Introduction: Preterm labor is the leading cause of neonatal morbidity all over the world. Over the past two decades despite major preventive efforts, the incidence of preterm birth has remained constant at about 5-10% of live births. The etiology is often multifactorial and poorly understood. Neonatal complications which arise from preterm births are birth asphyxia, respiratory distress, low birth weight, infective neonatal hypoglycemia and neonatal death. With this background the present study was done to find out perinatal outcome in women presenting with preterm labour. Material and methods: The present study was a descriptive study conducted in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 100 consecutive women presented with preterm labour between 28 to <37 weeks were included in the study after obtaining written informed consent. Mode of delivery and neonatal outcome were noted. Data were compiled and analyzed. Results: Majority of the women were between 20 to 35 years of age, Hindu, Literate, belonging to rural area, low socio-economic status, and had normal BMI. 60% women were primigravida. 65% women had gestational age ≥34 weeks. Mean weight of the babies in our study was 1.7 ± 0.4 Kg and mean APGAR score at 5 min was 7.02 ±1.03. 46% babies were admitted in NICU for various reasons and 12% babies had perinatal death. Most common reason for NICU admission was birth asphyxia (42%) followed by extreme prematurity (16%), septicemia (12%) and jaundice (11%). Conclusion: Appropriate and innovative preventive intervention, customized individuals need may prevent preterm births and improve neonatal outcomes.

This study aims to determine the behavior of government bureaucracy in public services. The study was conducted in Parigi Moutong District, with seven informants selected purposively also used a qualitative-descriptive research method. Data collection was carried out by interviews, observation, and literature review. Data analysis used seven bureaucratic behaviors with some aspects, namely caring, superior, transformative, professional, integrity, a vision of novelty, and agent of democratic governance. The results showed that the figure of the bureaucratic apparatus had not been realized if it was associated with public services. It is occurred due to the existence of the effect by the system of Nepotism and political intervention with several research findings. For example, a bureaucratic care attitude towards public services by paying attention to the level of education and competence, excellence, professionalism, integrity, and the vision of a person's novelty can not be used as the most important criteria. The important thing is that the person concerned has an emotional connection, i.e., as family or team successful at the time of the regional head election process. In addition, it also cannot be used as an agent of democratic governance because it places a person in a non-transparent way, there are still political interventions that lead to negative perceptions that the behavior of the bureaucratic apparatus does not adhere to moral-ethical values, such as, upholding the mandate, distancing themselves from conflicts of interest.

Aim: Purpose of our study was to assess the awareness of dentists regarding medico-legal aspects in dentistry. Methodology: Our study enrolled 100 BDS dentists as participants in the online survey. Questions premeditated to test the awareness of dental practitioners toward IC, types of consent, time for taking consent, consent form for minors, negligence for non-referral, indemnity policy etc. Results: The results show that around 78% of dentists knew about informed consent and its importance in medico-legal aspects. Around 67% of dentists were aware of CPA and 45.7% of them had the knowledge about indemnity insurance policy and how it helps the dentist in case of medico-legal issues. Conclusion: In our study, we came across the fact that dentists participated in the survey had knowledge about informed consent but had less awareness about dental code of ethics. There was a need to increase awareness for medico-legal aspects in dental professionals.

The objective of this study is to assess the prescription of antibiotic therapy in the emergency department, which is an overview of our hospital training and to reflect on the development of corrective measures. A working group was responsible for developing the methodology. The data collection was prospectively for each patient, this data relating to the characteristics of the patients (age, sex), the reasons for emergency consultations, the data concerning the patient field, the elements of the clinical and paraclinical examination and prescribed antibiotic treatments and analysis of these data. This study included 542 patients consulting for different reasons; including 347 men (64%) against 195 women (36%); of which 90 patients benefited from the prescription of antibiotic therapy, is 16.60% of the patients included. Antibiotic therapy prescribed in the emergency room was justified in 86 patients (95.55%); the choice of the molecule was in accordance with the recommendations in 53 patients (58.88%) and the prescribed dosage was in accordance with the recommendations in 73 patients (81.11%). The quality of the choice of probabilistic antibiotic therapy conditions the patient's prognosis. To reduce this risk, the emergency physician must base his decision on probabilistic reasoning and reassess the treatment based on the antibiogram and systematically use the antibiotic therapy protocols recommended by learned societies which must be adapted to the local ecology; to ensure the proper use of antibiotics.

The objective of our work is to assess the practice of thromboprophylaxis in urological surgery in relation to international recommendations and to propose corrective measures. This is a prospective observational study of the practice of thromboprophylaxis in urological surgery. Carried out over a period of ten weeks. Data collection was carried out on files developed in consultation; the analysis of the results made it possible to include only the files subject to thromboprophylaxis and the comparison of these results with data from the literature to judge the conformity of the decisions of thromboprophylaxis compared to the specific recommendations. Among the 40 cases collected, one case was excluded because they relate to curative thromboprophylaxis. Compliance with the decision whether or not to initiate thromboprophylaxis concerned only 29 patients out of 39, ie decision compliance of 74.35%. Analysis of the overall thromboembolic risk showed that this risk was high in 35% of the cases. The duration of thromboprophylaxis was the judgment criterion, the compliance of which was only 63.6 3%. These results show the interest of this kind of study in order to update our protocols in accordance with the recommendations with regard to thromboprophylactic prevention, it is highly desirable to sensitize health professionals to the importance of respecting the prescription period for better patient management.

Coronaviruses which are enveloped RNA viruses infect human causing acute and chronic diseases also cause severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and common cold. The aim of this review is to concentrate on ginger which has many benefits to human, as the traditional medicine for the prophylaxis and treatment of COVID-19. In spite of spreading of COVID-19 all over the world, the incidence of the disease among Sudanese people still very low, most probably for their daily habit in using ginger as the traditional herbal drink in their life style. I believe that Ginger is the most effective traditional medicine for prophylaxis and treatment of COVID-19 for its properties in improving immune system and fighting corona viruses, more studies should be conducted to prove this thought.

The objective of this study was to analyze genotypic and phenotypic variability, heritability and genetic advance for grain yield and different quantitative characters using five short duration temperate maize inbred lines in a 5x5 diallel cross. High genetic advance together with high heritability for grain yield, plant height and grains per row revealed the influence of additive gene effect in determining these characters. High heritability with low genetic advance for days to 50% tasseling, days to 50% silking and cob length indicated the influence of dominant and epistatic genes for these attributes. However correlation studies showed grain yield had negative correlation with days to 50% tasseling and days to 50% silking, while positive significant correlation with plant height. Whereas positive and highly significant correlation was found with cob length, number of rows per cob and number of grains per row revealing that these are the major yield contributing traits and can help in improving maize grain yield.

Arabidopsisthaliana belongs to family (Brassicaceae) of mustard plant. It is widely studied because it has short generation time with life cycle of 6 week. There 20 cyclic nucleotide gated channel (CNGCs) genes in Arabidopsisthalianaout of which CNGC19 and CNGC20 are mainly involved in abiotic stresses like drought and salinity. The concerted effort is made to identify the role of CNGCs especially CNGC20 in salinity. Mutant lines of CNGC20 have been activated also identified potential role CNGC19 and CNGC20 in salt stress tolerance through activation tagging. It is functionally characterized CNGC20 for their potential role in salt stress. Knock out (KO) line was obtained from Salk Center and homozygous KO line was not sensitive to salt stress. Over-expression lines were developed and similar to KO line OX lines were also not tolerant to salt stress compared with wild type. Moreover, there was no significant difference between fresh weight of root and shoot.In addition, it has also been confirmed through public microarray databases that CNGC19 and CNGC20 are activated under salt stress in Arabidopsis. So it designed CRISPR/Cas construct for CNGC20 to develop double mutant of CNGC19 and CNGC20. The results indicate that KO and OX lines of CNGC20 are not significantly different than wild type under salinity, when compared with wild-type. However interaction of both CNGC19 and CNGC20 may result in clear information about their role in salt stress.

Small-scale farmers’ vulnerability to agropesticides depends largely on their attitudes and practices vis-à-vis these pesticides. This paper hinges on the causes of small-scale farmers’ vulnerability to pesticide use on market garden crops in M’muockngie, South West Region of Cameroon. This study made use of household surveys to identify the origin of pesticide, types, frequency of use and the causes of farmers’ vulnerability to pesticides health effects. Data analysis was at the same time manual and numeric. Findings revealed that, over 56% of small-scale farmers buy chemicals from local agrochemical input dealers. The poor handling of pesticide by small-scale farmers causes diseases like cough, itch, catarrh, nausea/vomiting, and eye redness as over 60% of farmers store pesticides at home which increases the risk of contamination. Chi-Square test results revealed that there was a significant difference between small-scale farmers’ level of education as a cause of their vulnerability to pesticides harmful effects and some hypothesized explanatory variables (p<0.05). Training in pesticides use and the adoption of environmental-smart methods remain the best solution to safe farmers from this danger.

The practice of child marriage in Indonesia is still prevalent to this day, and this is a serious problem. Indonesia still ranks second among Asian countries as a country that practices marriage against children after Cambodia. Generally, the practice of child marriage conducted in Indonesia is against children especially girls who are in rural areas and come from poor families. The purpose of this study was to see how the practice of child marriage of girls, especially in Indonesia and what efforts should be made to eliminate the practice of child marriage. This paper will discuss the steps that must be taken to eliminate the practice of child marriage in Indonesia, especially against girls as this becomes a serious and very detrimental issue, especially for girls. Because generally they are forced to undergo this. This research uses normative research type with qualitative method. The results show that the practice of marriage to girls in Indonesia occurs due to several factors, such as poverty, lack of education, and matchmaking tradition in some areas. The practice of marriage of girls is also contrary to the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child (UNCRC) that has been ratified by the Government of Indonesia through Presidential Decree of the Republic of Indonesia Number 36 Year 1990, besides the Indonesian Government has also issued Law of the Republic of Indonesia Number 35 Year 2014 on Amendment to Law of the Republic of Indonesia Number 23 Year 2002 on Child Protection, then refers also to the Marriage Law in Indonesia, Number 1 Year 1974 on Marriage. So in the opinion of the authors, the practice of marriage of children to girls in some areas in Indonesia is a form of violation of human rights to children according to the convention of children's rights which has also been ratified by the Indonesian government for more than 25 years so that there should be efforts made by the Government as a form of implementation of the UNCRC that has been ratified in the case of the protection and fulfilment of the rights of the child on the basis of the Convention, the author believes that the practice of marriage against girls should be abolished because it has been very long and very harmful for girls in Indonesia.

Diarrhea remains the first leading causes of children mortality worldwide specially in developing countries, lead to approximately (1.87) million deaths yearly.There is a global agreement that rotaviruses are the single prominent causative agents of childhood diarrhea illnesses worldwide. The objective of this work was to characterize human rotavirus strains circulating among children attended with diarrhea to Mohammed Alamin Hamid Pediatric Hospital using molecular methods. 150 fecal specimens from infants less than 5 years were collected and analyzed. The samples were investigated for presence of rotavirus using antigen based enzyme immune-sorbent assay (ELISA), genotyping was carried out by RT-PCR to determine virus genotypes using VP7 gene specific primer sets. Rotavirus was detected in stool of 42(28.7%) out of 150 total children. The study revealed that the percentage of (Rotavirus Ag positive) children was (29.3%) in males which is nearly equal to the percentage of Rotavirus Ag positive children in females (26.6%) but this difference in gender was significant statistically insignificant.

Ritonavir is an antiretroviral of the protease inhibitor class. It is used against HIV infections as a fixed–dose combination with another protease inhibitor, ritonavir (lopinavir/ritonavir). In the current research, the stimulated ATR–FTIR biospectroscopy of liquid sample of Ritonavir was investigated. The stimulated ATR–FTIR diffractions emitted through focusing the second harmonic laser beam Nd:YAG into the sample were recorded by Echelle spectrometer and ICCD detector. Increasing the energy of laser beam from 2.6 (mJ) to 16 (mJ) was led to increase in stimulated ATR–FTIR signal but after breakdown threshold of liquid sample, more increasing of energy was led to decrease in stimulate ATR–FTIR signals and for energies higher than 20 (mJ), they were disappeared. Skeletal formula of ritonavir (original trade name Norvir)—an HIV protease inhibitor and a pharmacokinetic booster. Orientation made to match to show the structural similarity between ritonavir and cobicistat. Created with ChemDoodle 8.0.0.b1 and Adobe Illustrator CC 2015.

Ritonavir is an antiretroviral of the protease inhibitor class. It is used against HIV infections as a fixed–dose combination with another protease inhibitor, ritonavir (lopinavir/ritonavir). In the current research, the stimulated FT–IR biospectroscopy of liquid sample of Ritonavir was investigated. The stimulated FT–IR diffractions emitted through focusing the second harmonic laser beam Nd:YAG into the sample were recorded by Echelle spectrometer and ICCD detector. Increasing the energy of laser beam from 2.6 (mJ) to 16 (mJ) was led to increase in stimulated FT–IR signal but after breakdown threshold of liquid sample, more increasing of energy was led to decrease in stimulate FT–IR signals and for energies higher than 20 (mJ), they were disappeared. Ball–and–stick model of the ritonavir molecule, C37H48N6O5S2, as found in the crystal structure reported in Pharm. Res. (2001) 18 859–866 (CSD Entry: YIGPIO02). Colour code:   Carbon, C: grey   Hydrogen, H: white Nitrogen, N: blue   Oxygen, O: red   Sulfur, S: yellow Model manipulated and image generated in CCDC Mercury 3.8.

Introduction: The market of food supplements is in full expansion, this evolution is due to several factors in particular, nutritional deficiencies, sedentary, lifestyle and lower energy needs. Hence the interest in studying the consumer profiles of these products. Subjects and methods: This is a prospective study conducted over a period of eight months; subjects are recruited at random during our training, on the internet and during medical caravans whose objective is to assess the knowledge and practices of Moroccans so that the doctor can find concrete answers usable during his medical practice. Results: 570 subjects were included, of which 316 subjects (57.1%) declared having already consumed food supplements. The study revealed the female predominance among consumers, as well as the predominance of the 20-30 year age group. Among the reasons for consumption, filling a deficiency comes first with (42.6%), improved a particular function second with (36.4%) and then treating an illness. For the essential expectations of consumers; fighting fatigue and fighting overweight come first with 34.8% and 14.1% respectively. The consumption of CA is most often done on the advice of a doctor with (46.7%) and the pharmacy remains the main distribution channel with (78.7%). Discussion and Conclusion: The regulatory framework for the marketing in Morocco of food supplements requires only the obtaining of a registration certificate. It is thus, the duty of each health professional to judge the benefit - risk of advising or prescribing a food supplement given the risks to which any consumer may be exposed.

The advancement in the digital world has led to the increase in the demand for the radio spectrum, which eventually has led to the spectrum scarcity and underutilization of it. The under-utilization of allocated spectrum is due to the fixed spectrum allocation to the primary user. This problem can be overcome by an intelligent radio network called Cognitive Radio (CR). The CR helps in detecting the idle spectrum in the radio environment and thus allocating it to the Secondary Users (SU). Cognitive Radio provides reliable service to the secondary user by preventing interference between secondary and primary user. Spectrum Sensing plays the vital role in the Cognitive Radio to sense the idle spectrum and allocate the vacant spectrum for SU. The major and prominent spectrum sensing methods include Energy Based Detection (EBD), Matched Filter Detection (MFD), Cyclostationary Feature Detection (CFD), Covariance Based Detection (CBD) and Wavelet Based Detection (WBD). This paper discusses Cyclostationary based detection method exploit the periodic statistics and spectral correlation of the received signal to detect the presence of the primary signal in the channel. In wavelet based spectrum sensing wavelet transform technique is applied on the received signal to determine the edges in the spectrum of the signal.