L’observation de la pratique de classe et l’analyse didactique des programmes et des manuels de français d’avant l’introduction du curriculum basé sur les compétences au Rwanda, montre que la didactique de la grammaire de français suivait une démarche déductive qui met au centre de tout enseignement l’enseignant, le rôle de l’apprenant relégué au second plan. L’an 2008 fait que le français passe de la langue d’instruction à la langue objet d’enseignement, supplantée par l’anglais. L’intérêt d’apprendre et d’enseigner cette langue va sensiblement régresser. Aujourd’hui, pour relever l’enseignement efficace du français et de la grammaire en particulier, les efforts doivent converger vers l’intégration et la pratique des nouvelles démarches de la didactique de la grammaire. Leur coexistence n’y est pas pour rien car la résistance au changement persiste suite au degré de connaissance et d’utilisation de ces démarches et à l’attitude des enseignants et des apprenants face à la situation nouvelle. Notre recherche à la fois qualitative et quantitative, avait pour objectif de présenter la situation actuelle de la didactique de la grammaire du FLE dans les écoles secondaires au Rwanda, en vue de proposer une meilleure pratique de ses démarches. Elle a focalisé sur les élèves de la 2ème et de la5ème année, et leurs enseignants des six écoles sélectionnées du district de Kayonza au Rwanda. Leurs réponses au questionnaire et à l’entretien ont prouvé que l’enseignement de la grammaire du FLE dans ces écoles reste traditionnelle et déductive .Les démarches inductives et active de découverte sont quasiment inconnues et rarement utilisées, d’où la nécessité d’une formation et une pratique de ces nouvelles démarches pour une didactique efficace de la grammaire en particulier et du français en général.

Self-esteem is the basic human need or motivation. American psychologist Abraham Maslow for example included self-esteem in his hierarchy of needs for respect from others and inner self esteem. Respect from others entail recognition, acceptance, status and appreciation and was believed to be more fragile and easily lost than inner self esteem. According to Maslow, without the fulfillment of the self-esteem need, individuals will be driven to seek it and unable to grow and obtain self-esteem. The purpose of the study was to analyze the self-esteem between men and women physical education professionals. 17 women and 17 men undergoing Master of Physical Education students from Alagappa University College of Physical Education, Alagappa University, Karaikudi, Sivagangai district, Tamil Nadu were selected as subjects for the study at random. Self-esteem was measured by Self Esteem Inventory Scale by Dr. S. Karunanidhi (1996). The multidimensional questionnaire consists of 83 key items in the form of statements. It has both positive and negative items. The inventory measures six dimensions of self-esteem such as Competency, Global self-esteem, Moral and Self-control, Social esteem, Family self-esteem and Body and physical appearance. The data collected were statistically analyzed by using ‘t’ test to find out the significant difference between men and women physical education professionals on their self-esteem. The level of significance was fixed at 0.05. The result showed that men scored in global self-esteem and social self-esteem than women. No significant difference was found in Competency, Moral and Self-control Family self-esteem and Body and physical appearance between men and women physical education professionals.

Industrial actions are all forms of work dissatisfaction that can manifest in several ways like absenteeism, strike, high labour turnover among others. This has posed a lot of threats to all sectors of the economy and affected Nigeria society socially, economically and politically. Two theoretical postulations were used to investigate the perceived causes and effects of industrial actions in South West Nigeria. Survey research which involved 400 respondents from four randomly selected local governments was employed in the study. Data, which were sourced from both primary and secondary sources, were analysed using quantitative and qualitative methods. From the findings, the respondents revealed that hike petroleum price (85.3%), poor working conditions (66.3%), labour union interest (72.6%), members’ welfare (64.2%) and failure of management to keep to agreement (73.7%) were some of the factors responsible for industrial actions in Nigeria. Also, the respondents confirmed that undeveloped economy (70.6%), political stability (53.7%), development of entrepreneurial skills (66.3%), improved government administrative efficiency (70.5%), brain drain (80%), and increased poverty (60%) were the perceived outcomes of industrial actions on Nigeria political economy. On the efficacy of strike actions, respondents affirmed that labour union objectives are usually attained during strike (64.2%), and there were increases on wage labour (65.3%). Based on the findings, strike favours the workers, and negatively affects the nation and government in the long run. Thus, it was recommended that, there is need for stable labour-management relations between the government, industries and employees that will enhance a good bargaining environment. Also, there is need to improve on minimum wage policy of the government for the employees so as to improve the welfare of the employees and reduce the incidences of strike actions.

In view of the timeliness and accuracy of traditional state recognition algorithms, this paper proposes an improvement measure for foreground segmentation and target recognition. Foreground segmentation is to model the background information in the scene before recognizing the image, to separate the foreground target from the scene, at the same time to reduce the impact of noise, shadow and other environmental changes as much as possible, and then segment the target through a sliding window strategy. Target recognition is improved with reference to the PRN network and anchorboxes mechanism, and a more advanced clustering k-means++ algorithm is applied. The method has low error rate, high signal-to-noise ratio and fast processing speed. Finally, the proposed improved algorithm is applied to device status recognition, which shows the advanced nature of the algorithm.

Brief Background: Dentistry is facing its darkest hour yet, with the growth and spread of the Coronavirus pandemic. Dental surgeons are at the highest risk of contracting and transmitting the Coronavirus, alongside paramedics, nurses, and other healthcare workers. Dental clinics across the country were shut for over two months. With the pandemic still on the growth curve, there is no hope of revival anytime soon, compounded by zero earnings by dental practitioners and staff at clinics. To our knowledge, no study addresses the dentist’s perspective in such testing times, where they are entirely restricted to the confines of their homes. Aim: To assess the effects of COVID-19 and the lockdown on Indian Dentists and their practice. Materials and Methods: A self-designed online exploratory questionnaire of 18 questions was distributed to 400 potential responders. This cross-sectional study was conducted through an online survey questionnaire among dentists of Maharashtra in India. Dentists were enquired for demographics, experience, education and questions based on the current scenario and was used to give results among the study population. Results and Discussion: Out of the Four hundred dentists who were approached, a total of Two hundred and twenty subjects returned the questionnaire. 38.2% dentists' clinics were open but seeing lower patient volume than usual and 31.8% dentists were closed but seeing emergency patients. Also 28.2% dentists were closed and not seeing any patients. All the dentists replied in affirmative when asked if the virus and lockdown affected their practice. 69.1% dentists did attend to patients on emergency basis and the same percentage of dentists practiced teledentistry. 68.2% dentists were facing problems with their rents, wages and payments related to their practice. 80.9% of dentists were prepared to reopen their practice and 53.6% of dentists were planning to increase the treatment charges. 31.5% of dentists had a stock of PPE which would last those 1-6 days and 25% had a stock lasting them more than a month. 47.3% were highly concerned regarding the risk of transmission of Covid-19 to themselves, their team and the patients. Summary and Conclusion: With the recent claims the Covid-19 is here to stay for a while, it is essential that dentists must be fully prepared before providing services and must attain proper awareness to limit the disease spread.

Natural fibers obtained from plants or animals. Okra fiber is one of the source of natural fibres, which comes from okra plant (Abelmoschus esculentus). Okra fiber is eco-friendly, biodegradable, available, and cost effective materials. The properties of okra fiber are changed with different harvesting time. This work studied to determine the physico-mechanical and thermal properties using Stelometer, Fibre fineness analysis system, Photovolt meter, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), and Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) at different age of okra fibres. The results showed that strength (gm/tex) 30.78, fineness (μm) 40.50, whiteness or color (%) 48.40 of four-month okra fiber and the six-month okra fiber strength (gm/tex) 31.98, fineness (μm) 56.12, whiteness or color (%) 43.56. FTIR assessment of the okra fiber reveals the presence of functional group. Thermally stability of six-month sample is good compare to the four-month okra fiber. The okra bast fibre is an important unconventional source of fibres, which could be, characterized for their use in blending yarn, reinforcing materials and diversified products.

Vagina is a part of the female genital tract leading from external genitals to the cervix of the uterus. It is a muscular and an elastic organ. There are various malformations that can occur in the female genital organ, one among them being Mullerian Agenesis. Mullerian agenesis/ MRKH syndrome is a congenital anomaly in females due to the developmental failure of vagina from the mullerian duct. This results in aplasia of the uterus/ vagina or presence of rudimentary uterus and upper part of the vagina.1 It is the most common cause of primary amenorrhea. Women with vaginal agenesis usually suffer from mental depression and they are deprived of a normal social life. It is mandatory to educate and motivate the patients and their family about the various treatment options available and carry out the treatment which is best suited according to the patient’s needs. The most common treatment modalities include non-surgical methods, surgical methods or combination of both. Surgical creation of neovagina along with the use of a neovaginal prosthesis can go a long way in improving the quality of life of the patient. This article presents a case report of a young woman with MRKH syndrome who was referred to the Department of Prosthodontics for fabrication of a neovaginal prosthesis which was to be used after surgery to maintain a patent passage. The neovaginal prosthesis was fabricated by a Maxillofacial Prosthodontist using autopolymerizing acrylic resin.

Sebaceous carcinoma of the eyelid is rare. The diagnosis might be difficult because of its ability to masquerade as other periocular lesions. This paper reports a case of sebaceous carcinoma of the eyelid in a 70-year-old man. The tumor was excised and histopathological examination revealed the characteristic features of sebaceous carcinoma.

This review article describes about the various surface treatments or modifications of the dental implants. Previously dental clinicians believe that osteogenic cells did not responds to the changes in the Nano structure of the dental implant surface but recent studies have shown that Osteogenic cells responds to the surface modifications or various surface modifications1. This review article describes about the Titanium dioxide Nano tube arrangement, functional peptide coatings, fluoride treatment, calcium phosphorus application, UV photo functionalization. Various studies have shown that these surface treatments increase the dental implant survival rate to 95%.

Background: The Posterior capsule rupture is one of the most serious intra-operative cataract surgery complication that affect the success of Cataract operation and its outcome, results in relation to visual outcome and the quality of life to the patients. Objectives: 1) To identify our rate of Posterior capsule rupture. 2) To figure out possible related risk factors. Type of study: A retrospective study of all Cataract surgeries done in 2016 in Shaheed Dr. Aso teaching Eye specialty hospital, which is the only and main eye hospital in Sulaimaniya city, Kurdistan region of Iraq. Statistical Analysis: Statistical Package of Social Sciences 24 (SPSS-24). Patients and Methods: A retrospective study done on the file data of 1057 files(eyes/patients) underwent cataract surgeries either by phacoemulsification, extra-capsular cataract extraction or small incision cataract surgery at 2016, all useful information and details from the files were taken and analyzed. Inclusion Criteria: All good documentation files of cataract surgeries taken, regardless of cataract maturity classification as immature, mature and hypermature and regardless of surgeries done by hands of specialist, or training surgeons under supervision of seniors and regardless of types of machines of phacoemulsification, 1057 files taken. Exclusion Criteria: Vague or defective and in adequate information and documentation files were excluded, we exclude eight files only. Results: The rate of Posterior Capsular Rupture was 58 (5.4%) eyes in all cataract surgeries, 1057 eyes, that done by hands of highly qualified specialists or supervising the training resident surgeons, of those 58 eyes, 32 eyes ends with primary intraocular lens implantation, 16 eyes with secondary intraocular lens implantation and 10 eyes left as Aphakia. Risk stratification done by data available preoperatively, the maturity of cataract in which hypermature cataract had (22.2%), (95% CI 1.17 to 16.98; OR: 5.40) and P>0.001 risk for Posterior capsular rupture, and type of surgery in which ECCE had 6.9% risk factor (95% CI 1.03 to 3.13; OR 1.80), P> 0.036. Conclusion: Although Posterior capsular rupture in the average but it’s still significant.

The present inquiry was aimed at studying the job stress and its stressors during COVID – 19 pandemic among teaching and non-teaching employees working in constituent colleges of L. N. Mithila University, Darbhanga, India. For the present study total sample consisted of one hundred fifty employees (N=150) comprising teaching (n=75) and non-teaching (n=75) which were selected by contacting online on mobile, whats App, facebook and Google mail during COVID – 19 pandemic. Data collected through questionnaire schedules using Occupational Stress Index (OSI) developed by Singh and Srivastava (1981). Having collected the data on each item of the index, data were tabulated according to procedures and norms of the OSI for giving statistical treatment. Results revealed the fact that significant difference have been found in terms of total occupational stress between the group of teaching and non-teaching employees during pandemic, whereas, seven dimensions / stressors of occupational stress out of twelve, namely, Role overload, Role ambiguity, Role conflict, Unreasonable group and political pressure, Responsibility for persons, Under participation and Strenuous working conditions have also been emerged as the predictors of occupational stress between the group of teaching and non-teaching employees during COVID – 19 pandemic. It is interestingly to note that non-teaching employees were found more prone to job stress during COVID – 19 pandemic than the teaching employees while working in constituent colleges of LNMU. The discrepancy of results obtained has been discussed in detail by highlighting the probable reasons.

Obesity is a chronic condition characterized by excess body fat which results in an increase in the body weight of patients. C acutangula is a medicinal plant used in traditional medicine in Burkina Faso for the management of weight gain. The objective of this study was to determine the anti obesity potential of the bioactive fractions of C. acutangula extract. The ethanolic extract of C. acutangula was fractionated to obtain the hexanic, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, butanol and aqueous fractions. The effect of these fractions on weight gain, food intake and lipid biochemical parameters were determined in vivo. The inhibitory activity of digestive enzymes (pancreatic lipase, trypsin) and the antioxidant potential were evaluated for these fractions. The butanolic fraction showed the best activity with an inhibition of 68.20 ± 3.4% at 100 μg / ml. The ethyl acetate fraction gave the best activity on reducing body weight with 18.11% reduction to 50mg / kg of body weight against the control (hyperlipid diet) which gave increases in weight of 34.83% respectively. The ethyl acetate fraction at 25 and 75 mg / kg of body weight and the butanolic fraction at 50 mg / kg showed the best reductions in the triglyceride level with respectively 111.89 ± 28.6; 108.35 ± 10.5 and 108.9 ± 10.21 mg / dl against the control which gave a rate of 280 ± 8.43 mg / dl. Best activities on cholesterol levels, HDLc and LDLc have been observed. For the antioxidant effect, the fractions caused a reduction in the level of MDA and an induction of the production of catalase. These results demonstrate that the ethyl acetate and butanolic fractions contain antiobesity molecules and could therefore be used in the implementation of a phytomedicine.

The present research endeavor was aimed at studying the perceived life satisfaction and social support of aged men and women during COVID – 19 outbreaks with special reference to New Delhi, India. For the present piece of research work total sample one hundred sixty (N=160) comprising aged women (n=80) and aged men (n=80) randomly selected from different locality of New Delhi. Subjects’ age were ranged between 60–75 years. Data collected door to door by maintaining social distance through questionnaires schedules individually from aged women and men during COVID–19 outbreaks. During the data collection respondents were taken in to confidence and assured them that responses provided by them on the items of questionnaire schedules will be kept strictly confidential. Having tabulated and analyzed the data, results revealed the fact that there is high significant difference between the group of aged men and women towards their degree of perceived life satisfaction which has been statistically found significant at .01 level of confidence, although, aged women were found more prone to higher degree of life satisfaction than men during the novel COVID–19 outbreaks. Moreover, aged women have shown higher degree of social support than aged men, hence, significant difference have also been found between the group of aged men and women at .01 level of confidence towards their life satisfaction. The discrepancies of results obtained have been discussed in detail by giving probable reasons.

Mobile telecommunication and information technology is of utmost important in our social life, the economy, business transactions and education among others. Regrettably, the interacting innovations in products, services and technologies with a general convergence or blurring of distinctions between platforms, products and services has created enormous impacts as well as benefits in the mobile telephony sector. This paper therefore, seeks to examine these impacts and benefits of mobile telecommunications sector in Cameroon. In order to attain the above objectives, we employed content analysis in this regard. This paper therefore, conclude with some robust recommendations which if effectively implemented, will go a long way to improve on the mobile telecommunication sector as a result, enhance the digital economy of Cameroon.

The public space in the city is the platform for the manifestation of cultural values. Locating and improving the quality of these spaces creates interaction between citizens and space. In the meantime, identifying and classifying the main spatial qualities under the title of Art Street is an effective step to locate and improve the quality of urban spaces. Such a street is organized with the focus on art and provides the possibility of two-way communication between people and art, or in other words, urban interactive art (public art). The result is the role of citizens as creators of Art works and increasing their belonging to the environment. The present study seeks to achieve the qualitative components affecting the locating of Art Street and tries to interpret the concept of street art, physical, social and perceptual criteria for the locating and organizing of Art Street. For this purpose, by studying the relevant theoretical foundations, the components and criteria of Art Street were collected and classified from the perspective of experts. From their viewpoint the components of environmental quality affecting the desirability of Art Street are classified into four dimensions: physical, traffic, socio-cultural and environmental. In the next step, based on theoretical foundations, a questionnaire was distributed among the citizens in three selected sequences, including a part of the three axes of Valiasr Street, Enghelab and North Kargar street and the qualitative dimensions and locating criteria of Art Street were extracted from their point of view and classified Then, a comparative comparison of the locating criteria of Art Street from the perspective of citizens and experts was performed. According to the research findings, the criterion for the existence of uses related to art and leisure and the continuity and flexibility of sidewalks is one of the main criteria for locating Art Street. the presence of activists such as artists and art students and functions such as art galleries, colleges and art and craft markets is the main factor in the successful location of Art Street. Also, the physical integration in the components, the cohesion of functional nodes, and the ability to diversity and fluidity of functions are the main criteria representing Art Street.