Introduction: Tuberculosis is still commonly found in many developing countries. Spinal tuberculosis can cause vertebral deformity and neurological disorders. It was discovered thousands years ago and its management was aimed to eradicate infection and maintain the integrity of the vertebrae. Previously, the management of spinal TB was using drugs and external stabilization. Surgical techniques were developed afterwards to clean the infected vertebral segment. Because of the vertebral deformity remained inevitable and had impacts on neurological disorders, new paradigm had been developed by using instrumentation to stabilize the deformity of infected vertebral segment and to restore and maintain neurological function. TNF-a has a major role in immune process of spinal TB. Spinal TB instrumentation uses metal devices composed of ions and particles that can interact each other so it could produce physical and chemical energy that is transmitted to the vertebrae. The energy is expected to enhance the biomolecular and biocellular activity of the body's immune cells so the healing process could be better. Methods: An experimental study was carried out on New Zealand Rabbits which were given TB H37Rv strain infection in the vertebral body. Samples were divided into five groups namely control rabbits, infected rabbits without intervention, infected rabbits treated by instrumentation, infected rabbits given anti-tuberculosis drugs and infected rabbits treated by instrumentation and given drugs. Then the cytokine levels of TNFa were evaluated and compared. Results: The results showed a significant TNF-a level increase in infected rabbits given drugs alone and instrumentation alone compared to infected rabbits without intervention. There was a significant TNFa decrease in infected rabbits given drugs and treated by instrumentation compared to control rabbits and rabbits who received drugs only. Conclusions: Instrumentation can improve the healing process in spinal tuberculosis by increasing the body's cytokine levels.

In every society, when a crime is committed, it affects the victim and the community as a whole thus, promoting criminality and insecurity in the society. This calls for efforts to address the worrisome situations in order to heal the plight of the victim who suffers injuries as a result of crime waves. It should be noted that from investigation to trial, victims of crime are faced with numerous challenges. These challenges range from participating in the investigation and trial and more importantly adequate compensation for damage suffered following the commission of an offence. The key guiding principle in criminal justice for victims of crimes is to ensure that the person who suffers injuries or losses is compensated or restituted. Injuries or damage suffered by victims’ results from the commission of offences by either physical or juristic persons. Some of these offences include: murder, assaults, sexual offences, theft, destruction, human rights violations, environmental hazards, etc. Most at times the victims never have their compensations paid by the perpetrators of these heinous crimes. The preeminent query is whether there are options available for victims to ensure their compensations when real offenders cannot repair the harm. This paper through a content analysis, seeks to examine the challenges of victims’ rights to compensation in the administration of criminal justice in Cameroon. It seeks also to examine whether there are existing legal and institutional framework adequate and efficient in addressing the plight of victims of crime with regard to compensation.

Leiomyoma is the most common benign tumor of uterus but rarely it may be seen in round ligament, uterosacral ligament, inguinal canal and vagina. Vaginal fibroid more commonly arises from anterior vaginal wall and present with varied clinical features. Here we report a case of primary subfertility with vaginal leiomyoma, arising from anterior wall of vagina. Case Description: A 31-year-old nulliparous lady attended the Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility Clinic with the complaints of infertility and something coming down per vagina for 6 years. Vaginal examination revealed a mass originating from anterior and lateral vaginal wall, pulling the cervix up. On bimanual examination, a 3x3 cm mass is felt through the anterior and lateral vaginal wall but upper limit could not be delineated. Transvaginal sonography showed a mixed echogenic, predominantly hypoechoeic mass in lower part of cervix and anterior vaginal wall. Myomectomy was done through vaginal route along with laparoscopy with chromopertubation test and hysteroscopy. Histopathology report revealed leiomyoma. She was counseled for IVF due to bilateral tubal block on dye test.

Football its popularity compares to other sports at any age level, there is a lack of information on the technical, physiological and conditioning aspects of children players. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the physical, muscular performance and speed of 12-year-old football players. Eighty-two footballers who were actively participating in the Albanian Children's Championship participated in the study. Batteries for fitness testing: Standard height, body weight and calculated body mass index (BMI), speed (30m sprint), vertical jump, and rated lower body muscle strength (vertical jump) were the tests selected for to measure. Data were subjected to statistical analysis using the ANOVA method. Identifying the physical and physiological characteristics of football players provides insight into the physical and physiological qualities that are important to becoming a team member and playing successfully. The most important issue for the coach and football player is to determine the improvement of physical fitness through a well-modeled training programmer. Although anthropometric and physiological profiling is best seen as an objective tool for monitoring young player, physiological data may not be the only predictor of competitive success in football. On the other side, heritage in related physiological standards is an important prerequisite for success in football. Physiological standards play a crucial role in the selection of football talent.

The freshwater shrimp Atya scabra Leach, 1815 is traditionally captured in the Bia river, in the area of the South-Comoé, precisely in Biaka and Aboisso. The aim of this study was to investigate if sexual differences could affect external morphology in freshwater shrimp Atya scabra, to determine sexual dimorphism related to morphological differences during the maturation in this species. Thus, morphometric measurements in 360 specimens of A. Scabra were examined at each study site for sexual dimorphism from August 2014 to July 2015. In Aboisso, mean values recorded at lpp, Lantn and Lantl were 8.5 ± 7.8; 78.5 ± 84.1 and 47.5 ± 47.4 mm in males. The average values obtained were respectively 6.5 ± 4.9; 58.5 ± 46 and 25 ± 24 mm for lpp, Lantn and Lantl in females. In Biaka, Mean values in males were 7.5 ± 7.8; 71.5 ± 55.9 and 37.5 ± 31.8 mm. In females, mean values recorded were 6 ± 5.7; 60 ± 50.9 and 27.5 ± 21.9 mm. Concerning the sexual dimorphism index, the χ2 test showed that there is no significant difference (P > 0.05) between the SDI determined at the level of the width of cephalothorax and the 3rd pair of pereiopod (lpp) in the specimens of Atya scabra of Aboisso and those of Biaka. Analysis of the data shows two modal of distribution in males, females and in both sexes combined. When considering the sexes combined, the young recruits have an average size (Lt) of 83 ± 3.8 mm while the latter was 107.6 ± 12.1 mm in the oldest freshwater shrimps of the species A. scabra captured in Aboisso. But in Biaka, the young individuals had an average size (Lt) of 81.4 ± 4.3 mm. As for the oldest individuals, the value of the estimated average size is 107.0 ± 11.2 mm in the sexes combined. The present study was made in order to have data on the size frequency distribution and the sexual dimorphism index of this species.

Background: An attractive face, no doubt is pleasing to behold, however the definition of an attractive face is subject to factors such as personality, culture, age, ethnic background as well as personal preferences. Beauty, ugliness and handsomeness are subjective attributes ascribed to the facial appearance of individual. Though the determination of each is personal subjective, it is obvious that the human face is the most beautiful and attractive of all the mammals. Hence, this study was aimed at determining whether there is sexual dimorphism in the facial height, nasal height, mandibular height, maxillary height and orofacial height of the Ikwerre people in Rivers State. Materials and Methods: The study was cross-sectional that included males and females of the Ikwerre ethnicity of Rivers state of Nigeria. A total of 1,038 subjects comprising males (585) and females (453) aged between 5 – 45years were used for this study. The parents and grandparents were all from Ikwerre ethnic group. Each subject sat on a comfortable sitting position and then their facial measurements were taken including; facial height, nasal height, mandibular height, maxillary height and orofacial height. Results and Discussions: Results & Discussion: F.H. for males in the age grade 25yrs and above was 106.81±11.58, while for the females 101.24±6.98; N.H. for the males: 37.991±6.126, while for the females 38.344±6.255, Man. H. males: 47.511±8.016, females: 41.975±7.018; Max. H males: 22.08±21.16, females: 20.107±3.667, and O.H. males: 69.59±22.76, while females had 62.083±8.013. The result of the study showed that across the age categories the males consistently had higher values of the facial parameters investigated. Conclusion: The result of the study showed that there was sexual dimorphism with the male values of all the facial dimensions measured were significantly higher than female values (P<0.05).

Introduction: Amniotic fluid is necessary for normal musculoskeletal development, gastrointestinal tract and lung development. It protects the fetus from trauma against umbilical cord and infections by bacteriostatic property. Oligohydramnios, a deficiency in the amount of amniotic fluid, occurs in 3.9-5.5% of all pregnancies. Most common cause of oligohydramnios is idiopathic (52%). Second commonest cause is PIH (25%). Oligohydramnios may influence maternal, perinatal outcomes. The Amniotic Fluid Index (AFI) is the more commonly employed technique for assessing adequacy of amniotic fluid volume. The sonographic diagnosis of oligohydramnios is usually based on an AFI ≤ 5 cm or on a single deepest pocket of amniotic fluid ≤ 2 cm. Aim: 1) To study the maternal and perinatal outcome in pregnancies with gestational age 34 weeks and above with AFI less than or equal to 5. 2) To compare the maternal and perinatal outcomes of such pregnancies with pregnancies where AFI is 8 to 24. Materials and Methods: The present study was Prospective Analytical hospital-based study conducted at Nazareth Hospital for one-year i.e. (8th September 2017 to 7th September 2018) in the department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology. Patients with AFI less than and equal to 5 was taken as study group (Group I) and AFI 8-24 was taken as comparator group (Group II). This study included 50 number of cases and 100 number of control to compensate for 10% dropouts. Results: Among those women diagnosed with oligohydramnios (</=5) , 44% of patients belonged to primi gravida, most common antepartum complications associated was found to be hypertensive disorder (28%), There was more incidence of induction of labour (65.7%), (64%) underwent caesarean section, fetal distress ( 65.6%) was most common indication, 8% of patients had babies where APGAR score was below 7, 20% of patient had low birth weight babies, 20% babies was admitted in NICU. Conclusion: 1) Amniotic fluid index measurement can be used as a useful adjunct to other fetal surveillance methods, to identify those infants at risk of poor perinatal outcome. 2) AFI </= 5cm is associated with high incidence of thick meconium stained liquor, fetal distress, operative delivery and caesarean section for fetal distress, poor APGAR score, low birth weight, meconium aspiration and perinatal morbidity. 3) As a result, amniotic fluid assessment as an antepartum mode of fetal monitoring, helps an obstetrician better anticipate likely associated problems and plan a timely and appropriate mode of management.

With the growing emphasis on sustainability, the construction industry is more interested in applying environmental friendly concrete in its construction projects. This paper developed model for predicting the 28th day flexural strength of laterite-quarry dust concrete using (5, 2) extreme vertices design of Minitab 17. Physical property test were conducted on the laterite and quarry dust and several trial mixes of concrete were carried out to determine the lower (Li) and upper bound (Ui) limit of each of the components. River sand was replaced with a maximum of 40% laterite and 60% quarry dust in the trial mixes. Several mix proportions were generated using the extreme vertices design. The design matrix consisted of fifteen (15) design points and seven (7) check points with replications of the vertices and the centroid, given a total of twenty eight (28) runs. Eighty four (84) numbers of laterite-quarry dust concrete beams of 600 x 150 x 150mm were prepared and tested for their flexural strength after 28 days of curing. A second degree polynomial was fitted to the data of the flexural strength test result and adequacy of the model was confirmed using the p-value, F statistics and normal probability plot. Several mix proportions were generated and their flexural strength obtained using the developed model. The minimum and maximum flexural strength predictable by the model are 2.44N/mm2 and 4.95N/mm2. The model can help predict the flexural strength of laterite-quarry dust concrete for both reinforced and non-reinforced concrete design for domestic and commercial constructions.

Background: Autism is one of the pervasive developmental disorders throughout the world that is causing serious familial, social and economic burden to the different nations. The prevalence of autism is probably about 20 per 10000 children. Autism is four times common in boys as in girls. Objective: To find out the psychiatric co-morbidity in Autism spectrum disorder. Methods: This was a descriptive and cross sectional study among the patient attending in Department of Psychiatry, Combined Military Hospital, Dhaka, Proyash School (Special Child Special Right), Dhaka Cantonment, National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), Dhaka and Institute of Pediatric Neurodisorder & Autism (IPNA) in Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University (BSMMU), Dhaka, Bangladesh. The study was carried out 6 months from April, 2016 to September, 2016. Sample size n=100 patients. Informed written consent was taken from patent’s parent/caregiver. During data collection, a semi-structured questionnaire designed by the researcher containing socio-demographic and other variables was used. Then Developments and Well-Being Assessment (DAWBA) was applied on the ASD children. The DAWBA has three versions-parent versions, self-version and teacher version. In this study parent version was used. Data was analyses by software program me statistical package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 16 for windows using appropriate statistical test- chi square test. Results: Among the respondents (n=100) 79% Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) children had comorbid psychiatric illness and 21% children had no comorbid psychiatric illness. Most frequent 72.15% was ADHD followed by Specific phobia 11.39%, Social phobia 6.33% and Major Depressive disorder 1.27%. Two comorbid psychiatric illnesses were present in 8.86% ASD children. Chi-square test was done to measure the level of significance. But there were no significant association (significant when p value ≤0.05) found between socio-demographic factors and comorbid psychiatric disorder. Conclusion: Although there were many limitations, the present study provides important information. High number of co-morbidities found in this study. It could be necessary to increase the sample size and to collect the largest number of clinical information, for studying etiopathogenesis and risk factors for the occurrence of co-morbidity. Knowing the burden and extent of disease could be help design screening tools that are applicable, culturally acceptable and cost-effective for early diagnosis and intervention. Furthermore, raising ASD awareness among parents, preschool/elementary school teachers are invaluable in helping autistic children cope with different challenge and improve their quality of life.

The intra-uterine device (IUD) is the most common existing reversible contraception. Colonic perforation is an infrequent but serious complication of IUD. We report a case of a 32 years old woman with a history of IUD inserted at early puerperal period, who presented in consultation for a suprising reason: the perception of wires from the anus without any specific symptoms. Radiological assessment revealed that the IUD migrated partially into the lumen of the rectosigmoid. Intrauterine device embedded in sigmoid colon wall was successfully been removed endoscopically using a polypectomy snare with the placing of a hemostatic clip.

Mustard as the medicinal plant used for the treatment of various diseases. There are 3 types of mustard: brown, oriental and yellow. Generally, the mustard seeds are mainly used in condiment or food industries in either oil or seeds form. The mustard plant is a plant species belongs to family Brassicaceae and the genera Brassica. The seed of mustard is used as spice. Derivatives of mustard constituent’s allyl iso-thiocyanate form basis for deadly agents such as anti-neoplastic drugs (e.g. bendamustine) and mustard gases. It helps for karyotyping process that centered on meiotic and mitotic chromosome and used many methods of staining comprising CMA3/DAPI fluorescence staining, Giemsa staining, silver staining, C banding, and fluorescence in situ hybridization with repetitive DNA sequences. As a source of vitamin-K plays its important role in serving with the blood clotting. It is also important and essential for the health of bone and heart. All these mustard species can also be utilized in the production of eatable oils. Both oriental and brown mustards are utilized to make the products which are spicier than the condiments which obtained from yellow mustard.

Derivatives of benzimidazole containing N-substituted benzyl, benzensuphonyl and acetyl were synthesized from a variety of amino acids such as Lysine and Leucine. The structures of all the synthesized compounds were elucidated by using IR, 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR.The synthesized target compounds were evaluated in vitro antibacterial activity against three bacterial strains by employing the disc diffusion method using Ciprofloxacin as a standard drug. The anti-bacterial assay revealed that the compounds (6’ b) and (6’d) showed better activity 14, 9, 8 and 12, 9, 7 mm zone of inhibition against S. auras, E. coli and K. pneumonia respectively.

Background: Now a day, type-2 diabetes mellitus and hypertension are considered to be the first and second leading causes of all deaths and morbidities respectively. Increasing age, trend of obesity and worsening renal function increasing the prevalence of hypertension in people with type-2 diabetes mellitus. We have very few research-based information regarding these issues. Aim of the study: The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of hypertension in patients with type-2 diabetes mellitus. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study which was conducted in the Department of Medicine, Shaheed Ziaur Rahman Medical College, Bogura, Bangladesh during the period from January 202018 to December 2019. In total 142 patients with type-2 diabetes mellitus attended to the mentioned hospital with proper documents were finalized as the study people. Besides data regarding type 2 diabetes mellitus, data of blood pressure and macro-vascular as well as micro-vascular complications were collected. A predesigned questioner was applied to collect patient data. All data were processed, analyzed and disseminated by MS Office and SPSS version 20. Result: In this study, among total participants in analyzing the prevalence of hypertension we observed out of 142 patients with T2DM only 45 were with hypertension which was 32%. In analyzing the stages of hypertension among total participants we found, 23.39% were with normal and 35.92% pre-hypertension (In total 68.31%). On the other hand, among 32% hypertensive participants, 19.72% (n=28) were with stage I HTN whereas 11.97% (n=17) were with stage II HTN. Conclusion: In this study, the prevalence of hypertension among type 2 diabetes patients was found some higher than that in normal. But if we consider the number of pre-hypertensive patients as a potential concern, then it is alarming. The findings of this study may be helpful in the treatment arena of diabetes and in similar further studies.

This work evaluated the rate at which metal walls of the tubes of the furnace internal tubes of the refinery boiler were corroded due to the harsh environment in which it is operated. The rate of corrosion was investigated in the absence and presence of corrosion inhibitors with the use of a material balance equation of the boiler system where a mathematical model was derived using first order differential equation. The results obtained during the four years period under review were between 0.1425-0.5550mm, 0.1250-0.5000mm, 0.1125-0.4650mm, 0.2250-0.8000mm and 0.1700-0.6000mm in the absence of corrosion inhibitors in the FWT, EWT, IWT, ITURB AND ETURB respectively. The results also revealed that in the presence of corrosion inhibitors under the same period were 0.0945-0.2345mm, 0.0860-0.2135mm, 0.0775-0.1920mm, 0.1375-0.3415mm and 0.1035-0.2560mm in the FWT, EWT, IWT, ITURB AND ETURB respectively. The metals gained during the period under evaluation ranged between 0.0480-0.3205mm, 0.0490-0.2865mm, 0.0350-0.2730mm, 0.0875-0.4585mm and 0.0665-0.3440mm in the FWT, EWT, IWT, ITURB AND ETURB respectively. The resultant percentage efficiencies recorded during the period under review were in the range of 33.68-57.75%, 36.30-57.30%, 31.11-58.71% 38.89-57.31% and 39.12-57.33% in the FWT, EWT, IWT, ITURB AND ETURB respectively. The corrosion evaluation in the furnace internal wall tubes showed that there was a remarkable decrease in corrosion rate due to the application of corrosion inhibitors.

The review was undertaken to evaluate the pattern, type, characteristics and availability of oral coverage in Haryana. This was established by focussing on the levels of accessibility and availability of oral health care infrastructure and to address the strengths, challenges, issues, barriers and opportunities for promotion, prevention and cure of oral diseases in Haryana. Literature survey was carried out in March 2021 in electronic databases such as PubMed and Google Scholar using key words such as “dental manpower [AND] Haryana”, “Oral health care [AND] Haryana”, “Oral disease [AND] Haryana”, “Oral health infrastructure [AND] Haryana”. After scrutinizing all retrieved data only six highly relevant articles were included in the final analysis. It was established that Universal Oral Health Coverage in Haryana needs a foresighted vision and consistent efforts based on the evidence.