Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is the most common globally prevalent sleep disordered breathing. It is associated with various orofacial malformations and systemic morbidities. The limited level of awareness has left most cases undiagnosed. This study assessed the level of awareness of OSA and its orofacial and systemic complications among dental patients at the Lagos State University teaching hospital (LASUTH), Lagos, Nigeria. It was cross-sectional, involving 120 consenting subjects. Sample selection was by convenient sampling. Data collection was conducted using a self-administered questionnaire to obtain the biodata and the participants' awareness of OSA using the Likert scale. Data analysis was carried out using SPSS version 24 to assess the descriptive variables and OSA awareness of the subjects. Ordinal logistic regression was used to determine the relationship between the covariates and the participants' awareness of OSA. Statistical significance was determined at p≤ 0.05. The mean age of the participants was 45.7±16.2 years. A few, 23(19.2%), were fully aware of what OSA is. Twenty-six (21.7%) were fully aware that OSA can predispose to dental problems. Seventy-one (59.2%) were aware to a limited extent that some orofacial symptoms could identify people with OSA. Only 27(22.5%), 24 (20%), and 23 (19.2%) were fully aware that OSA is related to high blood pressure, obesity, and sudden death, respectively. In an ordinal regression, the age groups and occupational groups were the determinants of the participants' awareness about OSA (p≤0.05). Intensive education of the population is needed through several forums to increase their awareness of OSA and its complications.

Background: Women education is an important determinant of social development, economic growth and public health status. At the policy level, India has been trying to address it but regional inequalities continue to remain, especially in semi-urban and rural districts of the North East. Objective: This study aimed to examine the situation of women’s education status in Hojai District, Assam and determine the major socio-demographic, economic and institutional determinants that influences educational attainment. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted from January 2021 to November 2021 among 350 women using an interviewer-administered structured questionnaire. Results were analyzed with descriptive and inferential statistics. Results: Secondary and higher secondary education was predominant in terms of achievement. Parents' education, family, marriage at an early age and accessibility to schools were significantly related to the educational status. Conclusion: Women’s education in Hojai District is improving slowly but social & economic limitation is blocking the higher educational achievement. Bespoke interventions that respond to poverty at the household, gendered norms and institutional access are necessary.

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains a major cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide, most often arising in the setting of chronic liver disease and cirrhosis. Although tyrosine kinase inhibitors have long represented the cornerstone of systemic therapy in advanced stages, therapeutic resistance and disease progression are frequent. Recent advances in immunotherapy, particularly immune checkpoint inhibitors targeting the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway, have reshaped the therapeutic landscape of HCC. Pembrolizumab has demonstrated clinically meaningful antitumor activity and an acceptable safety profile in patients previously treated with sorafenib, as reported in pivotal clinical trials. This article highlights the therapeutic role of pembrolizumab as a second-line option in advanced HCC and discusses its place within current evidence-based treatment strategies, emphasizing the growing importance of immunotherapy in the multidisciplinary management of this disease.

HIV infections are difficult to treat disease till date. Not many drugs are there for treating it. In this work effort has been made to identify probable drugs with anti-HIV effects using a technique developed and presented in previous work.

The purpose of the study was to find out the effect of strength and endurance training programme followed by yoga practice, on playing ability among female intercollegiate hockey players. For this purpose, 45 female hockey players who were played in various intercollegiate tournaments in the age category between 19 and 25 years were selected for the study. They were divided into three equal groups, each group consisting of fifteen subjects in which two experimental groups and one control group, in which the group I (n=15) underwent strength training followed by yoga practice, group – II (n = 15) underwent endurance training followed by yoga practice for three days (alternative days) per week for twelve weeks and group III (n = 15) acted as control, which did not participate in any training apart from their regular hockey game practice. The subjects were tested on selected criterion variable as hockey playing ability at prior to and immediately after the training period. For testing the hockey playing ability was assessed by administering Stewart Pitchers’ Hockey skill test, consists of dribbling, passing and goal shooting. Paired sample ‘t’ test was used to find out any difference between pre- and post-test mean values. The analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) was used to find out the significant difference if any, between the experimental groups and control group on selected criterion variable separately. Since there were three groups involved in the present study, the Scheffé S test was used as post-hoc test. The selected criterion variables such as Stewart Pitchers’ Hockey skill test, consists of dribbling, passing and goal shooting were improved significantly for all the training groups when compared with the control group. But there was no significant difference found between the training groups on selected criterion variables.

Background: Diabetes mellitus is a significant global public health issue, often exacerbated by microvascular and macrovascular damage, resulting in heightened morbidity and mortality. Recognizing modifiable and non-modifiable characteristics linked to diabetic complications is crucial for enhancing preventative efforts and directing personalized medication. Objectives: This study aimed to identify demographic, clinical, lifestyle, and treatment-related factors associated with microvascular and macrovascular complications among adults with diabetes mellitus. Methods: A cross-sectional analytical study was performed at the National Diabetes Center, Al-Mustansiriya University, from September to December 2025, involving 100 persons with diabetes mellitus. Data on sociodemographic characteristics, lifestyle factors, smoking status, clinical parameters, glycaemic control (HbA1c), treatment modalities, and diabetic complications were collected. Microvascular and macrovascular complications were defined as composite binary outcomes. Bivariate analyses were performed using appropriate parametric and non-parametric tests. Multivariable logistic regression models were constructed to identify independent predictors of microvascular and macrovascular complications, adjusting for potential confounders. Results: The prevalence of microvascular and macrovascular complications increased with advancing age and longer diabetes duration. Poor glycaemic control was associated with a higher burden of complications. In multivariable analysis, age was independently associated with microvascular complications, while diabetes duration showed a significant association with macrovascular complications. Smoking status and insulin-based therapy demonstrated trends toward higher complication risk after adjustment for demographic and clinical variables. Conclusions: Age, duration of diabetes, and glycaemic control are key determinants of diabetic complications. Biomarker-based clinical parameters combined with lifestyle and treatment factors provide valuable insight into disease staging and risk stratification. These findings support the importance of early intervention and individualized pharmacotherapeutic strategies to reduce long-term complications in patients with diabetes mellitus.

Concrete durability is a critical factor influencing the longevity, safety, and sustainability of infrastructure, particularly under aggressive environmental conditions. Conventional ordinary Portland cement (OPC) concrete is susceptible to deterioration mechanisms such as chloride-induced reinforcement corrosion, sulphate attack, carbonation, and acid degradation, which compromise structural integrity and service life. The partial replacement of OPC with supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) has emerged as an effective strategy to enhance durability while reducing the environmental footprint of concrete. This review critically examines the performance of major SCMs, including fly ash, ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS), silica fume, metakaolin, rice husk ash (RHA), and limestone calcined clay cement (LC3), in aggressive environments. The review highlights how SCMs influence microstructural properties, such as pore refinement, chloride binding, and formation of secondary hydration products, thereby improving resistance to chloride ingress, sulphate attack, carbonation, and acid exposure. While SCMs generally enhance durability, certain limitations, such as increased carbonation depth in high-volume fly ash and slag systems, are discussed. Furthermore, factors influencing performance such as SCM type, replacement level, curing conditions, and exposure environment are analysed.

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a global metabolic disorder characterized by chronic hyperglycemia resulting from impaired insulin secretion, insulin resistance, or both. Its prevalence continues to rise worldwide, with substantial morbidity linked to microvascular and macrovascular complications that influence overall health and the delivery of dental care. In dental practice, DM is clinically significant because it modifies host immunity, vascular function, inflammatory regulation, and tissue metabolism mechanisms that collectively increase susceptibility to oral infections and compromise healing. Common orofacial manifestations include increased risk and severity of gingivitis and periodontitis with alveolar bone loss, salivary gland dysfunction and xerostomia, oral mucosal lesions (including candidal infections and lichenoid reactions), dysgeusia, burning mouth symptoms, and, in severe settings, opportunistic deep fungal infections and osteomyelitis. These changes directly affect treatment planning across specialties. Prosthodontic management requires careful attention to salivary hypofunction, denture-related candidiasis, mucosal fragility, residual ridge resorption, and delayed wound healing, with emphasis on atraumatic techniques, hygiene reinforcement, and appropriate scheduling. Endodontic practice must consider the bidirectional relationship between apical periodontitis and glycemic control, the possibility of slower periapical healing, increased residual lesions, and the need for meticulous infection control and stress reduction to limit hyperglycemic episodes. Orthodontic therapy, particularly in patients with suboptimal glycemic control, demands thorough periodontal screening, the use of light physiological forces, close monitoring, and coordination with the patient’s medical team to reduce risks of infection, impaired healing, and hypoglycemic emergencies. This review synthesizes systemic and oral evidence to provide practical, clinically oriented recommendations for safe and effective dental management of patients with DM, with glycemic control and interprofessional collaboration as central determinants of favorable outcomes.

The study's intention was to individualised and combined impact of speed play training and ladder training on selected bio-motor variables among college men cricket players. This study aimed to contribute a combination of speed play training and ladder training on cricket players for performance enhancement. Objectives: The purpose of the study was to individualised and combined impact of speed play training and ladder training on selected bio-motor physiological and performance variables among college men cricket players. Materials and methods: To achieve the purpose of the study, sixty (60) students participated in the inter collegiate tournament for their respective colleges, affiliated to Hindustan Institute of Technology & Science (Deemed to be University), Chennai in the state of Tamil Nadu, India, India during the year 2022 – 2023 were selected as subjects. The age of the subjects ranged from 18 to 25 years. In which, sixty (60) College students were randomly selected and they randomly assigned into four groups of fifteen (15) subjects each (n = 15). Group I underwent Speed Play Training (SPTG), group II underwent Ladder Training (LTG), group III underwent Combined Speed Play Training and Ladder Training (CSPTALDTG) and group IV acted as Control Group (CG), they were not assigned any specific training, but they were done their regular curricular activities. Their respective training programs for the duration of 12 weeks of 36 morning sessions in addition to their regular programme in their curriculum design. Conclusions: The study concluded that, control group had not shown significant change in any of the selected variables. The experimental groups namely speed play training, ladder training and Combined speed play and ladder training groups had significantly improved the bio-motor variables. Significant differences were found among speed play training, ladder training and combined speed play and ladder training groups had significantly improved the bio-motor variables. It was also concluded that combined speed play and ladder training group was found to be better than other Experimental groups in developing speed, agility, endurance and explosive power.

The antimicrobial properties of bacterial synthesized silver nanoparticles of Bacillus subtilis and Escherichia coli origin were tested against five isolates namely: Pseudomonas sp, Bacillus sp, Salomonella sp, Shigella sp and Escherichia coli. The silver nanoparticles were synthesized from 10 Mm of AgNO3 and the bacterial culture supernatant. Optimum physiological conditions of bacterial nanoparticles’ synthesis were determined using the Box behnken design with three factors and three levels which include pH (6, 7, 8), time (24, 48, 72hrs) and temperature (25, 30, 32°C). The different significance of the physiological factors was determined. The optimal conditions for the synthesis of silver nanoparticles were determined as pH 6.9, Temp. 25°C and Time 72 hrs for Escherichia colinanoparticles(ENP) and pH 7.79, Temp. 25oC and Time of 72 hrs for Bacillus subtilis nanoparticles (BNP). The antimicrobial activity of the microbial synthesized silver nanoparticles was determined using the kill kinetics and the Kirby bauer well-in-agar diffusion method. ENP had better activity than BNP on Shigellasp, while the reverse was the case when tested against Salmonella sp. Time kill kinetics shows that BNP and ENP inhibited the growth of Salmonellasp, Pseudomonas sp, Bacillus sp, Shigella sp and E. coli at 12 hrs and 20 hrs, 28 hrs and 32 hrs, 36 hrs and 32 hrs, 24 hrs and 16 hrs and 32 hrs and 16 hrs respectively. All nanoparticles recorded lower activity than the control drug, Ciprofloxacin.

The increasing prevalence of fraud in Nigeria and globally highlights the necessity of forensic accounting for fraud investigations, particularly in Nigeria, which has resulted in mismanagement and inefficiencies in both corporate and public fund management. With an emphasis on three antigraft agencies, this paper examines the role forensic accounting plays in identifying wrongdoing in Nigeria's public sector. The study used a structured questionnaire to gather data and used a descriptive survey research design. Four hundred and five (405) respondents who were relevant employees of the antigraft agencies were chosen for the study using a purposive sampling technique and Taro Yamane's formula. Descriptive statistics and multiple linear regressions were employed in the data analysis method which was based on 386 questionnaire responses from the participants. Findings of the study revealed that the level of awareness of forensic accounting application had positive significantly relationship with public sector corruption in Nigeria, demonstrating that the application of forensic accounting techniques is helpful in identifying corruption in the public sector and that the services of forensic accountants can be used to recover money lost due to financial malpractices, accounting fraud, bribery, and embezzlement. The study recommends that more awareness needs to be created by forensic accountants and government to the public office holders on the application of forensic accounting techniques so that the antigraft agencies can continue to utilize them for the detection of public sector corruption.

Nutrient metabolism is a basic biochemical paradigm to which cells draw energy and produce biosynthetic precursors, as well as maintain homeostasis. At the molecular scale, the integrative processing of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins are regulated by highly regulated enzymatic systems that dynamically react to cellular energy requirements, nutrient levels and physiological conditions. This review presents the existing knowledge of the molecular biochemistry in nutrient metabolism, with the focus being on the integrated character of metabolic pathways, as opposed to the reactions occurring in isolation. The process of carbohydrate metabolism is a fast and flexible energy source by glycolysis, gluconeogenesis, and pentose phosphate pathway which connects the production of ATP and the maintenance of redox homeostasis with anabolic needs. The long-term energy storage and structural components in lipid metabolism are based on fatty acid production, 2-oxidation as well as complex lipid remodeling and they are the centre of focus in the membrane dynamics as well as signaling processes. Protein metabolism provides functional macromolecules as well as metabolic intermediates, which the catabolism of amino acids connects to the relationships of central carbon metabolism and nitrogen homeostasis. In addition to the classics of pathway descriptions, this review identifies the regulatory processes that provide the flexibility of their metabolic reactions, such as allosteric enzyme regulation, post-translational changes, and intracellular compartmentalization. The interaction between carbohydrate, lipid and protein metabolism allows the cells to quickly adjust to changes in nutrient levels without compromising the metabolic effectiveness. These molecular processes are critical in explaining the biochemical basis of growth and development and disease because metabolic dysregulation causes many pathological conditions. The article offers a conceptual framework of future studies aimed at optimizing metabolism, therapeutic intervention, and system-level metabolic engineering by offering a single and sequential description of how nutrient metabolism works on the molecular level.

Non-scarring alopecia results from a loss of hair or reduction in hair follicle growth. Among its forms, traction alopecia is the most common in black women and women of African descent. Although several treatments exist, their use remains limited due to the associated adverse effects. This study aimed to develop hair gels based on mango pectin combined with “makoré” butter as a natural alternative for the management of this condition. The extracted raw materials were characterized. The pectin gel was prepared at 95 °C under stirring at 800 rpm, then dispersed in the lipophilic phase under constant agitation at 1500 rpm for 10 minutes to obtain two formulations, D and D′. The gels were homogeneous, free from air bubbles and with a characteristic odor. They were unstable under centrifugation. Microscopic analysis revealed coarse emulsions, with a better distribution of globules in gel D. Over 28 days, the preparations exhibited minimal variation in pH, reflecting good microbiological stability. Both gels remained stable at 25 ± 2°C. Rheological evaluation showed shear thinning, viscoelastic, and thixotropic behavior. Overall, gel D demonstrated beneficial properties for hair, confirming its potential use for the development of phytocosmetic formulations intended for the management of traction alopecia in black women.

Apparel manufacturing is based on rapid and quick-response supply chains; with such a context, it becomes highly challenging to manage dynamic demand, greater lead times, global sourcing networks, and short product life cycles. The importance of the digital supply chain in recent years’ digital technologies have become instrumental in driving efficiencies and competitive advantage throughout the extended enterprise. This paper focus on the potential contributions of Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP), Artificial Intelligence (AI), Internet of Things (IoT) and digital Supply Chain Management (SCM) platforms to increase supply chain efficiency in apparel manufacturing, especially in Bangladesh’s Ready-Made Garments industry. The research employs a qualitative approach based on literature and systematically reviews academic papers, industry reports and recorded cases concerning the digital supply chain transformation. The results show that ERP systems increase process integration and inventory control, AI increases demand forecasting and decision-making accuracy, IoT provides for real-time visibility and monitoring and digital Supply Chain Management (SCM) platforms support the end-to-end coordination and cooperation between supply chain partners. Together these technologies lead to shorter lead times, minimized inventory levels, enhanced delivery performance and greater supply chain flexibility. However, barriers such as the high cost of implementing such technologies, and quality issues around data along with a lack of digital skills and infrastructure continue to be major concerns for many businesses particularly smaller manufactures. The paper finds that strategic use of digital technologies with organizational readiness and policy interventions can be an important enabler for sustainable supply chain efficiency in the apparel manufacturing.

Epulis fissuratum is a benign reactive fibrous hyperplasia of the oral mucosa resulting from chronic mechanical irritation caused by ill-fitting denture flanges. This condition predominantly affects middle-aged and elderly denture wearers, with a higher prevalence in females. The clinical presentation typically features single or multiple tissue folds in the vestibular sulcus or alveolar ridge, often appearing firm and fibrous with intact or ulcerated mucosa. Diagnosis relies primarily on clinical examination correlating tissue overgrowth with denture configuration, although histopathological confirmation remains essential to exclude malignant transformation. Contemporary management encompasses both conservative tissue conditioning approaches for early lesions and surgical excision using conventional scalpels, electrosurgery, or laser modalities, coupled with mandatory prosthetic rehabilitation to prevent disease recurrence.