The use of 3D printing has seen a rapid increase in dentistry. This technology offers a lucrative advantage of combining precision and customization with reduced labor and time consumption. It aids the creation of a digital workflow wherein every step is performed virtually without a need for multiple laboratory procedures. Reduced material consumption in additive manufacturing when compared to the traditional milling techniques also makes it a convenient option. However, the properties of rapid prototype materials are dependent on multiple factors. Research on their mechanical properties has been done and factors affecting the same have been determined to an extent. The many aspects involved in the printing of dental materials make it necessary to exhaustively research the influence of each on different materials and techniques of manufacturing. This review aims to describe the present applications of additive manufacturing technologies in fabricating dental restorations. Studies that have explored the accuracy and properties of the materials used at each step, from creating tooth dies to a fixed prosthesis, and compared them with presently used methods have been discussed. The factors that influence the fabrication accuracy and mechanical properties have also been described. Though further studies on the material, technical and biological influences are needed, the present research seems promising. This technology can change the techniques used in restorative dentistry for the benefit of both the patients and dentists alike.

Othematoma is a frequent reason for consultation in the emergency department, occurs after trauma to the face or sometimes spontaneously. It must be well known by practitioners because failure to treat in time exposes severe functional and aesthetic complications. Reporting to us the case of a patient treated for an left Othematoma with a review of the course of action to be taken.

Acute viral hepatitis (AVH) is a systemic infection affecting the liver predominantly. It is a major public health problem in India and other developing nations having inadequate sanitary conditions. This study was undertaken to determine the trends of Hepatitis A & E & their coinfection in a tertiary care hospital so that appropriate management of cases as well as prevention can be planned. Material & Methods: Over a 1-year period, a total of 1074 serum samples were collected from clinically suspected cases of hepatitis. The serum samples were screened for IgM anti-HAV and IgM anti-HEV. Seasonal variation & age group wise seropositivity of hepatitis A& E was studied. Results: Out of the total 1074 samples screened, the percentage positivity of Hepatitis A was 6% and Hepatits E was 15% respectively. Of both Hepatitis A & E positive cases, males outnumbered females. Majority of HAV positive cases were children whereas majority of hepatitis E positive cases were adults. Conclusion: The prevalence of HEV was more than HAV in enterically transmitted viruses, making them a major public health problem in our area. Seasonal trends of infection were observed in addition, co-infection though infrequent, but still detected in one case.

This article presents the results of a scientific economic research, which goal was to reveal the economic indicators resulting from two crises never seen before in Mexico: on the one hand, the health crisis caused by COVID19 and on the other hand, the economic crisis that has been dragging on for several decades. The authors analyzed from the modern conventional economy using the inferential deductive method, the statistical information of the five months of the year 2020 (April-August) regarding the gross domestic product, employment and unemployment in Mexico in order to understand the two crises and propose the alternatives of its solution. The study showed that the average growth rate in employment during the last 36 years in Mexico (neoliberal model) was 1.8%, while unemployment increased in the same period at a rate of 3.4%, an indicator that shows the incapacity of the model to satisfy the demand for labor of the population. Likewise, in the unemployment variable, the neoliberal model implemented since the eighties of the twentieth century in Mexico, has resulted in a low dynamism in GDP, unlike that achieved in the nationalist period, with the consequent reduced number of jobs each six-year term and with it, a considerable increase in the number of unemployed.

The emerging global resistance to anti-tubercular drugs, and the underdiagnosis of extrapulmonary tuberculosis lesions, warrants an increased awareness of the involvement of Mycobacterium tuberculosis at rare sites of occurrence, such as the oral cavity. The involvement of the tongue, the most common site of oral tuberculosis, can either be primary or secondary. We report a rare presentation of oral tuberculosis in a 45-year-old male who presented with ulcerative lesions on the tongue and epiglottis. Histopathological examination showed chronic granulomatous inflammation with positive Ziehl Neelsen stain. The patient responded well to anti-tubercular treatment. Tuberculosis should be kept as a differential diagnosis of oral cavity lesions so that prompt diagnosis can be offered, leading to better patient management. Efficient treatment in such cases is beneficial for the community, as the patient is a potential source of transmission of tuberculosis.

Advances in material science and technologies has helped dentist in proving the best possible treatment options to the patients. Due to its superior Physical and mechanical properties, Polyetheretherketone (PEEK) has been tried in various aspects of dentistry. The use of PEEK in prosthodontics ranges from crowns, removable partial dentures, fixed partial denture and maxillofacial prosthesis and implant superstructures. The aim of this study is to review and evaluate the use of PEEK polymer in the field of Prosthodontics. The indexed English literature published was systematically searched for studies on PEEK and its use in prosthodontics. Full text of all the articles were studied to select final articles for this review. Suitable mechanical properties and biocompatibility is making PEEK a favorable material for use in prosthodontics. Further long-term In vivo studies are required, for this material to replace other conventional materials, used in prosthodontics.

The aim of this study is to an audit of the types, patterns, and indications for major oral and maxillofacial surgeries carried out at the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Benin Teaching Hospital from January 2015 to December 2019. The findings from this study should provide valuable information to develop a future strategic plan, and improve clinical care. A retrospective review of the hospital records (including theatre logbooks, theatre lists, case notes and admission notebooks in the wards) of all patients operated upon within the study period was done. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze the collected data. Two hundred and forty-two (242) patients who had two hundred and eighty-eight (288) maxillofacial surgeries in the period under review formed the population for this study. There were 180 (62.5%) males and 108 (37.5%) females giving a male to female ratio of 1.6: 1. The ages observed ranged from 3 months to 85 years (median age of 23 years and mean age of 22.36 ± 20.09). Congenital/developmental conditions formed the largest indication for surgery, accounting for 113 (39.4%) of the cases seen. The most commonly performed surgery was cleft lip/palate repair (36.1%, n = 104), followed by mandibulectomy and reconstruction using plating systems (16.7%, n = 48). Major Oral and Maxillofacial surgeries are commonly carried out in our centre. The quality of service delivery can be improved upon through adequate manpower training in microvascular surgeries to help in better patient rehabilitation and provision of needed facilities.

Infection with the SARS-Cov-2 virus induces an unusual pre-thrombotic state, of multifactorial origin, responsible for a high incidence of venous thromboembolic events but also of arterial thromboses which have a negative impact on the prognosis of patients. Knowledge of the mechanisms of thrombosis formation has improved significantly since the onset of the pandemic pending appropriate protocols for preventive and curative anticoagulant therapy during COVID 19, emerging from randomized controlled clinical trials. We report the case of a young patient hospitalized with a moderate form of COVID 19 who presented with pulmonary embolism and acute ischemic stroke related to internal carotid thrombosis.

The anatomical relationship between the floor of maxillary sinus and maxillary posterior teeth always possess a challenge in dentistry, especially during the endodontic and extraction procedures. Maxillary sinus often pneumatize between the molar roots and results in proximity between them. Odontogenic sinusitis incidence is of 10% to 12% of a well-recognized phenomena. The most common cause is foreign body displacement into the sinus. The most common foreign body in the maxillary sinus is an extracted maxillary tooth followed by a displaced root. This article reports a case in which a root was displaced to the most medial superior margin of the maxillary sinus. The palatal root was displaced during extraction of the left maxillary second molar and was retrieved after three days of the incidence.

Cerebral palsy (CP) is a major neurodevelopmental disorder, presently estimated to affect approximately 1 in 500 children. As a clinical diagnosis, the etiology of the syndrome varies and is often unknown. The objective of this study is to determine the pattern and the contributing factors of CP among Libyans children. This was a descriptive hospital-based study conducted over a period of six years in ALBYDA Central Hospital – LIBYA. One hundred and eight patients of CP were enrolled, of whom 70 (65%) were males and 38 (35%) were females. Spastic quadriplegic CP was the most common type and epilepsy was the most problem associated with CP. Birth asphyxia, prematurity neonatal meningitis, kernicterus and brain malformation were the main contributing factors.

Recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL) is a condition when a woman has three or more consecutive pregnancy loss. A loss of pregnancy is described as a clinically recognized pregnancy that ends involuntarily before 20 weeks. Most complications in pregnancy arise from chromosomal, or genetic, defects and are spontaneous occurrences. The main aim of this research is to find out the risk factors associated with Recurrent Pregnancy Loss (RPL). Also, the specific objectives of the study are; to recognize the probable remedial targets to detect the origin of the pregnancy losses, and to provide necessary recommendations regarding organized care for couples with RPL. A descriptive study was conducted for 1 year from July 2014 to June 2015, to find out the cause and consequences of recurrent pregnancy loss. Factors, such as age, environmental and occupational exposure, psychological pressure, chronic endometritis, genetic factors, smoking, thrombophilia screening, uterine imperfections, were some of the risks for Recurrent Pregnancy Loss. Multiple miscarriages can create noteworthy negative mental pressure for couples, and that is why numerous studies are being conducted to improve medicines and reduce the time expected to accomplish an effective and full-term pregnancy. Patients with RPL need to consult with fertility specialists about appropriate exams to clarify the risk factors and treatments to improve the outcomes of pregnancy.

The existence of National Forensic DNA Database enormously helps investigations & control of crime. But criticisms have been raised at the ethical & social risks from misuse of DNA database. In India, there is no legislation on DNA profiling. Hence, peoples’ support is required. So, we aimed to study the knowledge & attitude about the benefits & risks of National Forensic DNA Database among 400 medical students. We found that the knowledge about the use of DNA fingerprinting as an evidence is good. The knowledge about National Forensic DNA Database & its current status in India is poor. Most of them (87.5%) opinioned that it’s a step forward in criminal investigations. 42% felt it’s beneficial. Many of them doubted its efficiency (40%), safe guarding (53%) & its establishment (47.5%) in India. Many of them feel that they have privacy issues (62.7%) & it has potential to harm (39.3%). 51.5% felt it should be a permanent record. Most of them supported for inclusion of all crime scene stains, suspects, recordable offence, missing persons & unidentified dead bodies DNA should be profiled. 42.75% were willing to provide their DNA samples. Hence, we found that the knowledge of medical students about National Forensic DNA Database is not adequate. This will lead to lack of support & may be interpreted as violation of human rights. But most of them supported the need for such a database; hence creating awareness on our part will definitely help in improving the people’s understanding.

Aim: To determine Knowledge, attitude and practices (KAP) about Diabetic Retinopathy in diagnosed Diabetic patients at outpatient department of district head quarter hospital Sahiwal Pakistan. Introduction: Diabetic Retinopathy is a diabetes complication that affects eyes. It is caused by damage to the blood vessels of the light sensitive tissue at the back of the eye (retina). The longer you have diabetes and the less controlled your blood sugar is, the more likely you are to develop this eye complication. Methodology: This was hospital based, descriptive, cross sectional study. A written informed consent was taken from the all patients to take part in this study. Data was analyzed by using statistical package for social sciences SPSS version 24. Results: In this study 72 patients were included out of which 30 (41.7%) were male and 42 (58.3%) were female. Out of these 72, majority 42 (58.3%) patients had no knowledge about diabetes and only 30 (41.7%) patients had good knowledge regarding diabetic retinopathy. Conclusion: In this study, knowledge about diabetic retinopathy was not as satisfactory. Knowledge about Diabetic retinopathy was even lower than diabetes. Results for practices were totally different from knowledge. Practices for controlling diabetes regarding diet was good but regarding exercise showed poor results.

Background: Hypothyroidism in the simplest terms can be defined as deficient production of thyroid hormone. Primary hypothyroidism indicates decreased secretion of thyroid hormone by factors affecting the thyroid gland itself. A decrease in serum concentrations of thyroid hormone causes an increased secretion of Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH), thus resulting in elevated serum TSH concentration [1-4]. Even though, classical texts of Unani Medicine does not have mention of Hypothyroidism,but the clinical features of Hypothyroidism resemble with the Alamat–wa- awarizat (clinical features) of su'- mizaj barid /su'- mizaj balghami (impaired cold temperament/impaired phelgematic temperament) . In this context, a hypothesis was drawn that su'- mizaj barid /su'- mizaj balghami (impaired cold temperament/impaired phelgematic temperament) may be interpreted with the clinical features of hypothyroidism using modern scientific parameters.

Background & Objectives: Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women and the second most common cancer worldwide. It is also the second leading cause of death due to cancer. Breast cancer is less frequent in the younger age group but have a poorer outcome in contrast to the breast cancer arising in the older age groups. There is a lack of awareness and due to this, majority of patients present late. The aim of this study is to know the incidence and clinicopathological features of breast cancer in young females under the age of 40 years. Methods: This is a retrospective study done over a period of one year at a tertiary care hospital in south India. The hospital and lab records were searched for histologically confirmed breast cancer cases in female patients under the age of 40 years. A total of 14 breast cancer cases were identified and hematoxylin and eosin stained histopathology slides were retrieved from the histopathology archives and were reviewed. The available slides of immunohistochemistry markers were also reviewed. Results: The most common histological type was infiltrating ductal carcinoma (IDC) seen in 13 (92.8%) cases with 1 case of invasive lobular carcinoma. Half of cases were of stage III at the time of diagnosis. 4 (28.57%) cases presented as stage II and 3 (21.4%) cases were stage I. There was a predominance of higher grade with 7 (50%) cases having grade II and 5 (35.7%) of cases were grade III. On IHC, 4 cases (28.57%) were negative for estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor and Her 2 neu. Conclusion: Young breast cancer patients present with higher stage, higher tumor grade and hormonal receptor negative status. More studies are needed to investigate survival and post treatment recurrence in young females with breast cancer.