One hundred and fifty (150) respondents constitute the sample size but only one hundred and forty six (146) were found suitable for the analysis. The questionnaire was administered in Bolori 1, Bolori 2, Bulablin, fezzan,Gamboru, Gwange 1, Gwange 2, Gwange 3, Hausari/zango, Lamisula, Jabba, Limanti, Mafoni, Maisandari, Shehuri North, Shehuri South. Sample was drawn from each cluster to represent the whole population of Maiduguri Metropolitan area. The researcher opted for this sample size given the nature of the study. The data was analysed using frequencies, tables and simple percentages. The data indicated that there is indirect engagement of the youths through the Youth Community Mobilization and volunteer groups in curbing insurgency in Maiduguri, Borno State. It also showed that the groups serve as local intelligence providing information to the arm forces. The youths have been instrumental in identifying and arresting suspected Boko Haram members and handing them over to the arm forces. The relationship between the arm forces and the volunteer groups is cordial in curbing insurgency in Maiduguri. The indirect approach is welcomed in Maiduguri and the members of the community believe that youth groups should be part of the security operations in Maiduguri Metropolis and the entire region bedevilled with insurgency. It is recommended that the federal and state government should encourage the youths who have been courageous in the fight against terrorism, by providing incentives and adequate logistics. This is to guarantee potency in their operation. To heighten the relationship between the arm forces and the Community mobilisation Task Force and the volunteer groups. There should be adequate legislative frame work for the procedure of mediate engagement of the topical in conflict resolution in form of vigilante groups.

Background: Out of different cartilages of larynx, cricoid is the strongest cartilage. It is the only cartilage which extends completely around the air passage. Renewed interest in subglottic stenosis recently has underscored the importance of detailed knowledge of cricoid cartilage. Aim: To study morphometric features of cricoid cartilage in adult human cadavers and also to compare the measurements of the cricoid cartilage between male and female. Materials & Methods: Larynx specimens of South Indian population, were collected from 62 cadavers (Male: 31, Female: 31) from postmortem bodies from the department of Forensic medicine, MMC and RI, Mysore for a period of 18 months from Nov 2013 to April 2015. Following four parameters like height of arch and lamina, outer Antero-Posterior and Transverse diameters were measured using digital vernier caliper in mm on each cricoid cartilage and the observations were tabulated. Results: Mean value of height arch of cricoid cartilage was 5.97±0.94 in male and 4.94±1.01 in female. Mean value of height of lamina was 21.3±1.9 in male, 17.91±2.29 in female. Mean value of outer antero-posterior (AP) diameter was 23.84±2.43 in males and 19.18±2.34 in female. The mean value of outer transverse diameter was 25.53±2.23 in male and19.29±2.52 in female. Conclusion: The mean values of all parameters of cricoid cartilage were more in males compared to females. The mean value of outer AP diameter was equal to the mean transverse diameters in females. Where as in males and the mean transverse diameter was more than AP diameter.

There are many potential harms associated with self-medication such as, toxicity, drug resistance, serious adverse effects, drug interactions, drug abuse and dependence, still it is being practiced widely for various reasons such as to save time & cost, to prevent symptoms or to treat minor illnesses, unavailability of doctors etc. The endeavor of this study was to describe and evaluate the self-medication practices, reasons behind self-medication & use of antibiotics without prescription among pharmacy students in northern India, using a structured questionnaire. The study was conducted in March 2015 with in 100 students from pharmacy field & related disciplines. Data concerning demographic characteristics, medication use habit, and self-medication were collected through a validated questionnaire with open and closed-ended questions. Medication knowledge was evaluated by the number of correct answers. Paracetamol & NSAIDs (89%) were found to be most frequently used OTC medicines for headache/ Fever. around 60% students consider self-medication for GI disease, 33% for skin disease & local injury, and 32% for ophthalmic ailments. Pharmacy students has significant knowledge about drugs. they were familiar about correct name, dose, associated side effects of drugs. Friends, Relatives and medicine retail shops are evaluated to be responsible for promoting self-medication among the pharmacy students. The presence of pharmacists in all medicine retail outlet can play a significant role to prevent self-medication harm. Immediate actions to promote healthcare under qualified Health Care Professionals should be considered by policy makers.

Competency Based Education (CBE) programme is being implemented in Kenya’s primary and secondary schools. It is believed that competency based education programme will not only make Kenyan students more competitive in the national and global markets, but will also effectively promote competiveness, innovation and will facilitate the acquisition of 21st Century skills among Kenyan students. However, implementation of the competency based education programme has been dogged by controversies and disagreements among various education stakeholders in the country. The controversial issues include perceived limited consultation of stakeholders and the preparedness and readiness of teachers and schools to effectively implement CBE programme. Stakeholders have also raised concern about inadequate teaching and learning resources, overcrowded classrooms, dealing with low ability students and learners. These issues have sparked heated debates and disagreements among stakeholders on teachers’ and schools’ preparedness to effectively implement competency based education programme. The purpose of this study was to examine the influence of stakeholder consultation process on implementation of competency based education programme in public primary schools in Kisumu east Sub- County, Kenya. Descriptive research design was used. The target population was 1242 consisting of lower grade teachers, head teachers and member of parents’ associations from 46 public primary schools in Kisumu East Sub County. A sample size of 291 was computed using Krecjie and Morgan [1]. Data was collected using a self-administered questionnaire. Simple random and stratified sampling procedures were used. Descriptive and inferential statistics were computed using SPSS. Descriptive statistics included frequencies, percentages, means and standard deviations; while inferential statistics included Pearson’s correlation(r), co-efficient of determination (R2), Anova Test (p value) and Beta coefficients (β). There was significant positive relationship between stakeholder consultation process and implementation of CBE programme in public primary schools. It is recommended that the Ministry of Education and other education policy advisors should strengthen consultations with all the stakeholders to ensure effective and sustainable implementation of CBE programme in the country.

This exploratory prospective study evaluated women's responses to questions that asked them to describe how their body image and sexual functioning had changed since their breast cancer diagnosis to treatment. A questionnaire concerning quality of life and various sexual problems experienced after diagnosis and treatment was anonymously completed by 200 women in the Department of Obstetric Gynecology of the University Hospital Center Hassan II of FEZ in MOROCCO. To be eligible, subjects had to be sexually active and had histology proven breast cancer. They also had to have received treatment for breast cancer. Breast cancer and its treatment may result in significant difficulties with sexual functioning and sexual life. Addressing these problems is essential to improve the quality of life of Moroccan women with breast cancer.

This study aims to determine the validity of learning tools with peer tutoring models in improving student learning outcomes and Self Efficacy on Newton's Law material. The development model used is the ASSURE model, but only to stage 5 (Requires Learner Participation). Test the product in step 5 using Tessmer. The validation data subjects were 3 expert validators, while the practical data subjects were 2 partner teachers, and the effectiveness data subjects were grade VIII students of SMPN 10 Banjarbaru. The type of data collected is validity data. Validity data collection techniques are carried out through the validation of learning tools developed using the validation sheet instrument. Data analysis was performed using descriptive techniques. The results showed that, the developed learning tool has a very valid category. This result is supported by the opinions of 3 students in individual trial activities (one to one). Based on the results of development and research shows that the learning tools developed are valid, practical and effective.

Background: Minimal access surgery offers patients fewer postoperative complications, shorter hospital stay and better cosmetic results compared to conventional open gynaecological surgeries. Aim and Objectives: To determine the prevalence of gynaecological minimal access surgeries and to determine indications and complications associated with them at UDUTH, Sokoto, Nigeria. Methodology: This was a descriptive retrospective study of all gynaecological laparoscopies and hysteroscopies performed at the Usmanu Danfodiyo from 1st, January 2012 to 31st, December 2016. Result: There were 1,016 gynaecological surgeries over the period with 112 minimal access surgeries given a prevalence of 11.02%. Laparoscopy accounted for 87.1%% while, hysteroscopy was 12.9% of cases. Their ages ranged from 18 to 40 years with a mean of 28.44 ± 4.99 years, and a modal age of 25-34 years (66.6%). Laparoscopy accounted for 87.1% of the minimal access surgeries while hysteroscopy was 12.9%. Secondary Infertility (41.1%) is the most common indication for laparoscopy followed by primary infertility (28.9%) and amenorrhea (15.6%). Asherman’s syndrome (66.6%) is the commonest indication for hysteroscopy followed by secondary infertility (16. 6%).The most common complication was abdominal pain in 13.0% while, the least was uterine perforation in 0.9% among them. Conclusion: Minimal access surgery is a safe, feasible, and less invasive modality for evaluation and treatment of gynaecological pathologies. It has better cosmesis, less complications, and lower cost implication. Therefore, the need for training, retraining and provision of necessary facilities in Nigeria.

This research investigating the implementation of constructivist teaching techniques, challenges and opportunities of an English foreign language teacher in Beseka Secondary School, grade nine writing class in focus. The nature of the study can be descriptive study. The population of this study consisted the entire English foreign language teacher and grade nine student in regular programmes in all the tertiary institutions in Akaki Kality Sub city in Addis Ababa in the 2016/2017 academic session, which were 720 in number. The sample size for the study was 84, which is 10% of the entire population. The major research tool used to gather data was observation. The second tool is semi structured interviews for teachers. The third one was questionnaires administered to teachers and students who were selected randomly from grade nine students. After the data had been collected the responses to the questionnaire part and information obtained through observation and recordings were counted and tallied then, descriptive statistics were employed in analyzing the quantitative data while content analysis was applied in analyzing the qualitative data. The collected raw data was analyzed using mean score for quantitative method of data analysis and qualitatively interpretation to ensure the reliability and validity of the collected data. Findings revealed the challenges and opportunities of an English foreign language teacher in Beseka secondary school, grade nine writing class face and also indicated that these challenges negatively affect the academic performance of these students. Based on the findings, some recommendations were made which includes that students must have the behavior of cooperating, helping one another to draft or revise what they write and so on. Rather than total dependency on those whom they think are better than them. Also, teacher should show concern by informing students how and when assessments will be and make study materials/resources readily available so as to enable students prepare adequately for improved academic performance.

Background: Oral diseases are the most common chronic diseases having considerable impact on quality of life. Quality of life is the final goal in every child’s development. Aim: The aim of the present study was to assess the oral health related quality of life (OHRQoL) of 12- 15 year old School going children of Moradabad City. Material and method: Study was conducted on 392, 12- 15 years old school going children in Moradabad city. The clinical examination was done by using WHO Oral Health Assessment Form for Children 2013. A child perception questionnaire by Jokovic et al was filled by the students and personal interview of parents was done to collect data regarding their oral health related quality of life. Result: Out of 392 subjects examined 207 (52.8%) were caries free whereas 185 (42.7%) subjects showed dental caries. Mean total DMFT was recorded as 1.14 ±1.70. Mean total CPQ score at was recorded as 26.87 ±16.12. Conclusion: Presence of dental caries was found to be associated with increased CPQ score presentation a positive impact on Quality of Life of children.

Learning Natural Sciences in Vocational Schools requires an assessment that emphasizes the scientific process and learning outcomes related to natural events around. But in reality until now science learning is still centered on the teacher and during learning more use textbooks and assessment only in the form of a written test at the end of the lesson. This results in low student performance skills and learning outcomes. One of the supporters who can practice the performance skills and student learning outcomes is a learning tool based on guided inquiry. This study aims to determine the appropriateness of guided inquiry-based science learning tools to practice vocational student performance skills. The device development is based on the Dick & Carey development research model so as to produce learning devices that are tested to the field test stage. The validity of the device is validated by experts, then in this observation also observes the activities of teachers and students, student responses, the influence of the use of learning tools, and student performance skills. The results showed that; (1) guided inquiry-based science learning tools are declared valid by experts, (2) teacher and student activities are categorized as good, (3) student responses show positive responses, (4) and there is an increase in student learning outcomes by 78.60% and Student performance skills improve with each meeting and have good criteria. Based on the results of a descriptive analysis of the learning tools developed it is said to be feasible and able to train performance skills.

The imaginative writer always aims at presenting a story to the audience (readers) that is not only interesting but appears to be true so as to keep them in love with his work. The literary creative writer skillfully mixes his imagination with the material obtained from the society to produce a piece that is a reflection of the realities of his environment. This paper therefore, examines Trevor Rhone’s Smile Orange from a realist perspective. The paper reveals that the themes and literary techniques the author has adopted deepen our knowledge of the Caribbean Islands, particularly Jamaica whose socio-economic realities are sampled by the author. Through realism, as a literary theory, racism and sexuality among other thematic preoccupations and literary techniques like satire and the use of a creolised English, this paper appreciates Smile Orange as a piece that brings us face to face with the real experiences of the Caribbean. The history of the Caribbean has been captured in the paper to give the reader an insight into what the literature of the people may contain if it is realistic. The author is able to give us another dimension of the economic and social problems of Jamaica using the tourist industry as an example. By presenting those issues without making any revolutionary move makes the playwright a critical realist.