Everyone has the right for the protection of their wellbeing, which includes protection from accidents, disasters, and conditions which may endanger humans, where on eof them are realized through search and rescue in a fast, precise, safe, integrated and coordinated manner in case of an accidents, disasters and other dangerous conditions, as stated in the preamble of Law Number 29 of 2014 concerning Search and Rescue. Accidents, disasters and other dangerous conditions to humans can happen anywhere, anytime and can happen to anyone. As a result, of course it will have an impact both physically and psychologically on both the victim and their family, and to the SAR volunteers who carry out the operation, not to mention other impact like the depletion of natural resources, human capital and social capital, and even institutional capital in an effort to provide protection for victims, families of victims, and also to SAR volunteers. Based on this, the author concludes that the SAR volunteers is in need for legal protection in the form of more concrete legal policies through the issuance of government regulations on duties, powers, responsibilities, and legal protection for SAR Volunteer and/ or reformulating the Act of Search and Rescue to help SAR volunteers who injured the victim due to the rescue process by SAR volunteers so that such action that are often tied to the Article 50 of the Criminal Code is not an act of negligence.

Salivary gland tumours affect the parotid gland in 80% of cases, the submandibular gland in 10-15% of cases, while the sublingual gland is rarely affected (in 5-10% of cases) [1, 2]. 80% of parotid gland tumours and 50% of submandibular gland tumours are benign. This is a retrospective descriptive study within the Department of Otorhinolaryngology of the Specialty Hospital of the CHU Ibn Sina of Rabat, involving 84 patients hospitalized for management of a tumor of the main salivary glands (parotid and submandibular) over a 4-year period from September 2015 to September 2019.The median age of our patients was 42 years with extremes of 7 and 80 years. The average age of patients with a benign tumour was 40 years. The average age of patients with a malignant tumour was 54 years. The sex ratio was 0.58. We didn’t find any specific risk factors in our patients. The average time between onset of symptoms and consultation was 38 months with extremes ranging from 2 to 120 months (10 years). In malignant tumours of the salivary glands, there is no predominance of sex, and the average age of discovery is between 55 and 65 years. For Dale [4], the majority of parotid cancers occur between the ages of 50 and 60, 2% of these tumours occur in children and 16% in subjects under the age of 30. Through our literature review, we found no risk factors specific to parotid tumours. Some authors report a risk of salivary gland tumours from exposure to silica dust [5]. Salivary gland tumours are common, but most often they are benign. 80% of parotid gland tumours and 50% of submandibular gland tumours are benign. Parotid involvement is dominated by pleomorphic adenoma, and submandibular involvement is dominated by chronic lithiasic maxillite.

Pott's puffy tumor is a relatively rare condition and mainly affects children and young adults. It is often secondary to frontal sinusitis with the potential of serious endocranial complications. We report the case of a young adult of 18 years treated for frontal sinusitis and in whom the evolution was marked by an erosion of the external table of the frontal sinus and the development of a subperiosteal abscess. The patient underwent emergency surgical exploration. The rapid diagnosis and the very early stage of our patient allowed us to perform a minimally invasive supra-eyebrow Lynch approach. Considering the risk of dangerous complications, the diagnosis of Pott's puffy tumor must be evoked in front of any inflammatory frontal swelling.

Gulf Cooperation Council [GCC] countries are basically commodity-based economies. Despite a remarkable socio-economic progress when compared to their pre-oil past, they are now facing problems arising from a predominant dependence on oil, lack of skill-diversity among nationals, over-dependence on expatriates, growing need for public services with increasing population, and insufficient innovation. Despite rising literacy rates realigning their workforce to the job-markets has remained elusive. A diversified, knowledge-based economic model is a solution to the problems and it basically depends on universal, equitable and quality education for the nationals. An extensive review of available literature has been undertaken to study the current problems and to come up with appropriate solutions. The governments alone, despite their oil-wealth, were found unequal to the task of catering to the growing educational needs. Private sector involvement, including privatization and public-private partnership, was found to provide more finances, reduce the state fiscal burden, and enhance efficiency, productivity, innovation, accountability and transparency in education delivery, besides offering better quality in higher education. A holistic long-term plan would be needed to achieve the objectives, while overcoming some of the constraints of the private sector. That is the focus of present study for a suitable educational policy in the context of GCC countries. Such studies may, in the future, also be extended to include the Middle East and North African [MENA] countries.

Background: The term urethral stricture refers to anterior urethral narrowing or a scarring process involving the spongy erectile tissue of corpus spongiosum. Urethral stricture is one of the most important causes of bladder out flow obstruction. There are different treatment modalities for the management of stricture urethra. Both the patient and the physician must have a good understanding of the procedure & outcome of treatment. Different types of tissues are standardized by different surgeons. Each type of graft has its own procedural advantage and disadvantage. So it is recommended to select the case for a particular type of graft. But it is evident that judicious use of specific graft has almost equal outcome. Aim: To see outcome of substitution urethroplasty in the management of long segment anterior stricture disease, to study the improvement of clinical manifestation (poor flow, narrow stream, double stream) following surgical correction of stricture urethra And to see the change in uroflowmetry following surgical correction of stricture urethra, to study the post-operative complication. Methodology: This study comprises of 50 consecutive cases of anterior urethral stricture who were admitted in department of urology Enam Medical College and Hospital from January 2018 to January 2021. All patients were attended in urology outpatient department. They were worked up properly and previous treatments were thoroughly analyzed. All of them were appropriately treated with reconstruction. The total study population was 50 patients aged 20-50 years. Results: The total study population was 50 patients aged 20-50 years, 8(16.0%) patients had 20 years to 25 years, 16(32.0%) patients had 26 years to 30 years, 10(20.0%) patients had 31 years to 35 years, 8(16.0%) patients had 36 years to 40 years, 3(6.0%) patients had 41 years to 45 years and 5(10.0%) patients had 46 years to 50 years. Average Mean value of Peak flow rate in first month in 50 patients was 29.78ml/sec. Cystoscopy was done in all patients in 3rd month to see the anastomotic site. After six months of follow up only two patients had complaints of obstructive symptom. Uroflowmetry showed peak flow rate less than 10 ml. Here we did cystoscopic examination. And stricture segment was identified proximal to the previous site which was managed by OIU. After that no such obstructive flow was reported by those patients. Retrograde Urethrogram was done in all the patients to see caliber of urethra. In case two out of 50 showed recurrence in RGU with MCU. Conclusion: This study showed better outcome than any other conventional method for the treatment of stricture urethral disease. So, it can be concluded that substitution urethroplasty is the treatment of choice for the management of long segment anterior urethral disease.

Background: Pregnancy induced hypertension also known as Preeclampsia clinically is one of the commonly seen complication in pregnant women. It contributes to the cause of maternal and peri natal morbidity and mortality. According to some study, serum creatinine, Blood urea, serum uric acid level increases during pregnancy induced hypertension. Preeclampsia is associated with renal function impairment. The objective of this study is to compare serum creatinine, Blood Urea and Serum Uric acid in preeclampsia with normal pregnancy. Materials and methods: The study was performed on 86 pregnant women. Out of which 50 women were pregnancy induced hypertensive and 36 were normal pregnant women. Result : The result showed significantly high blood pressure (SBP-160.0±18.8 VS 112.64±8.19, DBP 110.68±9.55 VS 76.8±4.14)and Blood urea ( 16.56 ±1.72 mg% VS 22.25±1.28 mg%), serum creatinine ( 0.72 ±0.19 mg% VS 1.09±0.34 mg%), serum uric acid level ( 4.63±0.19 mg% VS 7.04±0.4 mg% )in pregnancy induced hypertensive women compares to normal pregnant women. In the present study, in pre-eclampsia, there is elevation of serum uric acid and serum creatinine elevated values are statistically significant. Conclusion: There is a renal derangement of parameters in preeclampsia so it may be advised to renal function test to confirm involvement of renal dysfunctions. Measurement of renal function Test could be used as a biochemical indicator in pregnancy induced hypertensive women.

The basic mechanism for the absorption for the metals is not known in case of fish but some information is available that these metals absorb across gills and intestinal tract and then distributed via circulation in the whole body of fish. Heavy metals include cadmium, arsenic mercury and lead etc. which are existing in natural environment or in other hand these metals are present in the earth crust naturally in a very minute amount. Fish containing products contain different amount of metals. Copper is required in certain limit by human bodies, but when its amount of intake is increasing then it causes serious disorders like kidney failure, liver damage especially During Wilson’s disorder. Some fish varieties like those of shellfish etc. accumulate mercury in their bodies which form methylmercury which is extremely toxic that causes organ mercury compound. To be effective, bubbler/diffuser systems must be turned on early in the spring and run nonstop all summer until temperatures begin to cool in the fall.

This study focuses on the influence of institutional policies on student’s mobility in the context of internationalization of higher education in DAAD established East and South African-German Centre of Excellence for Educational Research, Methodologies and Management – CERMESA member universities. This is a comparative study based on four case studies namely Moi University in Kenya, University of Dar Es Salaam in Tanzania, Uganda Management Institute and Nelson Mandela University in South Africa. This study has revealed how institutional policies have influenced student mobility in an organised setting making a reality anchored on internationalization of higher Education. The study was guided by the following objectives; to examine student mobility trends among CERMESA member Universities; to establish the role of CERMESA in enhancing student mobility in Africa; to assess the influence of institutional policies on student mobility in CERMESA member universities. Based on the above objectives the study answered the following questions: What is the trend of student mobility among CERMESA member universities? What is the role of CERMESA in enhancing student mobility in Africa? To what extent do university policies among CERMESA member universities accommodate student mobility? Recently cross border and inter regional movement of people has been characterized by increasing trends of student mobility in higher education. This has been actualised further through educational partnership among African states; CER-MESA is one of eleven centres of African excellence in sub-Saharan Africa, but no study has been done on the contribution of such organizations in establishing student mobility and regional integration in Africa a gap this study has filled.

Aim of this study to introduce possible way approaching the essence of subjective nursing diagnoses according to Patient Conducting Based Nursing Care Model and its utilization in nursing practice that deal with adult, mentally not disturbed patients and significant persons, furthermore, to introduce its utility in nursing education and scientific research. Method and sample: In order to explore the main characteristics of nursing diagnoses, the method of concept and relevant qualitative literature analysis was used, based on known and accepted psychological theories and nursing diagnoses classifications. Results: The findings of the study show the needs for a new approach to interpreting people’s messages understanding the equivalent importance of somatic and subjective nursing diagnoses. Conclusion: The evaluation of core components behind theories and nursing classification, their significance draw attention on of patient conducting by putting the focus more on conflict prevention in patient – nurse interaction than on its management that may resulting patient satisfaction and job satisfaction as well. Recommendation: The results of researches performed at different fields of nursing and the new training programs for nurse students, mentors/tutors, practicing nurses, together can lead to improving of nursing culture and high-quality patient centered care.

Background: Gingival overgrowths has been well reported, however its behavior has not received much research attention in Nigeria. This study assessed the prevalence, pattern and distribution of gingival overgrowths in a cosmopolitan city in Nigeria in a retrospective study of 140 patients seen between 2006 and 2020 at the Dental centre of the Lagos state University Teaching Hospital Ikeja Lagos Nigeria. Histopathologic reports were accessed from the Oral Pathology department of the same institution. The demographics and distribution of the lesions were noted from the records. SPSS 21 was used, descriptive statistics was carried out for both continuous and categorical variables. Relationship between the diagnoses and the independent variables, and also of tooth mobility were carried out using Pearson’s chi square, significance was determined at p≤0.05. Female/male ratio was 2.2:1 and mean age was 36.6±17.7. Prevalence of gingival overgrowth was highest among the 31-40 year olds. The anterior sextant of the maxilla and the buccal/labial location were commonest sites. Pyogenic granuloma has the highest prevalence of 62.9%, 57.2% of the lesions were pedunculated while 38.6% were associated with tooth mobility. There is statistically significant relationship between the histological diagnoses and the age groups, nature of the lesions and tooth mobility (p<0.05). Pyogenic granuloma was higher in this study than elsewhere, the strong relationship with age, high rate of recurrence of some and malignant lesions which may mimick reactive gingival lesions regardless of the age of the patients seen in this study demands further research and careful note in diagnosis and management.

Background: In Bangladesh for the first time, Covid-19 cases were detected in Dhaka city on the 8th March of 2020. Till then the number of Covid-19 patients is being increased. Covid-19 has the ferocious nature of affecting a large number of people within a couple of days. The mortality rate of Covid-19 differs by ages and places. In Bangladesh, we have not enough research-based information regarding the survival rate of Covid-19 positive patients. Aim of the study: The aim of this study was to assess of Covid-19 positive patient survival rate in Bangladesh. Methods: This was a prospective observational study conducted in the Department of Medicine Sher-e-Bangla Medical College Hospital (SBMCH), Barishal, Bangladesh during the period from July 2020 to 31 December 2020. In total 496 suspected Covid-19 patients who attended and completed full treatment tenure from 1 July 2020 to 31 December were selected as the study people for analysis. The study people were divided into two groups. In Group-I only death cases were enrolled and in group-II cured patients were enrolled. Before data collection, properly written consent was taken from all the participants. A pre-designed questionnaire was used in patent data collection. Data were analyzed by MS Office and SPSS version 24.0. Result: The age range of Group I patients was 16-90 which was 13- 90 in Group II. In Group I, the mean (±SD) age of the participants was 49.8±17.8 years, which was 43.9±16.7 years in Group II. We found a significant correlation in comparing the mean (±SD) ages of both groups of patients and the p- value was found 0.016. We observed, in Group I, 26% were Covid-19 positive whereas it was 15% in Group II. In total 3% (n=13) patients had been referred to other hospitals. Finally, in calculating the survival rate of Covid-19 positive patients in this study we found 89% had been survived. Conclusion: In this study, the survival rate of the Covid-19 patient was found lower than that of many other similar studies. Increasing several treatment facilities along with ventilation may reduce the mortality rate of Covid-19 patients in Bangladesh.

The idea of nanotechnology was first introduced in the 1959 by Richard Feynman in his lecture entitled “There’s Plenty of Room at the Bottom” (R. Feynman, 1960). At the time, the term “nanotechnology” had not yet been coined. This technology made a significant and rapid progress years later. Nano technological achievements provided a modern approach in geotechnics. Each field of science had a specific definition for nanotechnology, and the National Nanotechnology Initiative (NNI) provided a comprehensive definition of nanotechnology (NSTC, 2007). According to NNI, “nanotechnology” is the control, comprehension, and reformation of material based on the hierarchy of nanometers to develop matter with essentially new uses and a new constitution.

Background: A molar pregnancy is also known as hydatidiform mole which is a benign tumour that develops in the uterus. It begins when an egg is fertilized but normal viable pregnancy not occurs, rather than the placenta develops into an abnormal mass of cyst. In all cases of molar pregnancy observation is essential to detect the reawakening of chorionic activity. Objectives: The aim of the study was to explore the incidence, clinical presentation, management and outcome of the molar pregnancy in our hospital. Materials & Methods: This prospective study was conducted in Faridpur Medical College Hospital, Faridpur, Bangladesh and Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh. Over a period of one year from August 2005 to July 2006. 50 consecutive patients attended the out-patient’s department (OPDD) of obstetrics & gynaecology and were admitted in the department of obstetrics and gynaecology of these two hospitals during this period, were taken as the study population. All pregnant women who were diagnosed as molar pregnancy were included in the study. Other necessary investigations were done if clinically indicated and to prepare the patient for anesthesia. Statistical analysis of the results was obtained by using window-based computer software devised with Statistical Packages for Social Sciences (SPSS-22). Results: During this period total 6550 pregnant patients and 420 patients with abortion and 85 ectopic pregnancy were admitted in both of the hospitals 50 of them were suffering from gestational trophoblastic diseases. So, incidence of gestrational trophoblastic disease was 7.08 per thousand pregnancies. Conclusion: Results from this study showed that a small portion of patient of molar pregnancy came for routine follow up. To achieve high cure rate and low chemotherapy rate an effective registration programme and treatment protocol should be established.

Background: Ovary is a very common site for tumors, both benign and malignant which causes great morbidity and mortality. Ovarian tumors most commonly occur in women of childbearing age. The ovarian tumors manifest a wide spectrum of clinical, morphological, and histological features. The proper management of the patients with ovarian tumor directly depends on the clinical profile the respective patients. Aim of the study: The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical status of ovarian tumor patients attended a tertiary care hospital in Bangladesh. Methods: This cross-sectional observational study was done at Rajshahi Medical College and Hospital, Rajshahi, Bangladesh during the period from December 2017 to November 2019. In total 240 women with ovarian tumor from several age groups were enrolled as the study people. In each case, information about the patient was collected in a prescribed questionnaire after getting written consent from the patients in a preformed consent form. Results: In analyzing the previous family history of cancer, we observed among total participants only 18% (n=43) had the positive family history of cancer. As the habit of using contraceptive methods we found, the highest number of patients were used to Barrier method (20%). Besides this, 15%, 5%, 11% and 2% participant were using injectables (Irregularly), Natural method, OCP irregularly and Calender method as contraceptive methods respectively. In this study, two third of participants were multipara and the rest one third were nullipara. In analyzing the histopathology reports of participants, as some most potential and/or frequent characteristics we observed mucinous cyst, endometrioma, serous cyst adenoma and dermoid cyst were found among 26.67%, 18%, 16.67% and 13.33% participants respectively. Conclusion: From our study we can conclude that, ovarian tumors are most commonly occurred in middle aged women in the middle-income group. Parous women are most vulnerable in condition for affecting ovarian tumor. Clinical profiling of patients may be helpful in treating and preventing ovarian tumor as well as in awareness building on ovarian tumor to mass people.

Introduction: Embryo culture allows us to culture embryos to the blastocyst stage. Prolonging the duration of culture to day 5 allows chromosomally competent embryos to develop to the blastocyst stage and permits selection of embryos that have the potential for continued development under embryonic genomic control. Objective: To evaluate the efficacy of blastocyst transfer in comparison with cleavage stage transfer. Methods: A randomized, prospective study was conducted in International Fertility Center, Delhi, India on 300 patients aged 25‑40 years undergoing in‑vitro fertilization (IVF)/ intra‑cytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) cycle from March 2019 and February 2020. When three or more Grade‑I embryos were observed on day 2 of culture, patients were divided randomly into two study groups, cleavage stage transfer and blastocyst transfer group having 150 patients each. Primary outcomes evaluated were, Clinical pregnancy rate and Implantation rate. The results were analyzed using proportions, standard deviation and Chi‑square test. Results: Both the groups were similar for age, indication and number of embryos transferred. Clinical pregnancies after blastocyst transfer were significantly higher 66 (44.0%) compared to cleavage stage embryo transfer 44 (29.33%) (p< 0.01). Implantation rate for blastocyst transfer group was also significantly higher (p< 0.001). Conclusion: Blastocyst transfer having higher implantation rate and clinical pregnancy rate lead to reduction in multiple pregnancies.