Introduction: Amniotic fluid is necessary for normal musculoskeletal development, gastrointestinal tract and lung development. It protects the fetus from trauma against umbilical cord and infections by bacteriostatic property. Oligohydramnios, a deficiency in the amount of amniotic fluid, occurs in 3.9-5.5% of all pregnancies. Most common cause of oligohydramnios is idiopathic (52%). Second commonest cause is PIH (25%). Oligohydramnios may influence maternal, perinatal outcomes. The Amniotic Fluid Index (AFI) is the more commonly employed technique for assessing adequacy of amniotic fluid volume. The sonographic diagnosis of oligohydramnios is usually based on an AFI ≤ 5 cm or on a single deepest pocket of amniotic fluid ≤ 2 cm. Aim: 1) To study the maternal and perinatal outcome in pregnancies with gestational age 34 weeks and above with AFI less than or equal to 5. 2) To compare the maternal and perinatal outcomes of such pregnancies with pregnancies where AFI is 8 to 24. Materials and Methods: The present study was Prospective Analytical hospital-based study conducted at Nazareth Hospital for one-year i.e. (8th September 2017 to 7th September 2018) in the department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology. Patients with AFI less than and equal to 5 was taken as study group (Group I) and AFI 8-24 was taken as comparator group (Group II). This study included 50 number of cases and 100 number of control to compensate for 10% dropouts. Results: Among those women diagnosed with oligohydramnios (</=5) , 44% of patients belonged to primi gravida, most common antepartum complications associated was found to be hypertensive disorder (28%), There was more incidence of induction of labour (65.7%), (64%) underwent caesarean section, fetal distress ( 65.6%) was most common indication, 8% of patients had babies where APGAR score was below 7, 20% of patient had low birth weight babies, 20% babies was admitted in NICU. Conclusion: 1) Amniotic fluid index measurement can be used as a useful adjunct to other fetal surveillance methods, to identify those infants at risk of poor perinatal outcome. 2) AFI </= 5cm is associated with high incidence of thick meconium stained liquor, fetal distress, operative delivery and caesarean section for fetal distress, poor APGAR score, low birth weight, meconium aspiration and perinatal morbidity. 3) As a result, amniotic fluid assessment as an antepartum mode of fetal monitoring, helps an obstetrician better anticipate likely associated problems and plan a timely and appropriate mode of management.

With the growing emphasis on sustainability, the construction industry is more interested in applying environmental friendly concrete in its construction projects. This paper developed model for predicting the 28th day flexural strength of laterite-quarry dust concrete using (5, 2) extreme vertices design of Minitab 17. Physical property test were conducted on the laterite and quarry dust and several trial mixes of concrete were carried out to determine the lower (Li) and upper bound (Ui) limit of each of the components. River sand was replaced with a maximum of 40% laterite and 60% quarry dust in the trial mixes. Several mix proportions were generated using the extreme vertices design. The design matrix consisted of fifteen (15) design points and seven (7) check points with replications of the vertices and the centroid, given a total of twenty eight (28) runs. Eighty four (84) numbers of laterite-quarry dust concrete beams of 600 x 150 x 150mm were prepared and tested for their flexural strength after 28 days of curing. A second degree polynomial was fitted to the data of the flexural strength test result and adequacy of the model was confirmed using the p-value, F statistics and normal probability plot. Several mix proportions were generated and their flexural strength obtained using the developed model. The minimum and maximum flexural strength predictable by the model are 2.44N/mm2 and 4.95N/mm2. The model can help predict the flexural strength of laterite-quarry dust concrete for both reinforced and non-reinforced concrete design for domestic and commercial constructions.

Background: Autism is one of the pervasive developmental disorders throughout the world that is causing serious familial, social and economic burden to the different nations. The prevalence of autism is probably about 20 per 10000 children. Autism is four times common in boys as in girls. Objective: To find out the psychiatric co-morbidity in Autism spectrum disorder. Methods: This was a descriptive and cross sectional study among the patient attending in Department of Psychiatry, Combined Military Hospital, Dhaka, Proyash School (Special Child Special Right), Dhaka Cantonment, National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), Dhaka and Institute of Pediatric Neurodisorder & Autism (IPNA) in Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University (BSMMU), Dhaka, Bangladesh. The study was carried out 6 months from April, 2016 to September, 2016. Sample size n=100 patients. Informed written consent was taken from patent’s parent/caregiver. During data collection, a semi-structured questionnaire designed by the researcher containing socio-demographic and other variables was used. Then Developments and Well-Being Assessment (DAWBA) was applied on the ASD children. The DAWBA has three versions-parent versions, self-version and teacher version. In this study parent version was used. Data was analyses by software program me statistical package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 16 for windows using appropriate statistical test- chi square test. Results: Among the respondents (n=100) 79% Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) children had comorbid psychiatric illness and 21% children had no comorbid psychiatric illness. Most frequent 72.15% was ADHD followed by Specific phobia 11.39%, Social phobia 6.33% and Major Depressive disorder 1.27%. Two comorbid psychiatric illnesses were present in 8.86% ASD children. Chi-square test was done to measure the level of significance. But there were no significant association (significant when p value ≤0.05) found between socio-demographic factors and comorbid psychiatric disorder. Conclusion: Although there were many limitations, the present study provides important information. High number of co-morbidities found in this study. It could be necessary to increase the sample size and to collect the largest number of clinical information, for studying etiopathogenesis and risk factors for the occurrence of co-morbidity. Knowing the burden and extent of disease could be help design screening tools that are applicable, culturally acceptable and cost-effective for early diagnosis and intervention. Furthermore, raising ASD awareness among parents, preschool/elementary school teachers are invaluable in helping autistic children cope with different challenge and improve their quality of life.

The intra-uterine device (IUD) is the most common existing reversible contraception. Colonic perforation is an infrequent but serious complication of IUD. We report a case of a 32 years old woman with a history of IUD inserted at early puerperal period, who presented in consultation for a suprising reason: the perception of wires from the anus without any specific symptoms. Radiological assessment revealed that the IUD migrated partially into the lumen of the rectosigmoid. Intrauterine device embedded in sigmoid colon wall was successfully been removed endoscopically using a polypectomy snare with the placing of a hemostatic clip.

Mustard as the medicinal plant used for the treatment of various diseases. There are 3 types of mustard: brown, oriental and yellow. Generally, the mustard seeds are mainly used in condiment or food industries in either oil or seeds form. The mustard plant is a plant species belongs to family Brassicaceae and the genera Brassica. The seed of mustard is used as spice. Derivatives of mustard constituent’s allyl iso-thiocyanate form basis for deadly agents such as anti-neoplastic drugs (e.g. bendamustine) and mustard gases. It helps for karyotyping process that centered on meiotic and mitotic chromosome and used many methods of staining comprising CMA3/DAPI fluorescence staining, Giemsa staining, silver staining, C banding, and fluorescence in situ hybridization with repetitive DNA sequences. As a source of vitamin-K plays its important role in serving with the blood clotting. It is also important and essential for the health of bone and heart. All these mustard species can also be utilized in the production of eatable oils. Both oriental and brown mustards are utilized to make the products which are spicier than the condiments which obtained from yellow mustard.

Derivatives of benzimidazole containing N-substituted benzyl, benzensuphonyl and acetyl were synthesized from a variety of amino acids such as Lysine and Leucine. The structures of all the synthesized compounds were elucidated by using IR, 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR.The synthesized target compounds were evaluated in vitro antibacterial activity against three bacterial strains by employing the disc diffusion method using Ciprofloxacin as a standard drug. The anti-bacterial assay revealed that the compounds (6’ b) and (6’d) showed better activity 14, 9, 8 and 12, 9, 7 mm zone of inhibition against S. auras, E. coli and K. pneumonia respectively.

Background: Now a day, type-2 diabetes mellitus and hypertension are considered to be the first and second leading causes of all deaths and morbidities respectively. Increasing age, trend of obesity and worsening renal function increasing the prevalence of hypertension in people with type-2 diabetes mellitus. We have very few research-based information regarding these issues. Aim of the study: The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of hypertension in patients with type-2 diabetes mellitus. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study which was conducted in the Department of Medicine, Shaheed Ziaur Rahman Medical College, Bogura, Bangladesh during the period from January 202018 to December 2019. In total 142 patients with type-2 diabetes mellitus attended to the mentioned hospital with proper documents were finalized as the study people. Besides data regarding type 2 diabetes mellitus, data of blood pressure and macro-vascular as well as micro-vascular complications were collected. A predesigned questioner was applied to collect patient data. All data were processed, analyzed and disseminated by MS Office and SPSS version 20. Result: In this study, among total participants in analyzing the prevalence of hypertension we observed out of 142 patients with T2DM only 45 were with hypertension which was 32%. In analyzing the stages of hypertension among total participants we found, 23.39% were with normal and 35.92% pre-hypertension (In total 68.31%). On the other hand, among 32% hypertensive participants, 19.72% (n=28) were with stage I HTN whereas 11.97% (n=17) were with stage II HTN. Conclusion: In this study, the prevalence of hypertension among type 2 diabetes patients was found some higher than that in normal. But if we consider the number of pre-hypertensive patients as a potential concern, then it is alarming. The findings of this study may be helpful in the treatment arena of diabetes and in similar further studies.

This work evaluated the rate at which metal walls of the tubes of the furnace internal tubes of the refinery boiler were corroded due to the harsh environment in which it is operated. The rate of corrosion was investigated in the absence and presence of corrosion inhibitors with the use of a material balance equation of the boiler system where a mathematical model was derived using first order differential equation. The results obtained during the four years period under review were between 0.1425-0.5550mm, 0.1250-0.5000mm, 0.1125-0.4650mm, 0.2250-0.8000mm and 0.1700-0.6000mm in the absence of corrosion inhibitors in the FWT, EWT, IWT, ITURB AND ETURB respectively. The results also revealed that in the presence of corrosion inhibitors under the same period were 0.0945-0.2345mm, 0.0860-0.2135mm, 0.0775-0.1920mm, 0.1375-0.3415mm and 0.1035-0.2560mm in the FWT, EWT, IWT, ITURB AND ETURB respectively. The metals gained during the period under evaluation ranged between 0.0480-0.3205mm, 0.0490-0.2865mm, 0.0350-0.2730mm, 0.0875-0.4585mm and 0.0665-0.3440mm in the FWT, EWT, IWT, ITURB AND ETURB respectively. The resultant percentage efficiencies recorded during the period under review were in the range of 33.68-57.75%, 36.30-57.30%, 31.11-58.71% 38.89-57.31% and 39.12-57.33% in the FWT, EWT, IWT, ITURB AND ETURB respectively. The corrosion evaluation in the furnace internal wall tubes showed that there was a remarkable decrease in corrosion rate due to the application of corrosion inhibitors.

The review was undertaken to evaluate the pattern, type, characteristics and availability of oral coverage in Haryana. This was established by focussing on the levels of accessibility and availability of oral health care infrastructure and to address the strengths, challenges, issues, barriers and opportunities for promotion, prevention and cure of oral diseases in Haryana. Literature survey was carried out in March 2021 in electronic databases such as PubMed and Google Scholar using key words such as “dental manpower [AND] Haryana”, “Oral health care [AND] Haryana”, “Oral disease [AND] Haryana”, “Oral health infrastructure [AND] Haryana”. After scrutinizing all retrieved data only six highly relevant articles were included in the final analysis. It was established that Universal Oral Health Coverage in Haryana needs a foresighted vision and consistent efforts based on the evidence.

Background: Facial parameters such as facial, nasal, maxillary, mandibular and oro-facial change with age and are dependent on variations in the dimensions of the skeleton, development of muscles, sex and fat content and distribution in the body which are under the influence of climate, diet, health etc. these factors are important determinants of growth and development. Ethnicity is a variable that affects craniofacial dimensions. This study was done to determine whether there is a relationship between the facial height and nasal height of the Ikwerre people, establish a regression formula for predicting the facial height of the Ikwerre people using either nasal height or mandibular height and to examine if there are ethnic or racial differences when comparing the result in this study and previous studies. Materials and Methods: The study was cross-sectional that included males and females of the Ikwerre ethnicity of Rivers state of Nigeria. A total of 1,038 subjects comprising males (585) and females (453) aged between 5 – 45years were used for this study. The parents and grandparents were all from Ikwerre ethnic group. Each subject sat on a comfortable sitting position and then their facial measurements were taken including; facial height, nasal height, mandibular height, maxillary height and orofacial height. Results and Discussions: The facial height, nasal height, mandibular height, maxillary height and oro-facial height were measured using digital caliper and the results obtained showed that the males had mean facial height of 102.11± 9.07mm, nasal height of 37.07 ± 13.30mm, mandibular height of 45.10 ± 7.39mm, maxillary height of 20.85 ± 13.02mm, and oro-facial height of 65.91 ± 15.16mm while the females had mean facial height of 98.15 ± 6.96mm, nasal height of 36.65 ± 5.054mm, mandibular height of 41.43 ± 5.50mm, maxillary height of 19.43 ± 3.09mm, and oro-facial height of 60.86 ± 6.80mm. The result of the study showed that there is a progressive increase in the mean value of the facial height and nasal height with increase in age. This implies that there is an increase in the facial parameters with advancing age. This finding could be associated with natural growth and proportional body size increase i.e. facial growth. Conclusion: There is a relationship between the facial height and nasal height of the Ikwerre people which was seen as a positive correlation between the facial height and nasal height. It implies that for any increase in facial height, there is a resultant increase in nasal height amongst the Ikwerre people.

For better understanding and learning of the foreign language, it is necessary to learn its vocabulary first. With the passage of time new devices are being invented daily to meet the challenges to the modern world. Mobile phone is one of the best inventions of the twenty first century. The mobile phone not only use for communication purposes but for entertainment and teaching and learning process as well [1]. In the process of learning the mobile phone has contributed a lot, especially during covid-19. Mobile phones help students in their learning outside the classroom anywhere and anytime. The effect of using mobile phone for English vocabulary development of Pakistani secondary school students was investigated using mixed-method research design with 60 students studying in class 10th. The result of the study revealed that using mobile phone for vocabulary development is more effective than other traditional methodology.

The glycans are carbohydrate present with other macromolecules where it could act as ligand for glycan-binding protein called lectin. This glycan-lectin interaction plays important role in cell and organ functioning and immune regulation in both animals and humans. Glycan-lectin interaction is also utilized in viral pathogen interaction which is encoded through host genome or own genome replication and enhancement of infection. Current advancement in glycobiology investigations had revealed interaction between glycan and lectins mediating prominent interaction between host and virus which regulates spread of virus and activation of immune system. Carbohydrates are also found to be involved in viability and growth of cells. Glycosylation process occurs in the cells for regulated processing of secondary protein in the cells, it had an integral functioning in multiple processes ultimately to apoptosis. Glycan with glycan binding protein or solely could convey intracellular signals or extracellular signal control process which leads to initiation, execution of apoptosis program. Glycans and its binding proteins are important cell death machinery, glycan-lectin interactions could alter the spread of viral infections either profitable for virus or host. The interaction of glycan-lectin could be useful as can be used as a diagnostic or prognostic tool in tumor because it had ability of controlling cell apoptosis or cell functioning. This interaction also play prominent role in ocular infection associated pathogenesis and its immune response. The viral disease recently known had been spread in entire world cause due to coronavirus this interaction provide help in forming antiviral agents and gave various thoughts in field of vaccination for this virus. Therefore, all these findings reveled that glycan-lectin interactions are advantageous for various disease and also multiple process of our body.

Objective: To evaluate ovarian cysts detected in patients who had undergone previous hysterectomy and to study the clinical, pathological and surgical characteristics in these patients. Material and Methods: An observational study was conducted in the department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Mamata Medical College, Khammam over a period of 3 years on patients who had undergone previous hysterectomy. A detailed history, clinical presentation was taken from patients who had ovarian cysts was included in the study. The previous records, characteristics of ovarian cysts and management were evaluated in these patients. Results: A total of 700 post hysterectomy patients presented to OPD of them 66 patients identified with ovarian cysts were included in the study. Most of them (68%) underwent hysterectomy at the age of 40-50 years; abdominal hysterectomy was common mode of surgery (82%). AUB–L was the major indication for hysterectomy (44%), in 65% cases both the ovaries were preserved, pain abdomen was the commonest symptom patient had presented with (47%). The cysts were analysed with ultrasound and CA-125 levels and managed surgically in 44%, followed in 47% and 9% of them were referred to oncology. Histopathologically epithelial tumors were most common. Conclusion: All the post hysterectomy ovarian cysts should be managed individually based on symptoms, signs and size. Clinical evaluation and necessary investigations are to be done for better management either follow up or surgery. Not all post hysterectomy ovarian cysts need surgery.

Rohinton Mistry is widely acknowledged for his postcolonial approach to the marginalized. In his novels, he has not only highlighted the marginal position of the poor and the destitute in the Parsi community but also in the wider Indian society. In Family Matters, we find he locates the marginalized within the family set up also. The aged people are objects of neglect, more so in poor families where financing the upkeep of old people seems burdensome. As is his wont, Mistry shows the impact of dirty politics on ordinary, politically unattached lives. Politics is also responsible for the fall of the city of Bombay from a cosmopolitan to a ghettoized one. As an intellectual, Mistry cannot escape casting a glance at the declining numbers of the Parsi community and comes up with his views on the issue ty and how the community can forge links with other communities. For his focus on the Parsi identity, political suppression, and the weak and the destitute in society, Mistry comes out as a great postcolonial humanist.

Primary umbilical endometriosis is very rare.Painful umbilical nodule in a sub fertile woman can clinically be diagnosed as umbilical endometriosis. The treatment is surgical excision of umbilicus but subfertility is difficult to manage.