COVID-19 associated infection is caused by the virus SARS-CoV-2, the virus is single stranded positive sense binds with greater affinity to Angiotensin Converting Enzyme-2 present in human cells it is 30 kb pair long RNA genome which take over the host cell machinery, immune system of host cell with the help of accessory proteins leads widespread infection. COVID-19 contains structural protein spike, membrane, Nucleocapsid, and envelope. The epidemiology of COVID-19 is based on dynamics of RdRp, N, and E genes for diagnosis of COVID-19 and knowing the exact understanding of this infection. The protein RNA dependent polymerase (RdRp) is responsible which performs replication of virus in host cell. As there is not any homolog of RdRp is seen till now, so it can be a promising gene for COVID-19 associated diagnosis. There are mainly two techniques responsible for detection of COVID-19 associated infection one is immunological assay performed through antigen and antibody and other is molecular technique based of genome analysis real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reactions (RT-PCR). Among both of them more reliable is RT-PCR which is based on diagnosis of RdRp gene, N-gene, E gene. Envelope protein is involved in assembly, budding and pathogenesis of virus also perform viroporin and interacts with host cell and CoV proteins. Nucleocapsid protein is involved in forming complexes membrane of virus and its assembly this protein is also involved in increasing the transcription efficiency of virus, recent studies had revealed that N-proteins are the multifunctional protein. This review article aim is to reveal the functioning of all the three genes (N, E and RdRp) associated SARS-CoV-2 infection.

With the further development of cultural diversification, cultural conflict and integration has become a major issue of worldwide concern. This paper selects the representative characters from The Joy Luck Club, and analyzes the cultural differences from three perspectives: conflicts between mother and daughter, husband and wife, and between friends. By comparing the cultural differences between China and the West, the paper also gives suggestions on the strategies of intercultural communication.

Carbon nanotubes were introduced in the 21st century into biomedicine for the delivery of therapeutic, diagnostic and imaging agents. CNTs are unique one-dimensional structures having fascinating physical, mechanical and chemical properties and also drug loading properties. Ease in cellular uptake allows them to be explored for a wide range of applications in biology and medicine. This current review is an informative compiling of the origin of CNTs, and how CNTs are used in different aspects of biomedicine including drug delivery and cancer treatment, bio-sensing, biomedical imaging, and tissue engineering. The current review also focuses on the pharmacokinetics, toxicity, and metabolism of CNTs and discusses the potential advantages and obstacles associated with biomedical applications.

Background: Patients suffering from Lateral Epicondylitis experience restriction in their daily activities due to the pain and dysfunction. Though the condition does not lead to disability, it limits functionality. The condition can be treated effectively in a primary health care environment. Objective: The objective of the study was to find out the functional outcome of lateral epicondylitis patients after 6 weeks of physiotherapy interventions. Methodology: A quantitative quasi-experimental study design was chosen for this study. A total of 18 participants were selected by hospital based convenient sampling technique and by the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Patients received treatment sessions for 18 sessions within the study period. The assessment was done again on a post-test on the same group using the same scales and the changes between pre and post-test of the same groups were compared. Pain and dysfunction were measured by Numerical Pain Rating Scale (NPRS) and Patient Rated Tennis Elbow Evaluation (PRTEE). Result: The result shows significant reduction of pain between baseline assessment and posttest. Overall pain in affected arm shows (p=0.001), specific activities (p=0.000) and usual activities (p=0.000). Distribution of pain during pretest found 6 (30%), specific activities 4 (20%) and in usual activities 3(17%) which was comparatively reduced after 6 months physiotherapy treatment found in posttest distribution was in affected arm 1 (2%), specific and usual activities was same in each 2 (9%) which proved that the physiotherapy treatment was more effective for reduction of pain of the Lateral Epicondylities. Conclusion: After 6 weeks of physiotherapy interventions, patient showed better outcome of the treatment and better recovery from Lateral Epicondylitis. So, the treatment program should be started as early as possible.

The specialization of dentistry dealing with the replacement of missing teeth is primarily considered as prosthodontics. Prosthodontics maybe divided into two types: fixed prosthodontics and removable prosthodontics. The fixed prosthodontics plays a crucial role in restoring the function and mastication of the teeth, restoring aesthetics of the face, maintaining integrity and health of the dental arch, and support temporomandibular joint (TMJ). Gingivitis, also known as the gum inflammation is a mild symptom reported after fixing of Fixed Denture Prostheses. Untreated gingivitis over the period of time with the development of bacteria can lead to periodontitis. Periodontitis is a serious gum disease that can damage the soft tissue and bone that can cause tooth loss. To search the online databases like MEDLINE, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) and PubMed. All the articles in English language were selected to review. It was designed in accordance to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines. About 10 articles were finalized manually by the investigators for full analysis based on their eligibility to the present topic of study. Various studies have accounted for the association between fixed prostheses and the gingival problem. The health of the gingiva can be determined by using the diagnostic tools like Plaque Index (PI) and Gingival Index (GI). While reviewing all the articles related to the gingival problems associated with the fixed prostheses, we found that there is lack of knowledge given to the patient related to maintaining the prostheses.

Prior to British involvement in the affairs of the geographical area that later became Nigeria, the peoples had interacted through trade, marriage, and cultural exchanges. Thus, there already existed shared values and attitudes which were not broken by colonialism. These pre-colonial common connections were cast into the dustbin of politics, and ethnicity was invoked by the inheritors and successors of British colonialism. In contemporary Nigeria, competitions for economic and political resources have assumed virulently ethnic and regional dimensions which have ignored the enduring legacies of harmonious inter-group relations that existed prior to British colonialism. This paper, therefore, attempted to interrogate those factors that served to foster harmonious and peaceful coexistence among the various ethnic groups that later came to constitute Nigeria after the 1914 amalgamation. In so doing, it adopted the qualitative research methodology which basically involved reliance mainly on such secondary sources as books, journals, and other documentary materials. It concluded that Nigeria’s search for national integration should not ignore the history of inter-ethnic and inter-group relations in the period before contacts with Europe. By internalising the factors that brought the different groups together before 1914, Nigerians would have learnt from the past in order not to bungle the present and jeopardise the future.

Transplant recipients are at an increased risk of developing malignancies, which are an important cause of mortality. Many risk factors are linked to the increased incidence of malignancies after transplantation including type, intensity, and duration of immunosuppression, viral infections and sun exposure. The occurrence of angiosarcoma in the Arterio-venous Fistula (AVF) site in a post-transplant patient is a rare phenomenon. It is an aggressive tumor with a high rate of local recurrence and systemic metastasis. There are no specific guidelines for the treatment. They are treated with a multimodality approach of surgery, chemotherapy and radiotherapy. We present a case of Epithelioid Angiosarcoma developed at AVF site in a patient with dual Pancreas-Renal Transplant who also had lung metastasis at the time of histologic diagnosis. The presenting symptoms were very non-specific and careful evaluation with histopathological assessment and imaging findings helped in early diagnosis and management.

diabetes, smoking, nutritional deficiency and hormonal changes are also responsible. For the prevention and treatment of this disease, a proper knowledge on diagnosis and treatment plan, as well as, attitude about timely referral of the patient to a periodontist is important. Hence, this study aims to evaluate the perception about diagnosing and referring periodontal patients by general dentists in Taif to ensure proper treatment outcome. Materials and methods: A questionnaire survey was conducted among 100 general dentists practicing in Taif. Data collected from the questionnaire was analyzed using the computer software Statistical Package for Social Sciences, SPSS 16. Results: About 78% of the general dentists are aware of the signs and symptoms of the periodontal disease. Majority of the general dentists choose oral hygiene instructions, scaling and polishing as the preferred treatment method. 39% general dentists feel that the increased life span of the teeth is resulted from a good surgical periodontal therapy, and majority of general dentists (75%) have a positive attitude to refer the patients to a periodontist for surgical procedures as evident in our study. Conclusion: As, a certain number of general dentists are not motivated in referring patients to a periodontist, this result is suggestive of the indication of upgrading the referral criteria of the patients to the periodontist to be implemented by the general dentists.

Artificial Neural Network is a Computer program Based on simulation of Neurons of human brain. During the past Statistical Methods like RSM (Response Surface Methodology). Other statistical methods are used for the development of Modified release formulations (Controlled Release & Sustained Release formulations). Due to draw backs of statistical methods another technique is Artificial Neural Network. ANN has an emerging field in the Development of Modified release formulations (CR & SR). This review article containing the optimized formulations of different modified release formulations by ANN and also Structure of Artificial Neural Network (ANN), different optimized formulations are developed by using ANN are discussed. ANN helps in emerging field in the optimization of pharmaceutical formulations. ANN are learning according to the different set of data given to the neural networks. The functioning of the Artificial Neural Network identified according to the given output data of the formulations. ANN is a very powerful tool in the Pharmaceutical industries, Academics, Research institutes to develop new formulations.

COVID-19, also known as Corona Virus disease, is one of the recent pandemics that has impacted healthcare systems worldwide. In scientific terms, COVID-19 is known as SARS-CoV-2, which is a virus. Hence, the disease is highly contagious and can spread from person to person through the body fluids of the person who was infected. In addition, the disease is far more contagious than most normal respiratory diseases. An outbreak of the disease originated in China, specifically in Wuhan, which caused a massive spread throughout the rest of the world. According to the Saudi Arabian Health Ministry, the first case was reported in early March, 2020. The main goal of this study is to determine the extent to which the Saudi Arabian nurses are knowledgeable of the COVID-19 protocols and also the attitudes of Saudi Arabian nurses in their line of duty while also reinforcing the COVID-19 protocols. According to the study, the data for the current study were subjective and only based on Saudi nurses. Using e-mail, questionnaires were distributed and responses directed through the same platform. To avoid bias, a sample of 105 Saudi Nurses working in different healthcare facilities was selected by simple random sampling. Out of the Saudi nurses who were considered for the current study, a reasonable number were aware of the protocols of COVID 19.

Background: Three-dimensional printing is a revolutionary technique with Computer-Aided Design software and Standard Triangle Language (STL). This software helps print tablet (object) by placing material on the substrate, 3-D printing is an additional process in the manufacturing technology, where a 3-D object forms sub-substrate, the successive material layers are deposited. Method: 3-D printing technology requires technologically operated instruments for the layer-by-layer formulation of Active Ingredients and Excipients for the production of Personalised Medicine (PM) as per need of the individual patient. The techniques used to formulate 3-D printing objects include Stereolithography, Inkjet printing, and fused deposition modelling. Inkjet printig is again divided into continues jet printing and drop on demand. Different polymers are used to formulate such dosage forms like polyvinyl alcohol, poly-caprolactone, poly-lactic acid, etc. Conclusion: In this mini-review analysis, we have reviewed about 3-D printing technology. We have reviewed different dosage forms prepared using 3-D printing technology and discussed different technologies used in the 3-D printing technique.

The reliability of information in the global information space is one of the important problems of globalization. The credibility of various information resources is currently being studied and considered in different ways. In some cases, the problem of the reliability of information can be assessed as harmful and dangerous. The article aims to raise the problem, discuss it and encourage discussion of various ideas and models related to its scientific solutions. Especially in the event of a conflict of interest, the user is forced to take the right position. In some cases, a "conflict of interest" can present the consumer with a dilemma. Such cases are more common on social networks. The consumer of information also participates in this information space as a distributor of information. In some cases, because the reliability of the information is "questionable", the distributor becomes the distributor of disinformation. We will also have to deal with such cases more and more as the mass of "disinformation products" in the global information space increases. It can be assumed that as a result of systematic discussions, new approaches to the problem of conflicts of interest may emerge, which can contribute to “accelerating progress”. In this regard, the idea that libraries are a reliable source of information, primarily on global networks, is supported and recommended. The abundance of information and the dynamics of its growth, the problem of the reliability of information products and attempts to manipulate the growing information products show that the problem of information reliability will remain relevant in the next 10-20 years. We believe that the current focus on "library and information" resources in the field of information reliability may be the right choice in this direction, and this may partially solve the problem of information reliability.

Restorative oral treatments today truly encompass all the disciplines that dentistry has to offer in an incorporated inter-disciplinary method to accomplish optimal dental health, function and aesthetics for our patients. That's where our expertise and experience in all aspects of restorative dentistry along with the other disciplines assists us to achieve the best possible long-term outcomes for our patients. Naturally, dental implants, implant dentistry, periodontal treatment, aesthetic dentistry, orthodontics, endodontics, cosmetic dental treatments all play a crucial function in getting the very best outcomes for our patients. Restorative oral treatment may consist of a variety of treatments from tooth bleaching, braces, root treatments, fillings, crowns, bridges, veneers, plastic gum surgery, bone and gum restoring & grafting, and more! Dentistry has quickly developed throughout the last number of years, where innovative techniques have in fact altered the conventional treatment strategies as applications of brand-new oral products supply better outcomes, so the primary objective of this evaluation is to list and separate the New Techniques and Treatment Methods in Restorative Dentistry.

This study aimed to develop an academic writing learning model based on writing theory and learning theory. From both theories, a name was formed, called: "In-Stage Guidance-Based Academic Writing Learning Model." The effectiveness of the learning model studied using Research and Development methods in fifth-semester students at Siliwangi University. The procedure is taken through the stages (1) initial/conceptual model formation, (2) initial model field testing, (3) initial model revision, (4) field testing of the revised model, (5) model validation, (6) good model dissemination through scientific forums. Through these stages, it is known that the in-stage guidance-based academic writing learning model has proven its effectiveness. Recommendation for the lecturers to study furthermore about it, so that this learning model could complement the existing writing learning model.

A wannan takarda an yi magana ne dangane sááyè a mahangar bori. Daga cikin abubuwan da aka yi tsokaci a kansu akwai; sááyè da bori, sannan kuma aka yi magana dangane da sááyèn tsoro a mahangar ‘yanbori da kuma sááyèn tsoro na wasu cututtuka a mahangar Hausawa. Haka kuma, a wannan takarda an yi amfani da ra’in Brown da Levinson (1987) mai suna Ra’in Ladabin Zance [1]. Wannan ra’i, da kuma ayyukan da suka biyo bayansa, sun tabbatar da sááyè muhimmin ɓangare a cikin al’adun al’umma, wato ta fannin cuɗanya domin nuna ladabi da ɗa’a da kunya da nisanta da kuma dangantaka. Har ila yau, waɗannan abubuwa (ladabi da ɗa’a da kunya) sanannu ne a al’adu da kuma tunanin kowace al’umma. Hakan ta sa sááyè yake taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen cuɗanya tare da ƙoƙarin inganta da kare mutuncin mutane. Wannan ra’i ya dace da yadda al’ada take tafiya tare da hikimomin amfani da matanonin sááyè wajen cuɗanya da kuma aiwatar da wasu al’adunsu. Har wa yau, an yi la’akari da wasu muhimman matakai na wannan ra’i da suka haɗa da: ma’ana da asali da rukunin al’ada da kuma yanayi ko lakacin yin al’adar. Haka kuma, a wannan takarda, an lura cewa, yin sááyè a wannan siga yakan ƙara cusa aƙida da kuma yin imani da wasu abubuwa. A wannan takarda an gano, cewa wannan al’ada ta sááyèn tsoro, wasu Hausawa suna amfani da ita a matsayin rigafi. Hakazalika, sááyèn tsoro, musamman a wajen ‘yanbori, yakan taimaka masu wajen samar da magunguna da kuma kyakkyawar alaƙa da aljanu a yanayin aiwatar da ayyukansu na bori.