Introduction: Cervical cancer is one of the major NCDs around the world and is the second leading malignancy in terms of mortality and incident cases in Bangladesh. The high mortality rate was associated with a lack of awareness regarding cervical cancer. The study was conducted to find out the relations between the incidence levels of cervical cancer, and social and environmental co-factors. The aim of the study was to figure out the socio-environmental factors of cervical cancer patients in Bangladesh and measure their effects on the incidence numbers. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study conducted over 4 months with a sample size of 100. The study was conducted with only female subjects in Dhaka city, among the patients coming to the Genealogical Department of the NICRH. Result: The majority of the patients were above the age of 40 and only 20% of the patients were under the age of 40. 69% of cancer patients had no education. 31% had some level of education. 88% of the cancer patients were housewives. 2% were involved in agriculture and 10% were in other occupations. Over half had a monthly income of less than 10,000 BDT. Almost 3/4th of the patients got married before the age of 17. The study subjects had a higher-than-average number of children, with 57% of them having 3-5 children, 27% of patients had less than 3 children and 16% of them had more than 5 children. The majority of the patients were admitted with advanced stages of cancer. Only 2% had been admitted with stage I disease. Conclusion: The study showed a surprising lack of knowledge of cervical cancer and the socio-environmental factors that play a part in it. Awareness was positively related to education level.

Heavy metals have great significance due to their tendency to accumulate in the vital human organs over prolonged period of time. Injury to vegetation caused by heavy metals has been well recognised because of the many botanical and chemical investigations during the past century. The high concentration of heavy metals in the soil is reflected by higher concentration of metals in plants and consequently in animal and human bodies. The analysis of heavy metals in some gardening soils was carried out from soil samples at sites W (Wadata), X (Lower Benue), Y(Tionsha) and Z(Wurukum) using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer and the results obtained were in the following ranges Cd 0.001±0.0002 - 0.14±0.001mg/kg, Cu 0.01 ±0.05 - 0.15 ±0.0006 mg/kg, Pb 0.15 ±0.01 - 0.23 ±0.005 mg/kg and Ni 0.06 ±0.0009 - 0.10 ±0.009 mg/kg. The highest concentration of as was at Tionsha, while Cd, Cu, Pd and Ni was at Wadata, While the least was at Wurukum, Lower Benue and Tionsha respectively. As was found to be Below Detectable Limit (BDL) at Wadata and Lower Benue, Cu at Tionsha, Pd at Lower Benue and Tionsha and Ni also at Lower Benue and Tionsha. Generally, the result showed that the values were within the set standard for heavy metals in the soil.

Introduction: Helicobacter pylori (H.pylori) has been reported as an etiological agent in many gastric disorders and contribute to Iron deficiency anemia with an increasing prevalance in developing countries. The effect of H.pylori infection on haematological diseases is not well understood. Objective: To detect the prevalence, type and severity of anemia in H.pylori positive cases and to correlate it with RBC parameters. Methods: A retrospective study was done on biopsy proven cases of H.pylori over a period of one year. RBC parameters including Hemoglobin, RBC count, PCV, MCV, MCH, MCHC and Peripheral Smear report were retrieved from the hospital software system. Patients with Hb <13gm/dl(males) and <12gm/dl(females) were considered as anemic, graded as mild, moderate and severe, based on WHO guidelines. Data was entered into excel sheet and statistical analysis was done. Results: The study included 100 H.Pylori positive cases, of which 71 were male and 29 female. Prevalence of anemia was 74%. 23 cases were microcytic hychochromic (MCHC), 37 normocytic normochromic (NCNC), 9 macrocytic and 5 dimorphic anemia. 10%, 46%, 18% and 26% had mild, moderate, severe anemia and no anemia respectively. A significant association was noted between type and severity of anemia. In MCHC anemia, all the RBC indices had significant correlation (p <0.05); others correlated with PCV and RBC counts. Conclusions: This study indicates that H.pylori infection is related to moderate degree of anemia, predominantly of NCNC type, with significant association of RBC indices to MCHC anemia. All patients diagnosed as having H.pylori infection, would hence benefit from being investigated for underlying anemia.

This paper determines analytically the effect of in-plane statically applied normal loads on nonlinear fundamental frequency of thin rectangular plate with edge constraints as simply supported – clamped – simply supported – clamped (SCSC). The weak-form variational principle was used to formulate the energy functional of the plate problems. Algebraic polynomial displacements were used as shape functions. Both linear and nonlinear buckling loads were numerically computed at various aspect ratios. The nonlinear fundamental frequencies were computed at various aspect ratios by considering the presence of in-plane applied normal loads and also by considering the absence of in-plane loads. Furthermore, the variations in the ratios of nonlinear to linear buckling loads; and nonlinear fundamental to natural nonlinear fundamental frequencies were determined at various aspect ratios. The numerical value of linear buckling load obtained for a square plate was compared with results from previous works found in literature, and there was satisfactory convergence with percentage error of 4.90. Conclusively from the analytical and numerical results obtained, in-plane statically applied normal loads affect the nonlinear fundamental frequency of thin rectangular SCSC plate.

Biosensor is the system which is generally consists of the system which recognizes the biological samples in appropriate manner. Bio receptor makes interaction with the analytic and transducer help in the amplification of the signals and measureable signals can be displayed on the screen in the form of the electrical signals. Bio-receptor is a biological molecule such as the enzyme, antibody, protein, and nucleic acid which is commonly present in the living organism which is used in the recognition of the biological molecule. Different techniques play as the key role in the technologies for the specificity, for seeking the measurement analyte make interaction with the electrode of the sensor. Biological signal based Biosensor can be categorized as Immuno-biosensor, Enzyme Based biosensor, Nucleic acid /DNA based biosensor and Cellular based biosensor. In the body with the high specificity and the sensitivity the ability of to detect the physiological and the pathogenic related molecules offers a opportunity which is very powerful and helpful in the treatment of the disease with the early diagnosis. The metals such nickel, cobalt which play essential role and act as the catalyst and also stabilize the structure of biological molecule such as the bacterial cell wall and the proteins. The metals in the high concentration cause the toxicity in the blood.

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Corona Virus has become a huge cause of burnout and frustration among common public in general and among healthcare staff in particular. In some situations healthcare workers are not even able to express their fears, thoughts and experiences. Level of anxiety, depression and physical stress is increasing in health care staff, especially in nurses because of multiple factors. This review article will highlight challenges faced by nurses and other health care staff while caring for patients in COVID-19 isolation wards. Furthermore, through this paper readers will be able to find out some coping strategies to fight with commonly occurring issues during COVID-19 pandemic. Past studies will be presented as literature review to ensure the authenticity and enrichment of content.

Family caregivers of individuals with serious mental illness (SMI) play an essential role in managing patient conditions. The shift towards community care for patients has resulted in transferring patient care to family members, resulting in significant challenges. Studies have documented the experiences of family caregivers in Western countries. However, a clear overview of family caregiver experiences of persons with SMI in non-Western countries is warranted. The purpose of this study was to integrate and summarize the current literature about family caregiver experiences in non-Western countries. Five databases were searched using relevant keywords for studies published in English from 2015 to 2020. The studies included in the review were qualitative and quantitative designs, representing several non-Western countries. This systematic review included 25 articles and data synthesized based on similarities and different findings. The findings of this systematic review will provide more knowledge on the experiences of family caregivers of persons with SMI in non-Western countries, including burden, coping, psychological well-being, and stigma. This review found that additional research is necessary to understand the family caregiver experience and how healthcare teams can support caregivers. Further, the findings may help to inform health care policymakers to tailor strategies that support family caregivers.

Microteaching has been observed to be one of the key components in shaping the ultimate student and future teacher who can be trusted by the government and later on the citizenry of any country in the global village to effectively manage the educational environment. Even though important, microteaching in most teacher training institutions is likely not being given adequate emphasis that it deserves leading to insufficient innovative and skillful teaching. The research found out three major challenges which hamper effective planning, implementation and management of competent based microteaching. These challenges are excercabated by lack of dedication and inadequacies of time that is allocated for microteaching and deficits of applying pedagogical knowledge, limited subject content knowledge and application of theoretical concepts in practical teaching. Ghanagaguru [1] actually affirms this when he posits that microteaching is key to professional development and that it is a mechanism for improving teaching. Qualitative research methodologies were used to gather and analyze literature on the subject matter under study and to collect data from 15 participants. Participant population comprised of 37 Post Graduate Diploma in Education students at Zimbabwe Open University Bulawayo Regional Campus and 19 Zimbabwe Open University Bulawayo Regional Campus Teaching Practice Supervisors. Participants were selected through purposive sampling. Reviewed literature analysis revealed that most microteaching researchers argue that those trainee teachers who undergo an extensive microteaching exercise display skillful and effective teaching practices. However, supervisors further revealed that whilst micro-teaching was relevant, it needed adequate preparation and more emphasis needed to be placed on providing a high technological support base for microteaching to be effectively implemented. Despite several challenges, the study concluded that microteaching was a pivotal strategy for developing professional expertise in teacher trainees as it exposed them to direct and practical teaching experiences in the classrooms as opposed to theoretical experiences.

Forensic science works on physical evidence and hence the forensic investigators are searching for physical evidence in the crime scenes to identify the perpetrator and to solve the mystery. The significance of some evidence appears unknown or unimportant at the time of collection from crime scenes but seemingly important as the investigation proceeds. Foot print is important physical evidence found in many crime scenes such as homicide, burglary and sexual assault, but is simply ignored even in the initial stage of investigation, considering unimportant. Footprint based gait pattern analysis is currently used for person identification. Forensic podiatry is a sub discipline of forensic science in which specialized podiatric knowledge including foot and lower limb, used in the examination of foot-related evidence in the context of a criminal investigation. Footprint and gait analysis are most aligned with other pattern based form of evidence like blood pattern analysis. The gait pattern evidence found mostly in homicide and burglary crime scenes are simply neglected by the investigators because of knowledge lack in podiatry. The present crime scene report, as investigated by the corresponding author (Prof. T. Nataraja Moorthy, hereafter mention as “TN”) in India highlighted the value of footprint and gait pattern evidence in a peculiar homicide crime scene. A woman lodged a complaint with police station in India that her husband was murdered by unknown person but footprint based gait pattern analysis identified the culprit, nobody but the complained wife. She murdered her husband and concealed the fact, a case of “crime concealment”.

Megaprojects are a large-scale project with an expensive cost and long time schedule, this unique kind of projects are usually given their infamous reputation as it is often result in undesired outcomes same as enormous cost overruns and time extensions. In a lot of cases of undesired outcomes, we can predict that it is due to not managing megaprojects characteristics as skillfully as required and wrong combination of that characteristics which lead to a disaster. Improper managing the different managerial aspects of mega projects is reflecting a failure in the achievement of the project requirements especially in case of risk managements where we can say that, Mega projects is resulting a Mega risk. Risk management is currently considered to be a mandatory part of project management in general and an integral part of successful project management while the main aspect which is projects management is different from megaprojects than in other types of projects (small- and medium-scale projects) as in case of megaproject the management is more complex and complicated due to the size and complexity of that kind of projects. In this research the author studied the Risk Management in the Mega construction projects in the kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) and the main objective of this research was to apply the best ways of managing the risk in case of mega construction projects starting from identifying the most significant risks which impact this kind of project in KSA and then analyze the identified risk qualitatively to determine its impact in the project objective and to find out the most significant 15 risks after the ranking of the identified risk depending on the risk importance index of every risk the research resulted in identifying 57 risks and categorize those risks in 2 main groups and 8 subgroups one of them is related the mega construction projects characteristics and then the most important risks has been determined.

Background: Tooth surface loss (TSL) is the loss of dental hard tissue including enamel and dentin caused by factors other than dental caries. This condition can be seen clinically as attrition, erosion, abrasion and abfraction. TSL can cause dental hypersensitivity and loss of vertical dimension. Also, TSL can be asymptomatic in which patients are not aware of the condition. Aims: This review will provide an overview of the definitions, prevalence, aetiology, diagnosis and preventive management of TSL. Conclusion: TSL or tooth wear (TW) is a common physiological condition occurs throughout the patients’ life, however, excessive tooth wear that cause functional and aesthetic problems are considered pathological wear. Dentists should be aware of the aetiology of the tooth wear in order to provide a successful diagnosis, management, and treatment. Clinical significance: it is of paramount importance to know and differentiate between the causes of the TW to be able to prevent and treat the problem. In mild to moderate TW without functional and aesthetical concerns, preventive measurements and regular follow-up will help to monitor and prevent further destructions.

Teachers are the educators of the nation's next generation, therefore their welfare must be considered by the state and one form of welfare given by the government is teacher’s certification. With this certification, teacher salaries can be increased because they are recognized as professionals, but in practice, this teacher certification is still far from perfect because it has not been able to touch all teachers in Indonesia. This encourages the author to conduct research on the subject matter, namely what are the obstacles that arise in the teacher certification process and how the law reconstruction should be based on the value of Pancasila justice where the author uses empirical juridical research methods with primary data obtained from supported fields, Secondary data from literature and statutes analyzed using data triangulation to formulate a conclusion. The results show that the obstacles that arise in implementing teacher certification policies are the weak government support seen by the lack of readiness of the government in implementing policies (availability of human resources and financial resources) which causes the implementation of policies that should be smooth and effective to the contrary, the ambiguity of the Policy, stagnation, and frequent changes in the rules and the length of the policy implementation process as there is a difference in understanding in the implementation of policies as in Article 82 paragraph (2) UUGD where the teacher certification policy should be understood as pre-service training policy, not in-service training. This difference in understanding causes the teacher certification policy to be a policy that has unclear or vague understanding. To overcome this, it is necessary to have a legal reconstruction related to the minimum academic qualifications of teachers to a minimum of S2 (Postgraduate).

The paper examined the nexus between identity-based conflict and the development challenge in Nigeria's Fourth Republic. The study was informed by the increasing disjointed loyal relationship between the citizens and the nation, which has adversely impacted on the country’s socio-political and economic advancement. Using the descriptive-analytical method, the study adopted triangulation methods of data gathering techniques. 3,600 copies of a questionnaire titled ‘identity conflict and development challenge in Nigeria’s Fourth Republic’, which was administered in the six geopolitical zones of the country using a combination of the random and purposive sampling methods to select the study areas. Two hypotheses were tested using the statistical tool of simple percentages and the Spearman Rank Correlation Coefficient at 5% significance level. The study adopted the Political Economy paradigm as its theoretical construct. The study unravelled a significant linkage between identity-based conflict and Nigeria’s development challenge. Second, the study unravelled that identity conflicts have adversely impacted on the socio-economic development since Nigeria’s Fourth Republic. The study, therefore, amongst others recommends national dialogue, that will facilitate peaceful coexistence in Nigeria.

In the realm of beings, human beings by their nature, are never satisfied with one kind of product and are always on the lookout for difference and innovation. When the world of animals is observed, for example, it can be seen that they are beings who never tire of eating grass or doing the same thing for life. Besides, they do not have multiple options. When the plants are observed, the situation looks similar; they consume soil for life and perform photosynthesis. Thanks to their mind and consciousness, people are equipped with the ability to compare, decide if they like or dislike, and want to pick or not pick the things they encounter. However, when these abilities face limited options, it's easy to get stuck in a difficult situation; They may also choose an option such as not preferring anything. It is also possible that they will search for an alternative. It is thought that the ability of people to prefer this or similar way may have a negative impact on customer loyalty to the brand and product. On the one hand, while producers want to increase their market shares by keeping the product range suitable for each consumer profile in terms of marketing, the consumer who faces the situation of choosing one among the diversity may have difficulty in choosing. For instance, which one of the cell phones, which of the televisions, which of the computers, which of the cars, etc. In fact, what is in question is how a product's design appeals to different consumer profiles in different ways. The customer buys a product whether he/she knows it and it fulfills his/her needs and aspirations, in other words, whether he/she likes it. Even if he/she does not purchase the product, he/she can preserve consumer loyalty by comparing the design innovations produced in the one he/she bought to the current version. However, when the customer cannot decide between different product designs that appeal to various customer profiles, he/she may lose his/her loyalty to the brand and switch to another product. This will have a detrimental effect on the product's marketing plan, and sales may decrease as a result. In this study, in terms of customer loyalty, the questions of: "Does a customer have the patience and time to choose without getting tired in the face of the variety of designs that appeal to different customer profiles in the same product?", "Will the customer still remain loyal?", "What solutions are there for the continuation of loyalty?" have been analyzed and researched. In other words, it was discussed what kind of relationship might exist between design and product diversity and customer loyalty. At the same time, the effect of low or no free time, unwillingness to collect information to evaluate products and to assess them for a long time on brand and product loyalty has been examined.