Aim: To study the complications and visual impairment in vernal keratoconjunctivitis. Method: A prospective hospital-based study was carried out in 100 VKC patients over a period of 2 years. All patients suffering from VKC irrespective of age and gender were included while patients suffering from ocular infections and ocular trauma were excluded from the study. Ocular complaints, duration of symptoms and previous treatment taken. The ocular examination included visual acuity, slit lamp examination, IOP and refraction. Results: Corneal complications were noted in 21% of cases followed by lids in 18% of cases. Corneal complications such as superficial scarring was noted in 11% followed by micropannus in 4%, pseudogerontoxon in 3% and shield ulcer in 2% and keratoconus in 1%. the corneal involvement was seen in 5.5% in palpebral form, 23.53% in bulbar, and 48.2% in mixed pattern of VKC. Thus, it is concluded that maximum corneal involvement is observed in mixed clinical pattern of VKC. Majority of cases (82%) had visual acuity ranging from 6/6 to 6/9 in right eye as well as left eye. Visual acuity in the form of counting fingers was present in 4 cases. Out of 100 cases, 55% cases showed refractive errors in the form of astigmatism, myopia and hypermetropia. Astigmatism was found to be commonest refractive error. In our study we observed steroid induced glaucoma in 1% of cases. Conclusion: VKC is of more concern due to involvement of cornea and its complications like, shield ulcers, superficial corneal scarring, keratoconus, astigmatism, mechanical ptosis. Steroid induced glaucoma although rare but is a serious complication. Visual acuity is affected mainly due to corneal involvement leading to astigmatism, scarring and keratoconus.

Staphylococcus aureus is a dangerous human pathogen and one of the leading causes of infections worldwide While S. aureus toxin production is highly strain-specific, because most toxins of S. aureus. Some of the genetic diseases that directly associated to the lysis of the cells of the blood. One of the diseases that associated to the genetic level included the sickle cell anemia. This is particularly useful in classifying streptococcal species. A substance that causes hemolysis is a hemolysin. Different effects appeared due to more hemolysis of the cells of the blood by different microbes. β-Hemolytic streptococci are also detected in laboratory rats but rarely cause disease. Streptococcus pneumoniae and a group of oral streptococci as Streptococcus viridans or viridans streptococci display alpha hemolysis. This is sometimes called green hemolysis because of the color change in the agar. Bacteria are often divided into different families and groups. This division is based in part on the physical appearance of the bacteria as well as some of their chemical and biological characteristics. The organism does not induce hemolysis, the agar under and around the colony is unchanged, and the organism is called non-hemolytic or said to display gamma hemolysis (γ-hemolysis).

This study aims to find out the concept of Child-Friendly Schools (SRA) in the perspective of Islamic education. This research uses qualitative descriptive method with case study design in Madrasah Ibtidaiyyah An-Nizhomiyah and Madrasah Tsanawiyah Depok City. Data collection is obtained from the results of several relevant review literature, interviews, documentation and observations. Data is analyzed using data reduction, followed by presentation and drawing conclusions. The results of this study stated that the child-friendly school education system implemented in madrasah Ibtidaiyyah An-Nizhomiyah and Madrasah Tsanawiyah Depok city is in accordance with the concept of Islamic education. With the implementation of Child-Friendly School (SRA) in madrasahs make madrasah ibtidaiyyah An Nizhamiyah and Madrasah Tsnawiyah depok city become excellent madrasahs because Child-Friendly Schools are not only in accordance with the concept of Islamic education but also the management in the implementation of Child-Friendly Schools ranging from planning, organizing, implementing to evaluating make certain added values in realizing child-friendly education.

2-Hydroxy-5-methylacetophenone salicyloyl hydrazone and its Cr (III), Mn(III), Fe(III) and VO(IV) metal complexes were synthesized. Elemental analyses, molar conductance, magnetic moments, electronic, 1H NMR, mass, IR, ESR spectra and thermal studies (TGA & DTA) were applied for characterization. The complexes are coloured solids, air stable, non-hygroscopic and soluble in DMF and DMSO only. IR spectral studies reveal that ligand act as tribasic tetradentate (ONOO) (enol form) donor towards Cr(III), Mn(III) and Fe(III) and dibasic tridentate (ONO) (keto form) donor towards VO(IV) complex. The molar conductivity data of the complex show them to be non-electrolyte. Magnetic susceptibility measurements favour octahedral coordination for Cr (III) and Fe(III) and square pyramidal coordination for Mn(III) and VO(IV). The complexes were treated for TGA and DTA studies. Thermo-kinetic parameters such as activation energy (Ea), order of reaction (n), entropy change (∆S), free energy change (∆F) and apparent entropy change (S*) have been calculated on the basis of TG curve by using the Freeman-Carroll and Sharp-Wentworth methods. ESR spectra of vanadyl complex are recorded and discussed. In addition, the antimicrobial activities of the ligand and its metal complexes were also examined by well diffusion method.

Majority of the population has become obsessed to find a magical lantern for an enduring youth and health and searching for ways to restore it using Botox and Fillers. Their perspective view directed toward the cosmetic aspect of dermal fillers and Botox with ignorance to the primary purpose of inventing such materials which is the therapeutic properties. A qualitative review of the literature is conducted to addresses a gap in the literature regarding both Botox and Fillers to record their types, mechanism of action, uses, Complication and side effects.

Catharanthus rosea is an important ethno medicinal plant rich in bioactive compounds mainly alkaloids used widely in treatment of cancer disease. The aim of present study was to determine the total phenol, flavonoid, tannin and alkaloid content in leaf stem and root parts of Catharanthus rosea in benzene, methanol, aqueous, chloroform and petroleum ether extracts by spectrophotometric method. Phytochemical analysis showed presence of saponin, tannin, terpenoid, flavonoid, cardiac glycoside, alkaloid, steroid, quinones and phenolic compounds whereas protein was found absent. The total phenol, flavonoid, tannin, and alkaloid content of plant in different extracts were determined in comparison to standard gallic acid, rutin, tannic acid and quercetin respectively. The higher concentration for phenol was found in benzene leaf extract (0.65±0.02) µg/ml, flavonoid in chloroform leaf extract (0.62±0.02) µg/ml, tannin in methanol root extract (21±0.01) µg/ml and alkaloid in benzene leaf extract (0.61±0.03) µg/ml. The presence of such metabolites indicates therapeutic importance of plant.

Sine sweeps proves to be a reliable tool for measuring impulse responses even in noisy conditions or by using loudspeakers which are not linear. In this paper we present some results regarding an enhanced sine sweep method, used for impulse response measurement, based on the use of adaptive filtering. Using MATLAB, the conditions of a real case scenario impulse response measurement are simulated in order to quantify the performances of the proposed method by using as reference the performances of the classical sine sweep method.

From the literature it is seen that graphene oxide nano filler possess exceptional mechanical properties and it is being used for enhancing mechanical properties in polymer composite. The effect of inclusion of graphene oxide nano filler on dynamic properties in fiber reinforced polymer composite has not been fully investigated. The objective of this experimental work is to investigate the dynamic properties of graphene oxide based nano-modified symmetric Glass/Carbon interlayer hybrid laminates. Ultra-sonification has been used for dispersing graphene oxide (0.5%wt) nano filler into the epoxy. The unidirectional carbon fibers are placed into the composite laminate at various stacking sequence. The modal parameters like frequency, mode shape and damping ratio were determined experimentally using traditional ‘strike method’ using FFT analyzer and Data Acquisition System. Experimental modal analysis of the composite laminates was conducted for fiber orientations of 45 and for two boundary conditions ( ie F-F-F-F and C-F-F-F). The effect of hybridization using graphene oxide nano filler in symmetric glass/carbon interlayer composite on frequency and modal damping are discussed in this paper. This research work provides basic understanding of the dynamic behavior of interlayer hybrid composites with incorporation of Graphene oxide.

Background: Histopathology remains the key to diagnosis and management of bone lesions and the present study focuses on the relative frequencies of the various causes of bone lesions with respect to age and gender. Methods: The study was conducted as a combined retrospective and prospective study spanning over a 2 year period from 2018 to 2020. Consecutive bone specimens received in the Pathology Department were subject to histopathological examination and correlated with the demographic characteristics of the patient population. Results: Among the 105 specimens examined histopathology, non-neoplastic lesions were more common than neoplastic lesions (67 vs 38). Tuberculous osteomyelitis (n=22, 32.8%) was the most common non-neoplastic lesion. Osteochondroma (30.8%) and osteosarcoma (50%) are the commonest begin and malignant tumours respectively. Conclusion: Histopathology remains a gold standard for the diagnosis of bone lesions. Knowledge of the relative frequencies of various lesions with respect to age and gender is of paramount importance. This when combined with clinical and radiographic data helps in arriving at correct diagnosis.

For every child, early moments matter. Children’s lives have been turned upside down by COVID19. For some children, with the right support and resources, the situation will be manageable, but for others the effects of the pandemic will cast a long shadow over their lives. The response to coronavirus already is exposing the fragile situation that many children and young people live in (UNICEF, 2020). Hundreds of thousands of children who rely on school, health and social systems and the support of the voluntary sector are being left unprotected as these systems are weakened. The risks to children’s health, wellbeing and future opportunities are serious and need immediate intervention. Hundreds of thousands of children will face hunger, violence, ill-health and lost opportunities that could follow them into adulthood. This review article aims to highlight the impact of COVID 19 on children.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the sensitivity of Fecal Occult Blood (FOB) strips in the diagnosis of Pulmonary Tuberculosis (PTB) isolated from sputum of tubercles patient. The study was carried out in Omdurman Teaching Hospital-Abu Anga-Tuberculosis ward. From 27th of August to 25th of September 2007. A total of 67 sputum samples collected from the suspected people. The samples examined by FOB test and Z.N techniques. Ten out of the enrolled samples, which showed positive FOB and negative Z.N techniques selected confirmed by using PCR techniques. The result showed that there were 12 (17.9%) of cases were Z.N (+ve), while 55 (82.1%) of cases were Z.N (-ve). It was also showed that there were 53(79.1%) of cases were FOB test (+ve), while 14(20.9%) of cases were FOB test (-ve). According to PCR techniques, after performed 10 samples that showed Z.N (-ve) and FOB test (+ve), it was noted that there were 4(40%) of cases were PCR (+ve), while 6(60%) of cases were PCR (-ve).

Introduction: Anaemia in pregnancy is emerging as one of the most important causes of maternal complications, morbidity and offspring mortality in almost all the developing countries of the world including India. Haemolytic anaemia is the anaemia which results from increased rate of red cell destruction. The haemolytic anaemia resulting from intra corpuscular defects are predominantly hereditary in nature. Material and Methods: This is a prospective and descriptive study was carried out on pregnant women with hemolytic anaemias conducted in the Department of Pathology at Tertiary care Teaching Hospital. Inclusion Criteria: Antenatal women (age 18 to 40 years) and Irrespective of gestational age and parity. Anaemias due to other causes (nutritional, blood loss, microangiopathic hemolytic anaemia, acquired hemolysis) were excluded. Hematological parameters were studied using an automated blood cell counter. Result: In our study, 31 women (44.2%) out of 70 persons were within 21-30 year and least were 12 women (17.1%). Of whom 38 were detected to have hemolytic anaemias, 19 had Beta-Thalassemia; 11 had Sickle cell anaemia, 2 had Haemoglobin E Trait. The frequency of Mild to severe anaemia was recorded to be 27.2% to 36.3% sickle cell anaemia, 10.5% to be 39.4% haemolytic anaemia, 47.3% to be 15.7% (β -thalassemia trait), and 100% severe (Haemoglobin E Trait) in pregnant women. Conclusion: Successful outcome in pregnancies complicated with hemolytic anaemias can be achieved with prompt diagnosis, patient education, screening, genetic counselling and prenatal diagnostic testing of foetus and management in a tertiary care hospital by a multidisciplinary approach.

Introduction: A urinary tract infection (UTI) is an infection in any part of urinary system namely kidneys, ureters, bladder and urethra. UTIs are caused by both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria, as well as by certain fungi. The most common causative agent for both complicated and uncomplicated UTIs is uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC). Materials and Methods: This is a prospective study and observational study conducted in the Department of Microbiology, Surabhi Institute of Medical Sciences. A total of 200 consecutive urine samples were screened from patients with symptomatic UTI. Clean-catch midstream urine samples were collected in sterile disposable container and processed within one hour. Semi quantitative loop measuring 2.2 mm diameter with a holding capacity of 0.004ml was employed to culture urine on CLED agar and MacConkey’s agar. The inoculated plates were incubated over night at 370C Isolates in significant number (colony count ≥ 105 CFU/ml) were identified by standard procedures. Results: A sum of 200 patients who satisfied the inclusion principles during the investigation were enlisted. The present study shows the pathogens causing UTIs and their antibiotic susceptibility pattern. Escherichia.coli 48.5% was the predominant pathogen followed by Klebsiella pneumoniae 23%, Proteus spp. 13.5%, Staphylococcus aureus 7.5%, Pseudomonas aeruginosa 2.5%, Citrobacter spp. 3%, Staphylococcus saprophyticus 0.5%, Enterococcus faecalis 1% and Acinetobacter spp. 0.5%. In our study, high susceptibility of meropenem (76.2%) and imipenem (72.1%) was seen and least were Ciprofloxacin 13.5%. Conclusion: Infections caused by ESBL- producing bacteria often limits therapeutic options, leading to high disease burden. Therefore, diagnostic laboratories are in need of reliable, cost efficient and less labour-intensive methods to use in the detection of ESBL- producing bacteria. The public health implications of this are disturbing thus the need to rapidly detect these pathogens in the laboratory.

Background: Antimicrobial stewardship (AMS) programs have shown to reduce the emergence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and health-care-associated infections (HAIs), and save health-care costs associated with an inappropriate antimicrobial use. Methods: This is a prospective, descriptive and observational study conducted at Department of Microbiology, Surabhi Institute of Medical Sciences over a period of 1 year included 410 patients. Patients of either sex of any age who have been admitted inward and on antibiotic therapy were included. Outdoor patients were excluded in our study. Conducted from various clinical Departments such as Medicine wards, Surgical wards, Paediatric wards and Orthopaedics wards. All data was be documented and reviewed periodically. Any deviations from the agreed criteria were communicated, discussed, and documented. Results: On the basis of gender, frequency of Male patients were recorded little bit higher (62.6%) than female (37.4%). So, the hospital attendance rate of this study was male predominant. Majority of subjects belonged to 21-40 years (32.1%) followed by 1-20 years (29.5%) of age range. When it is categorized according to ward, in Medicine ward was recorded 34.8%, and for Orthopaedics it was 20.0%, while 30.9% for surgery and 14.1% paediatrics wards. For this study, subjects were categorised in eighteen groups on the basis of their diagnosis. Out of which, majority of the population (20.50%) were found with diagnosis of carcinoma followed by orthopaedic diseases (19.90%), while least number of patients (0.9%) were diagnosed with ophthalmological as well as thyroid diseases. Beta lactam and Cephalosporin were found the most frequent used first antibiotic even after surgery. Even for the each wards, Beta lactam and Cephalosporin were recorded highly significant and most desirable choices among all the antibiotics. Conclusions: Implementation of a multidisciplinary antibiotic stewardship program in this academic, large, Indian hospital demonstrated feasibility and economic benefits.

Introduction: Breast cancer is regarded as the most common cancer among women, and about 6.6% of cases are diagnosed among women 40 years old or younger. Inflammatory cells can regulate the tumor microenvironment and are clearly implicated in tumor development by facilitating proliferation, migration, and survival. Several cytokines, including interferon-a, interleukin (IL)-2, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, and tumor necrosis factor-a, have essential and coordinated functions in breast carcinogenesis. Materials and Methods: This is a prospective study and observational study conducted in the Department of Pathology, Dr. V.R.K. Women’s Medical College Teaching Hospital & Research Centre over a period of 1 year with a sample of 40 patients. Two to five grams of tumour tissue and another sample from the normal peri-tumoural breast tissue were taken from the resected breast immediately after surgery. Specimen were fixed in 10 % buffered formalin, processed and embedded in paraffin. Paraffin section was stained with hematoxylin and eosin staining for histopathology and grading of the tumour. Immunohistochemistry was done for detection of cytokine IL 10 following a standardized protocol described earlier. Results: The mean patient age was 50 years (range 30-70years). Even though either side of the Breast can be affected in Ca. Breast, for the reasons not known there is slight preponderance to left side breast. Most of the gross tumours were of size 4-5 cms (n=17 i.e, 42.5%) followed by 5- 6 cm (n=10 i.e, 25%). Majority of the patients are categorized as grade-II i.e. 47.5% of cases and next is grade-I tumours i.e. 30.0% cases. All grade 3 tumours expressed strong expression of IL-10 indicating that probably IL-10 expression is more in high grade tumours. Conclusion: IL-10 may serve as a useful biomarker with potential prognostic value as there is statistically significant association of high IL-10 mRNA levels and the breast tumour tissue when compared with peri-tumoral tissue. Evidence from various studies suggests that IL-10 within tumour tissue has an important role in initiation and progression of breast carcinoma. This is also supported by high serum IL-10 levels noticed in such patients, although the mechanisms involved in the process are not exactly known.