Depression in adolescents has become a major social issue and, in most cases, leads to permanent functional impairment in adulthood. Since then, the discipline has successfully overcome the naive nature versus nurture controversy and embraced dynamic models of integration. This review contributes to a developmental-transactional model, which assumes that depressive outcomes are a result of the interaction of diffuse genetic vulnerabilities and powerful interpersonal stressors. In this case, genetic predisposition creates a risk gradient of probability, which often is manifested as increased sensitivity to the environment, especially the relationship landscapes of family and peers. Genetic factors can affect reactivity to adversity and determine the stressors people face in a systematic manner through gene-environment correlation and interaction mechanisms. A dual-pronged intervention approach is thus needed: to decrease the modifiable social risks and at the same time increase the environmental buffers to reduce the inherent biological vulnerability.

The crime of incitement to suicide through social media is one of the most dangerous new crimes created by technology, as perpetrators exploit the virtual space to spread suicidal thoughts or provide means for them, as digital platforms and electronic games are exploited to psychologically influence children and adolescents and push them to end their lives This phenomenon requires legal and technical cooperation to tighten penalties, deter perpetrators, and protect users from “killer games” and electronic bullying that facilitate the spread of this behavior. Which at the same time requires a new legal adaptation that differs from the traditional one, and focuses on the criminal liability of the electronic instigator and proving it with digital evidence. With the need to confront it with strict legislation. In light of the rapid technological development, social media has become a double-edged sword, as some of its platforms have turned into fertile arenas for the spread of cybercrimes, including the most serious crime: “incitement to suicide.” Incitement is no longer limited to reality, but has moved to a wide virtual space targeting vulnerable groups This crime represents a major challenge to penal legislation that seeks to confront this anti-social behavior. Especially with the technological development and the rapid spread of inflammatory content through social media, especially among teenagers and young people. What is considered a real problem, especially in the adequacy of traditional legal texts in confronting crimes of electronic incitement to suicide, and the difficulties of proving criminal responsibility via the Internet. This requires analyzing the elements of the crime (physical and moral) in the electronic context Shedding light on the criminal liability of the instigator, adopting a descriptive and analytical approach to compare legal texts and apply them to real-life cases.

Against the background of China’s doctoral recruitment system shifting from scale expansion to quality orientation, the institutional logic and operational effectiveness of doctoral admissions have come under continuous attention. Taking International Relations as a disciplinary entry point, this study selects Tsinghua University and Peking University in China, together with the University of Tokyo and Kyoto University in Japan, as comparative cases. Through institutional document analysis, the paper examines the organizational structure, selection procedures, and decision-making mechanisms of doctoral admissions in International Relations across these universities. The findings indicate that Chinese universities place stronger emphasis on procedural standardization and comparability, relying primarily on centralized institutional arrangements and document-based evaluation to complete the selection process. In contrast, Japanese universities depend more heavily on laboratories or research units and faculty judgment, positioning research fit at the core of admission decisions. These differences reflect institutionally embedded choices shaped by disciplinary structures, configurations of academic communities, and state–university relations.

Introduction: Sleep is a fundamental biological process essential for cognitive performance, emotional regulation, and physical health. However, among university students, sleep disturbances and irregular sleep patterns have become increasingly prevalent due to academic stress, poor lifestyle choices, and environmental factors. Aim: This study investigated the relationship between anthropometric body composition and sleep quality among university students. The research aimed to assess how specific anthropometric indices such as Body Mass Index (BMI), waist circumference, neck circumference, and waist-to-hip ratio (WHR)—influence sleep quality and duration. Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive design was employed, involving 423 participants selected through stratified sampling across various faculties. Anthropometric data were collected using standard procedures, while sleep quality was assessed using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), a widely validated tool. Results: Descriptive analysis showed that 33.6% of the participants were either overweight or obese, with a mean BMI of 23.8 ± 3.7 kg/m². Furthermore, 59.3% of the students reported poor sleep quality (PSQI score > 5), and the mean sleep duration was 6.6 ± 1.2 hours, which falls below the optimal range for young adults. Correlation analysis revealed significant positive associations between anthropometric indices and PSQI scores (p < 0.001), indicating that increased body fat is related to poorer sleep quality. Notably, neck circumference (r = 0.42), BMI (r = 0.39), and waist circumference (r = 0.33) were strongly associated with sleep disturbances. Multiple regression analysis confirmed that BMI (β = 0.26), neck circumference (β = 0.33), and waist circumference (β = 0.15) significantly predicted poor sleep quality, accounting for approximately 29% of the variance in sleep outcomes (R² = 0.29, p < 0.001). WHR, however, did not emerge as a significant predictor. Conclusion: The study concludes that poor anthropometric profiles are strongly associated with sleep disruption among university students.

The international legal order has long been shaped by a paradigm of globalistic hegemony, in which powerful states and transnational institutions dominate the formulation, interpretation, and enforcement of international norms. This hegemonic structure has generated persistent debates over legitimacy, equity, and inclusiveness within global governance. The call to reconstruct international legal order beyond the paradigm of globalistic hegemony therefore arises from both theoretical and practical concerns: the erosion of state sovereignty, the asymmetrical benefits of globalization, and the marginalization of voices from the Global South. This paper interrogates the limits of hegemonically driven legal frameworks and explores alternative pathways for establishing a more balanced, multi-polar, and pluralistic order. Drawing on theories of sovereignty, self-determination, and multi-polarity, the paper argues that international law must be reconfigured to reflect the realities of an evolving global order in which emerging powers, regional blocs, and non-state actors increasingly challenge unilateral dominance. The reconstruction of international legal order necessitates rethinking the foundational principles of equality of states, non-intervention, and collective security in ways that align with twenty-first-century geopolitical complexities. It also requires the reform of global governance institutions such as the United Nations Security Council, the World Trade Organization, and international financial bodies, to ensure broader representation and accountability. Ultimately, moving beyond globalistic hegemony is not a rejection of international cooperation but an affirmation of its necessity under fairer and more equitable terms. By advancing pluralism, decentralization, and shared responsibility, a reconstructed international legal order can foster legitimacy, stability, and peace in an increasingly multi-polar world.

The increasing lifespan and trend toward retention of third molars has led to a growing population of older adults with impacted third molars. While traditionally managed through early prophylactic extraction, contemporary evidence suggests that asymptomatic impacted third molars in healthy elderly patients may be safely monitored or managed conservatively. However, when intervention becomes necessary, advanced age presents unique surgical challenges, including prolonged healing, increased complication rates, and higher anesthetic risks. This review examines the current evidence on pathology prevalence, risk stratification, surgical considerations, and alternative treatment approaches, including coronectomy and watchful monitoring strategies, in the geriatric population.

Abnormal menstrual flow is a common concern among young women, especially in academically demanding environments. Despite growing awareness of the impact of nutrition and body composition on reproductive health, there remains a scarcity of localized data, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa, exploring how anthropometric indices correlate with menstrual disturbances. To investigate the relationship between anthropometric variables Body Mass Index (BMI), waist circumference, waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), and body fat percentage and abnormal menstrual flow among female students in the College of Medicine, Ambrose Alli University. A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted among 408 female medical undergraduates selected using multistage random sampling. Data were collected via a validated self-administered questionnaire and anthropometric measurements. Descriptive statistics, Pearson’s correlation, logistic regression, and ROC analyses were performed using SPSS v25, with significance set at p < 0.05. The prevalence of AMF was 68.9%, with menorrhagia (31.4%) being most common. Over 30% of respondents had elevated body fat, and 25% were overweight. Positive correlations were observed between BMI, waist circumference, WHR, body fat %, and specific AMF types (particularly menorrhagia and polymenorrhea). Logistic regression revealed waist circumference >88 cm and body fat ≥30% as strong independent predictors. ROC analysis indicated body fat % had the highest diagnostic accuracy (AUC = 0.81), followed by waist circumference (AUC = 0.77). Anthropometric measures especially body fat percentage and central adiposity are significantly associated with abnormal menstrual flow. These findings highlight the need for routine body composition screening and menstrual health education in university health services.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of variable dental implant thread shapes upon the failure mode and fracture behavior. Sixty custom made grade 4 titanium dental implants screws were manufactured according to the type of thread form and classified into; V-Form (Group 1), Square Form (Group 2), Buttress Form (Group 3) and Reverse But-tress Shape (Group 4); with Standard lab analysis set up following ISO14801 Protocol. The implants were mounted in an acrylic block and subjected to a 30° off-axis compression loading using Universal Testing Machine (UTM). The mode of failure was analyzed using a Stereomicroscope. The fractured surfaces of failed specimens were examined using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). The results showed that there was no statistically significant difference between the groups in terms of the failure mode distribution (p>0.05). Four different failure types were observed: Breaking the fixture and screw, breaking the abutment and screw, breakage of the screw or deformation of the hole implant system part. SEM fractography examination indicated a ductile fracture mechanism through plastic deformation of the implants fixture and abutment screws. Additionally, four distinct failure modes were identified: fixture and screw fracture, abutment and screw fracture, screw fracture, and hole implant component deformations. SEM fractography analysis showed a ductile fracture mode with plastic deformation of the implants fixture and abutment screws. The results of this study suggest that different thread forms failure mode was almost identical in all thread design.

Nigerian Institutions of Higher Learning are experiencing twin perilous challenges national leadership irrationality and internal anomie. As a result, many of the products of the institutions are not only half-baked but they are also unemployable. The deterioration is perennial and its causes are legion. Little or no decisive steps have been taken to ameliorate the situation over the years. In this study, an attempt is made, from the literary perspective, to historicise the problems, unearth their genesis and, in view of the findings, proffer suggestion that can help revive the standard. The theoretical framework adopted for the study, which is predicated on qualitative research methodology, is New Historicism. Each problem identified plaguing the institutions, from the selected texts, constitutes data for the study. The findings show that the moral decadence in the larger society is reflecting on Nigerian institutions of higher Learning, because the institutions are microcosm of the macro-society. The schools are not maintained; they are littered with substandard structures and academic programmes are marred by erratic policies, paucity of fund, riots, strike action and the purloining of fund appropriated for their development. To address these problems, the study suggests declaration of state of emergency on the Nigerian educational sector and reforms to salvage it from the sharp practices corroding standard in the system.

This study examines how Chan Ho-Kei's novel, Second Sister, depicts trauma generated by digital technology and presents a narrative of resistance against online bullying. Online bullying has emerged as a global problem causing serious psychological harm to victims, including trauma that is recorded and shared electronically. A recent study by Hinduja and Patchin (2025) suggests that online bullying should be classified as an adverse childhood experience due to its traumatic impact on adolescent development, with a strong link between PTSD symptoms and online bullying experiences. The novel offers a unique perspective on how digital technology can function as both a source of trauma and an instrument of resistance. Applying narrative analysis and digital trauma theory, this study investigates how the novel's characters confront, respond to, and resist online bullying. The analysis includes story structure, character portrayal, and the role of technology as a plot element. The findings reveal that the novel depicts digital trauma through three main aspects: the persistence of electronic traces, the escalation of violence through social media, and the fragmentation of victim identity. The narrative of resistance is developed through online investigation tactics, the reclaiming of victim narratives, and the formation of solidarity online. The novel also critiques the social systems that allow online bullying to thrive, such as the culture of victimization and institutional incompetence. The study's conclusions underscore the need for a deeper understanding of the complexities of digital trauma in an era of hyperconnectivity, as well as the importance of empowering stories of resistance for online bullying victims.

There can be little doubt that we are in the midst of a golden age for dystopian science fiction (SF), given added impetus in recent times by the public availability of artificial intelligence (AI) tools such as Chat-GPT, Oracle, Gemini and Bard, and the wealth of both academic and popular literature which such developments have generated. Charlie Brooker’s dark and edgy SF series of Black Mirror films now in its seventh iteration on Netflix exploits heavily our fears about the dangers of AI technology threatening human culture in every sphere of activity from work, to education, to health care, and in social relationships. The question of whether this is pure, thrill-seeking entertainment like stories about vampires and demons which have little or no impact on real life or whether it is intended to warn us against the potential dangers of emerging technology and thus help us to establish safeguards to protect our cherished values and ways of life is a moot question. The persistent dystopian emphasis about AI dangers throughout the Black Mirror films suggest that there is indeed a serious intention behind the stories. After examining some of the core themes and cognate connections with SF in general this article goes on to consider whether this futuristic doom-mongering, especially about AI, is harmful or beneficial for present and future human culture in all its forms.

The glandular odontogenic cyst is now a well-known entity comprising < 0.5% of all odontogenic cysts with a recent review tabulating about 200 cases in the English literature. Glandular odontogenic cyst shows epithelial features that mimic glandular differentiation. The importance of glandular odontogenic cyst relates to the fact that it has a high recurrence rate and shares overlapping histologic features with central mucoepidermoid carcinoma. Glandular odontogenic cyst shows no pathognomonic clinico -radiographic characteristics and therefore in many cases it resembles a wide spectrum of jaw cysts and malignancies. Most of the times diagnosis can be difficult due to histopathological similarities with dentigerous cyst, lateral periodontal cyst and central mucoepidermoid carcinoma. Therefore, careful histopathological examination and a long-term follow-up are required to rule out recurrences.

Hemangioblastomas are sporadic tumors found in the cerebellum or spinal cord. Supratentorial hemangioblastoma are exceedingly rare tumors. We present a case of cerebral hemangioblastoma not associated with von Hippel-Lindau disease. A 35-year-old woman was admitted to a hospital with one mouth history of headache associated with partial seizures. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed a giant cystic mass occupying much of the right frontal hemisphere, with a hyperdense mural nodule. During surgery, the cyst was evacuated, and the mural nodule was completely excised. The postoperative course was uneventful. The histopathologic findings were considered consistent with hemangioblastoma. The finding of a cyst with a mural tumor nodule in the cerebral hemispheres suggests primarly a benign astrocytoma, but other tumors can present in a similar form. The treatment of choice for supratentorial hemangioblastoma is surgical resection. We report a case of supratentorial hemangioblastoma, review the literature, and discuss the radiopathological correlation and diagnostic difficulties associated with such lesions.

Cancer remains one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide, necessitating the development of advanced therapeutic strategies with improved efficacy and reduced toxicity. Conventional cancer treatments are often limited by poor drug solubility, non-specific distribution, systemic side effects, and the development of drug resistance. Targeted drug delivery systems, particularly nanotechnology-based approaches, have emerged as promising solutions to overcome these challenges. Solid Lipid Nanoparticles (SLNs) are biocompatible and biodegradable carriers capable of enhancing drug stability, bioavailability, controlled release, and targeted delivery. Nilotinib, a second-generation BCR-ABL tyrosine kinase inhibitor, is widely used in the treatment of chronic myeloid leukemia; however, its clinical application is constrained by limited bioavailability and adverse effects. Rutin, a natural bioflavonoid, exhibits potent antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-angiogenic, and pro-apoptotic properties, making it a valuable adjunct in cancer therapy. The co-encapsulation of Nilotinib and Rutin into SLNs offers a synergistic therapeutic approach by enhancing solubility, improving cellular uptake, reducing systemic toxicity, and overcoming multidrug resistance. This project focuses on the formulation and application of Nilotinib and Rutin-loaded SLNs as an innovative strategy for enhanced cancer treatment. The SLN-based delivery system holds significant potential for improving therapeutic outcomes and advancing personalized cancer therapy.

Background: Diabetes Mellitus (DM) presents significant public health issues, contributing to early mortality and complications. It encompasses Type 1, Type 2, gestational, and other specific forms, with Type 2 (T2DM) being associated with an increased risk of dental caries (DC). DC is an infection caused by bacteria such as Streptococcus mutans and lactobacilli, which feed on carbohydrates and produce acids that erode tooth minerals, leading to cavities. The level of glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) reflects long-term glycemic control, with higher levels correlating with elevated risks of developing DC. Aim of the Work: The current study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of DC among Libyan patients with T2DM, including both those with controlled disease and those with uncontrolled disease. Material and Methods: This study was conducted on 440 Libyan patients with T2DM, collecting data on disease duration and complications from medical records. Dependent binary variables (DC) and independent variables such as age, gender, and glycemic control were analyzed using IBM SPSS version 21. Result: In a study of 440 Libyan individuals with T2DM, 56.8% presented with (DC), primarily affecting the 40-59 age group (46.2%). DC prevalence was higher among females (53.6%) than among males (46.4%). Among diabetic patients (DPs) with DC, 24.4% were classified as controlled, while 75.6% were uncontrolled. Conclusion: The findings indicate a higher prevalence of DC in Libyan DPs, particularly in those with uncontrolled T2DM, and this is more common in middle-aged populations and females.