Antioxidants have been found to terminate the attack of reactive oxygen species which have been implicated in the pathophysiology of many diseases. This study is reporting the antioxidant activity and the preliminary phytochemistry of the ethanol extract from the stem of Anchomanes difformis. The ethanol extract (ADES) was obtained by cold maceration and partitioned into: n-hexane (ADHS), dichloromethane (ADDS) and aqueous (ADAS) fractions. Free radical scavenging activity was done using the standard diphenylpicrylhydrazine (DPPH) spectrophotometric method with ascorbic acid as the standard for comparison. Phytochemical screening was done using standard phytochemical screening reagents. Chromatography (Column and thin layer) techniques was used for the separation of antioxidant compounds from the bioactive fractions with antioxidant activity identified after spraying the developed thin layer chromatography plates with DPPH. Infra-red (IR) spectroscopy was used for functional group characterization of the isolated antioxidant compounds. The significant {p<0.05) trend in free radical scavenging activity (IC50 mg/ml) was: ADHS (>10.0) ˂ ADES (> 10.0) ˂ ADAS (4.0) ˂ ADDS (1.8) ˂ ascorbic acid (<0.3125). Saponins, sugar derivatives and triterpenoids were present as class of phytochemicals with alkaloids, anthraquinones, cardiac glycosides and phenolics absent. From IR spectroscopy analysis, antioxidant component coded ADD1 isolated from the ADDS fraction was partially characterized to be an aromatic (but not phenolic) compound having either a hydroxylated aliphatic or glycosylated side chain while the antioxidant component ADA1 isolated from the ADAS fraction was partially characterized to be a glycoside derivative with a saturated ketone aglycone moiety. The ADES was relatively safe (LD50>5000 mg/kgbw). This result is suggestive that the ADDS and ADAS fractions are containing constituents that could act as good free radical scavengers and probably have the ability to inhibit the progression of tissue damage due to oxidative stress.

This study analyzes the impact of trade openness, economic growth, energy consumption and urban population on carbon dioxide emission by using annual data of 50 Belt and Road countries for the period 1992 to 2014. Further the study also analyzes three regions groups of the Belt and Road. The study applied Pooled OLS, Fixed effect, Random effect and GLS models to the realization of this investigation. The fixed-effect model elicited that trade openness mitigated carbon dioxide emission While economic growth, energy consumption, and urban population has proved to be harmful for the environment in overall sample, GLS also supported the same finding. The empirical results suggest that policymakers should consider to ensure and facilitate more trade openness, reduce the usage of carbon fossil fuel, regulate environmental policy, e.g., Carbon tax or pollution permits on pollution-intensive goods to reduce emission and increase dependency on renewable energy. Moreover, encourage economy liberalization with the intention to bring more investments in energy efficiency technologies and access to products with high energy efficiency as well as create the general public awareness of eco-friendly investments and green energy in BRI economies that reduces carbon dioxide emissions.

In recent years, the research on the combination of linguistics and translatology is becoming more and more abundant. This study not only introduces the study of the two subjects, but also explores the problems of gaps in translation process of ancient Chinese poetry. Through the approach of contrastive research, this study analyses the contrast of lexeme and semantic gaps reflected by nouns in ten English versions of Li Bai’s poem: Seeing Meng Haoran off at Yellow Crane Tower. Results show that the social and cultural factors behind the naming of nouns are closely related to the emergence of these gaps. Translators should find out exact causes behind those gaps and choose appropriate translation strategies according to the different types of the gaps.

Primary nasopharyngeal tuberculosis is rare, we present an observation revealed by a pseudo-tumor aspect posing the problem of differential diagnosis with malignant lesions of the cavum.

Background: Metformin when used in combination with other drugs such as Tenegliptin, voglibose and glimepiride is effective and well tolerated in diabetes management. The aim of the study was to compare the efficacy and safety of combination of metformin with Tenegliptin, voglibose and glimepiride in patients with type 2 DM. Methods: In this prospective, randomized clinical trial study 150 patients were included. The patients were divided into three groups, each group comprising of 50 patients. In all the patients fasting plasma glucose, 2 hours postprandial plasma glucose, and hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) level were assessed before starting the treatment and after completion of the treatment. Group I consisted of patients who were prescribed metformin 500 mg with Tenegliptin 20 mg, in Group II, consisted of patients who were prescribed metformin 500 mg with voglibose 0.2 mg, and Group III, consisted of patients who were prescribed metformin 500 mg with glimepiride 1 mg. The outcome of the therapy was based on the level of improvement in the blood parameters. Results: There was a significant reduction of HbA1c, fasting plasma glucose and 2 hours postprandial plasma glucose levels at the start and after 12 weeks of treatment in all the groups. Intergroup comparison between both the groups revealed no significant difference in terms of glycaemic control. Conclusion: From above results it was concluded that all three groups have equal efficacy in controlling the fasting plasma glucose, 2 hours postprandial plasma glucose and HbA1c level.

The corona virus disease 2019 is a type of pneumonia which is found to be fatal. The novel corona virus named as SARS CoV 2 which emerged from Whuan, China in December 2020 is now spread in more than 200 countries and has lead to more than 40,000 fatalities worldwide. The COVID 19 hence stood up as the most dangerous disease with highest fatalities in the world. The taxanomy of this novel virus is not very similar to other corona virus (MERS CoV and SARS CoV) which have also affected humans. Thus it has created a situation where we don’t have any such antiviral drug which can be effective against this virus during its incubation in human body. The spread of this novel virus is so rapid that it took only couple of months to spread to almost whole world. The symptoms are as common as cold, cough; sore throat and lastly pneumonia which are very normal and similar to influenza infection so were not treated seriously during initiation of spread. As there is no prevention and cure for this novel virus and no first line treatment for COVID 19 the only way to combat this disease is to stop the spread which can only be done by social distancing which is also being advised by WHO.

Pre-eclampsia is characterized by high blood pressure (hypertension), fluid retention (oedema) and excessive protein levels in the urine (proteinuria). These symptoms are not evident during the early stages of pregnancy and as such preeclampsia can be difficult to diagnose. It is only detectable by regular antenatal checks on maternal blood pressure and urine, and as such women without access to adequate healthcare services are particularly at risk. This study intended to assess the knowledge regarding Pre-Eclampsia Toxemia among antenatal mothers. A descriptive study was conducted in primary health centre outpatient department at Karanchavadi with 50 samples who were recruited by non-probability convenient sampling technique. Data gathering was carried out with a semi structured questionnaires and the major findings of the study reveals that 8 (16%) had adequate knowledge, 15 (30%) had moderate knowledge and 27 (54%) had inadequate knowledge on Pre-Eclampsia Toxemia among antenatal mother. There are significant associations between levels of knowledge with demographic variables such as age and occupation. The study suggests creating the awareness among the antenatal mothers by an awareness among antenatal mother help in improve their health.

This study was conducted at a tertiary care eye hospital to evaluate and compare the two techniques of sutureless cataract surgeries which are manual small incision cataract surgery and phacoemulsification with rigid posterior chamber intraocular lens with respect to surgically induced astigmatism, operative and postoperative complications and best corrected visual acuity at the end of 8 weeks. The study was carried out on 100 patients who were divided into 2 groups with group A undergoing MSICS with rigid PCIOL and group B undergoing phacoemulsification with rigid PCIOL. Postoperative evaluation was done till 3 months. The mean surgically induced astigmatism in group A was higher than that in group B. Operative complications were seen in 6% of group A as compared to 8% in group B. The overall postoperative complication rate in the study was 8%. Hence, both the surgeries have almost similar outcome in terms of final visual acuity, astigmatism and complications.

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of aqueous and methanolic extracts of Commelina diffusa on gentamicin induced-nephrotoxicity in rats. Nephrotoxicity was induced by intraperitoneal injection of gentamicin (80 mg/kg) for 10 days. Simultaneous, extracts were administered at doses of 100 and 200 mg/kg. Silimaryn (100 mg/kg) was used as reference drug. At the end of the experimental period, body weight, kidney weight, urine output, biochemical and antioxidants parameters were evaluated; kidney tissues were also examined. Results showed that gentamicin induced nephrotoxicity confirmed by a significant (p <0.05 to p <0.001) increased in serum urea, sodium and creatinine levels, and a significant (P<0.05) decreased of urine creatinine level in negative control group. In the same group, the activities of superoxide dismutase and catalase, and the levels of gluthation and serum protein were significantly decreased while malondialdehyde level was increased compared to normal control. Aqueous and methanolic extracts of C. diffusa significantly reversed all the altered parameters. Histopathological examination of kidney tissues revealed that aqueous extract of C. diffusa at dose of 200 mg/kg repaired the renal damage induced by gentamicin. In conclusion, aqueous and methanolic extracts of C. diffusa possess nephroprotective effects.

Olax viridis Oliv. (Olacaceae) is a shrub common in the tropics and grows well in the forest and savannah region. Species of this genus are used traditionally in the treatment of breast cancer and related diseases among others. This study aims to report the antiproliferative and in vitro antioxidant activities of butanol fraction of O. viridis root bark. Extraction of the pulverized dry bark was done by cold maceration using methanol and was further partitioned successively with N-hexane, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate and n-butanol. Fractionation of butanol fraction was done with vacuum-liquid-chromatography and subfractions monitored with TLC. Phytochemical screening of fraction A-C was carried out using standard phytochemical method while their constituents were evaluated using TLC. Antiproliferative activity was determined by cell viability assay using Saccharomyces cerevisae (yeast) as a model organism while the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging assay was used for antioxidant evaluation in-vitro with ascorbic acid as the reference standard for comparison. All the sub-fractions contain sugar, steroids, triterpenes and saponins. Sub-fractions A, B and C showed constituents (Rf values of 0.23, 0.41, 0.51 and 0.58), (Rf values of 0.46 and 0.63) and (Rf values of 0.44 and 0.62) respectively. The sub-fraction A showed dose-dependent activities for DPPH radical scavenging activity thus A(IC50=1.60mg/ml) while antiproliferative activities of all the sub-fractions were dose dependent A(IC50=8.22mg/ml) >B( IC50=>10 mg/ml). Sub fraction A showed a promising activity, and this preliminary study validated the traditional use of Olax species in the treatment of cancer.

Vitamin D is a fat soluble hormone, with a well explained function in bone fitness and calcium/phosphate metabolism. Current proofs have linked vitamin D to other physiological functions and pathological states. Addition of vitamin D supplements to the theorized (Minocycline, N-acetylcysteine and Aspirin) triple combined therapy to COVID-19, may improve the therapeutic efficacy of the joint therapy. Invivo and invitro laboratory experiments will confirm this theory about COVID-19 crisis.

COVID-19 is a universal disaster that affects the global health, economy, and restricts population movements. In this study we suggest that minocycline; second generation of tetracycline antibiotic with platelets transfusion may cure COVID-19 patients. As we have no facilities and even no positively confirmed patients in Sudan, so we send my suggestions to save my brothers and sisters in humanity worldwide, and I hope that god bless my suggestions and gain fruitful results.

The first occurrence of the highly contagious Coronavirus was in 2003 when China was hit with the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus (SARS-COV). SARS resulted in around 8,000 infections and 774 deaths worldwide not to mention the impact on world economy which saw declines in domestic and international travel and over 40 billion dollars in economic losses. Fast-forward to 2012, Saudi Arabia was hit with novel Middle East Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus (MERS COV) causing over 1611 active cases and 575 deaths worldwide. Since December 2019, our world succumbed to the rapid spread of COVID-19 now reaching 2,204,511 infections and 149,000 deaths worldwide. COVID-19 virus spreads through droplets of spittle or nose flow when an infected person coughs or sneezes. Effects vary between mild respiratory difficulties with average patients to severe illness with older people and those with underlying medical problems. Since vaccines are still unavailable, the world were to adopt extraordinary measure to control the outbreak such as flight suspensions, visa restrictions, border closures, social distancing and quarantine. The effects on world economy were severe with huge losses in tourism, travel, retail and service sectors and strains on the medical sector due to high demand and treatment costs.The circumstances surrounding COVID-19‘s spread makes many inquire about the motives of governments that are benefiting from the high infection and mortality rate of this virus to unproductive people, elderly and people with chronic illnesses forming a huge burden on welfare systems. Finally, with nothing confirmed, it is important to inquire about the invisible hands behind the epidemic and what would wait the world after COVID-19.

Communicative activities in ESL/EFL classroom contexts are productive when relevant linguistic devices are applied to literary texts. The literary effectiveness of George Bernard Shaw’s “Pygmalion”, an early twentieth-century play has been widely appreciated for its linguistic and literary effectiveness. The dialogic structures composed in the actions of the play reveal the varieties of spoken forms of English present during the Victorian period. After thorough scrutiny of the available research papers related to “Pygmalion” on the web, this study addressed the issues that were given less importance by the earlier studies. Considering the significance of “Pygmalion” as a prescribed coursebook in various universities across the world, this paper analysed the dialogic language of the play from a linguistic perspective. The existing literature on Pygmalion provides insights into thematic analysis from a literary and socio-linguistic perspective, referring to the class struggles and feminism. This paper examined the dialogues from a linguistic perspective. Weigand’s [1] dialogic principles were applied to the utterances of the characters, thereby providing insights into the metalinguistic aspects. The paper also presents the semantic effect of the communicative exchanges that the characters engage in when they meet at different settings in the play. Also, it provides resourceful ideas to the ESL/EFL teachers on various linguistic aspects that need to be focused while teaching a literary text. The findings of the study reveal the dialogic forms in “Pygmalion” can be useful to enhance the verbal, non-verbal and written communication of ESL/EFL students.

Aim: A comparative study to evaluate visual outcome in post-operative patients of Manual Small Incision Cataract Surgery and Phacoemulsification. Design: A prospective, comparative hospital based interventional study was conducted on 246 eyes having visually significant senile cataract undergoing cataract extraction surgery by either of two methods vis Manual Small Incision Cataract Surgery or Phacoemulsification at Regional Institute of Ophthalmology, Pt.B.D.Sharma PGIMS, Rohtak. A detailed post-operative examination was carried out on first post-operative day, then follow-up of patients of both the study groups regarding BCVA was carried out in Eye O.P.D. on 7th, I month. Results: Although the initial visual recovery on the 1st postoperative day was better in the patients who underwent phacoemulsification, with the uncorrected visual acuity better than or equal to 6/18 in 74% of the patients, whereas the percentage was 58.5 % in the SICS group. Similarly BCVA 6/18 or better on 7th post-operative was 100 % in the Phacoemulsification study group as compared to 87% SICS (p=0.010) group. Initial difference in visual outcome was nearly equalized within 1 month in both the study groups. There was no significant difference between the M-SICS & Phacoemulsification in terms of BCVA at Post-Operative 1 month, Post-Operative Spherical Refraction at 1 Week (p = 0.693) and 1 month (p = 0.640). But there was significant difference between two groups in terms of Cylindrical Refraction at Post-Operative 1 Week) (p=<0.001) and at 1 Month (p = <0.001) with the median Post-Operative Cylindrical Refraction higher in M-SICS group at 1 week & 1 Month. The median Post-Operative Cylindrical Refraction difference is all due to the fact that M-SICS had larger surgical incision causing higher surgically induced astigmatism. Conclusions: Phacoemulsification gives better uncorrected visual acuity (UCVA) at post-operative day 1 and better BCVA at 1week and Post-Operative Cylindrical Refraction at 1 Week and at 1 month. Whereas, BCVA at 1 month is similar in both the study groups MSICS and Phacoemulsification.