Background: The purpose of the study was to assess the motivation levels, attitudes and intensions regarding knowledge sharing among nurses. Materials and Methods: This is a cross-sectional study conducted in February to May 2021, on the nurses working in two Public hospitals in Faisalabad. A total of 300 nurses participated in the study. The main questionnaire based on the socio-demographic questionnaire comprises of the age, gender, qualification and work experience. Other than this, six tools which were used to assess the intrinsic and extrinsic motivators of the employee to share the knowledge with others. Results: Qualification, experience and position in the unit is directly proportional to that of the intrinsic and extrinsic motivation to share knowledge. Marital status of the participants is not strongly associated to the knowledge sharing items. Correlation between the different items of the effects of extrinsic and intrinsic motivational scales and employee knowledge sharing intentions. Shows that extrinsic and intrinsic motivation is associated to the attitudes toward knowledge sharing and knowledge sharing intentions. Conclusions: As the mean score of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation is less hence, educators and administrators will have to adapt their strategies to facilitate collaboration and promote interactive learning among nurses. There has to be modifications in strengthening the extrinsic motivations and removing barriers of members’ participation. Additionally, there has to be individual sharing knowledge has to be motivated through appreciation at the unit level.

The independence of prosecutors is a crucial component in the fight against corruption. Accordingly, a robust rule of law system and the application of anti-corruption laws require that prosecutors be free from any undue external pressure. Independence here means it should not be subordinated to the executive or any other state bodies. To avoid undue instructions, it is essential to develop a catalogue of such guarantees of non-interference in the prosecutor’s powers in order to ensure that their activities in trial procedures are free from external pressure. Such guarantees should cover appointments, discipline, career, removal from office and specific rules of management of cases and decision-making process. This must be complemented by an adequate remuneration, budgetary, financial, internal and external independence. In Cameroon, the hierarchical subordination system of the Prosecution Service exists, with the Minister of Justice playing a crucial role in its functioning. This paper holds that the way it is practiced hinders the Legal Department from effectively combatting corruption, because prosecution may only be engaged in certain cases after instructions have been received. This system, to an extent, justifies the alarming rate of active corruption cases which are committed with impunity, even to the knowledge of the Prosecution. This research, which investigated the institution of an independent prosecution service in Cameroon as an effective anti-corruption mechanism, recommends the abolition of the principle of hierarchical subordination, or that it should be regulated and instructions should be limited only to the general application of the criminal policy. To conduct this research, a qualitative research methodology was adopted and a doctrinal method used. We essentially relied on desk research wherein we examined the primary and secondary data on the Prosecution Service.

Icacinia manni or false yam grows in both tropical and temperate regions. Use of its tuber as a replacement for energy content in animal and bird feeds is being advocated. Studies show it impairs reproductive function in male rats. Possible ameliorating effect of vitamins C and E is considered in this study since oxidative stress is common metabolic pathway for many tissue dysfunctions. Twenty five male wistar rats were randomly placed into five groups of five/rats each viz control, low dose Icacinia manni, high dose Icacinia manni, high dose Icacinia manni + vitamin C and high dose Icacinia manni +vitamin E groups. Rats had free access to rat feeds and water. Animals were anaesthesized, blood samples collected and testes harvested for evaluation of relevant parameters after 28 days of treatment. P-values < 0.05 were considered statistically significant. Results showed decreased testosterone in low dose, high dose and high dose + vitamin C groups compared with control (p<0.05 each) but increased in high dose + vitamin E compared with high dose groups (p<0.05). Total sperm counts were reduced in all extract treated groups (p<0.05 each) compared with control. Sperm motility was decreased in all extract administered groups (p<0.05 each) compared with control but higher in high dose + vitamin C (p<0.05) compared with low dose group and in the high dose + vitamin C and high dose + vitamin E groups compared with the high dose extracts group (p<0.05 each). Wobbling rate increased in all extract-administered groups (p<0.05 each) compared with control and decreased in the high dose + vitamin C (p<0.05) compared with high dose group. Beat cilia frequencies decreased in all extract-administered (p<0.05) compared with control. Sperm linearity was decreased in all extract-treated groups (p<0.05 each) compared with control and reduced in the high dose, high dose + vitamin C and high dose + Vitamin E (p<0.05) compared with low dose groups but increased in the high dose + vitamin C and high dose + vitamin E (p<0.05) compared with high dose groups. Velocity of active path reduced in both low and high dose extract groups (p<0.05 each) compared with control but increased in high dose + vitamin C and high dose + vitamin E (p>0.05 each) compared with the low and high dose groups. Normomorphology was reduced in the low and high dose groups (p<0.05 each) compared with control but increased in high dose + vitamin C and high dose + vitamin E (p<0.05 each) compared with low and high dose extracts groups. In conclusion, ethanolic extract of Icacinia manni impairs male reproductive function in a dose-related matter with co-administration of vitamin C or E ameliorating some of the parameters almost at the same rate.

Acidity of α-aryl protons leads to organolithium substitution which actually effects the carbon linked covalently compounds, oxygen, hydrogen, Benz organic compounds and other carbon containing compounds which have carbides, cyanides and carbonates. Chemical solvents are necessary for initialization of chemical reaction in the industry when they react with one another. Organic chemicals are basically manufactured from coal and alcohol in the fermentation industry and they can also be originated from petroleum and natural gas source. Quinones are chemical compounds with aromatic rings and have two ketone substitutions. These compounds are highly reactive and ubiquitous in nature. Removal of hydrogen from hydrocarbon containing hydroxyl group produces an alcohol and it is represented by ROH simply it is called as methanol or methyl alcohol. Nitrogen containing heterocyclic compounds have major role in medicinal chemistry and they play a vital role in the formation of medicines. Silver fluoride reaction such as C-H fluorination reaction produces vicinal position for pyrinides and pyridines which is substitute for nitrogen containing heterocyclic compounds. Sulfinate esters are valuable products and have significant role in structure of medicinal chemistry.

Ascariasis, a worldwide common parasitic disease, caused by ascaris lumbricoidesaffecting mainly the small intestine. This worm could invade the gallbladder and be responsible of an acute cholangitis. Our case report describes this particular condition in which our patient of 23 years old had his gallbladder invaded with Ascariasis and in which the Bili-MRI showed spectacular images. We choose to call it ‘Christ sign’.

Purpose: To assess the knowledge regarding eye donation among students of Medical, Nursing and Allied Health Sciences and gauge their willingness for eye donation. Methods: The data was collected by online questionnaire method (Google forms) from medical, nursing and allied health care students for a group of 723 students. The questionnaire comprised of 30 questions covering various aspects. Knowledge, values, attitude and spiritual believes of participants were assessed to evaluate their willingness for eye donation. Results: Among 723 medical, nursing and allied health care students 449 (62.3%) were in the age group of 21-30 years with 479 (66.4%) being females and 244 (33.8%) males. Around 80% had knowledge about eye donation and 79.1% pledged to donate eyes. There was little knowledge regarding pediatric cornea donation and transplantation. Conclusion: The awareness regarding eye donation was high but pledge to donate eye and motivate others required further motivation. Various strategies can be adopted like educating students from all walks of life, focusing on strengthening the link between the hospitals and the rural population can further enhance the corneal procurement rate.

Introduction: Leadership is the process of influencing and directing others to be motivated to achieve a goal. Developing leadership in students is part of the authority of higher education institutions and this development program has taken place in almost all universities around the world. Aims: The purpose of this study was to determine the extent to which the development of student leadership behavior at the Faculty of Nursing, Universitas Syiah Kuala (FON- USK). Methods: This type of research is descriptive with a cross sectional study design. Data was collected in May 2018, with the sampling technique used was purposive sampling. The number of samples is 382 respondents. Data collection was carried out using a questionnaire developed by the researcher. Data were analyzed by calculating frequency, percentage. the mean (mean), and standard deviation. Results: The results showed that the student leadership behavior was in the good category as many as 360 respondents (94.2%). With a value of x = 39.68% and SD = 45.21. Conclusion: This means that the leadership behavior of FON-USK students is at the upper middle level (x ̅ /total skor: 39.6/52= 76.5%) and the data are heterogeneous. This leadership behavior is inseparable from the implementation of various learning methods that have been developed by universities that help students to be able to develop self-skills and have a good leadership spirit.

In this study, the influence of Magnetohydrodynamics on free convection slip flow of an exothermic fluid in a convectively heated vertical channel is analyzed. The problem is solved analytically using perturbation series method and expression for velocity, temperature, skin friction, Nusselt Number are obtained and also the influence of some physical parameters such as Hartmann number(Ha), Biot number(Br), Navier slip parameter(γ) and Frank-Kamenetskii parameter(λ) are discussed. It is observed that both velocity fluid and skin friction decreases with increasing value of Hartmann number.

Corruption is a special offense that is regulated separately outside the Criminal Code. In the process of handling corruption cases, the principle of priority or precedence in the settlement process applies. This is following Article 25 of Law no. 20 of 2001 concerning Amendments to Law Number 31 of 1999 concerning the Eradication of Criminal Acts of Corruption, which states that investigations, prosecutions, examinations in courts of corruption cases take precedence over other cases in order to be resolved as soon as possible. The problems in this study are how to regulate the law of corruption in order to achieve legal certainty (Research Study at the Tanjung Pinang Police Criminal Investigation Unit), how to implement corruption law enforcement to create legal certainty (research study at the Tanjung Pinang Police Criminal Investigation Unit) and what factors become an obstacle or obstacle as well as a solution to law enforcement for corruption in order to realize legal certainty (Research Study at the Tanjungpinang Police Criminal Investigation Unit). This study aims to determine the legal regulation of corruption in order to create legal certainty (research study at the Tanjung Pinang Police Criminal Investigation Unit), to determine the implementation of the juridical analysis of corruption law enforcement in order to realize legal certainty (Research Study at the Tanjung Pinang Police Criminal Investigation Unit), to find out factors that become obstacles or obstacles as well as Law Enforcement Solutions for Corruption in order to Realize Legal Certainty (Research Study at the Tanjungpinang Police Criminal Investigation Unit). This study uses a descriptive method by using a normative approach (legal research) to obtain primary data through field research. The results of the study indicate that Law Enforcement of Corruption Crimes to Achieve Legal Certainty (Research Studies at the Tanjungpinang Police Criminal Investigation Unit) has basically been carried out well, although there are still many obstacles in the field, especially the substance and legal culture. It is necessary to have a firm legal regulation that provides a deterrent effect to perpetrators of corruption.

Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) are a business sector that has a reasonably reliable resilience in the face of various crises, both monetary and other financial crises, including in the face of the current world condition which is facing the Covid-19 pandemic. The research is empirical legal research using qualitative research. It was conducted in Manado, the capital city of the Indonesian province of North Sulawesi, where many MSMEs require partnership in their development. The results show that the legal aspect related to partnership agreements through Joint Venture Profit Sharing by higher education is the first contract law; normatively, it has provided cooperation with other higher-education parties. However, this law only provides restrictions on cooperation in research and development. It does not regulate participation in the implementation of business activities or the possibility of a contract that clarifies the position of higher education in a partnership agreement. The financial legal aspect, the ideal form of a partnership agreement to be implemented by higher education in developing small and medium enterprises, is partnership through the Development of Science and Technology, partnership through modern cooperatives and partnerships with village-owned enterprises.

Background: The objective of this research was to see how Dexmedetomidine affected the onset and duration of brachial plexus block and postoperative analgesia in individuals having upper limb procedures. Methods: This quasi-experimental study was conducted in the Department of Anaesthesia, Rajshahi Medical College Hospital, and Tertiary Hospital in Rajshahi, Bangladesh. From June 2018 to December 2020. There were two groups of (n=60) adult patients randomly assigned to upper-limb and hand procedures each. When it came to the control group, they were given the same amount of Dexmedetomidine (dexmed) as the dexmedetomidine (dexmed) group. Still, they were also given the same amount of 0.75% bupivacaine and 2% lidocaine (with adrenaline) as the dexmedetomidine (dexmed) 1 μg/kg. Ultrasound-guided supraclavicular brachial plexus block administered a total of 0.5 mL/kg in both groups. In addition to hemodynamic stability, patients were monitored for postoperative pain, analgesia duration, and side effects. Results: The dexmed group had a faster onset of motor blockade and a longer duration of sensory and motor blockade (P < 0.0001). For the dexmed group, the postoperative analgesic period was also prolonged compared to that of controls 12 [10.5–13.5] hours and 17 [10.5–19.5] hours in the control and dexmed group, respectively [95% confidence interval, −5 {−5, −4}, P < 0.0001]). Within the first 24 hours following surgery, the dexmed group used rescue analgesics less frequently. (P < 0.0001). Except for 8 and 10 hours after surgery, postoperative pain scores were equivalent between groups when pain levels were lower in the dexmed group. More sedated individuals in the dexmedetomidine group remained sedated for 2 hours longer. (P < 0.0001). We did not have any occurrences of bradycardia, hypotension, respiratory depression, or disorientation. Conclusions: According to our findings, adding Dexmedetomidine to Bupivacaine-lidocaine increased the duration of the supraclavicular brachial plexus block and reduced postoperative analgesia in patients with upper limb surgery.

Background: Adolescence is the most critical phase of human growth that radically alters the physiology of the body and wherein any inconsistency can lead to serious health consequences in adulthood. In adolescents, the haematological and biochemical parameters change with age, necessitating a continuous age-related definition of the reference intervals. This prospective study aimed to examine the utility of new haematological and biochemical markers to assess nutritional status and possible health risks in children, adolescents and adult boys. Materials and Methods: We performed a cross-sectional study in a sizeable group of 90 male participants aged between 10–22 years to inspect the distribution of values of common haematological and biochemical parameters. Anthropometrical measurements were carried with standard protocols, and blood samples were collected from participants in a hospital setting. Haematological samples were measured using pathology laboratory protocols. Hepatic, renal, lipid and carbohydrate metabolism markers were determined by following standard biochemistry methods. Results: We observed some differences between haematological parameters, hepatic, renal, lipid and glycaemic profiles among children, adolescents and adults. Amongst lipid parameters, only HDL levels were significantly associated with gender following puberty (p< 0.001), the calculated BMI levels were in the lower normal range. Conclusions: This is the first study establishing haematological and biochemical parameters in this part of India. These findings provide a helpful guide for clinical researchers and care providers. Studies on a large scale and in different settings would also be desirable.

Background: The ischemic myocardium should be promptly reperfused to reduce morbidity and mortality in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). Conventionally, 2 approaches are the mainstay of reperfusion treatment: primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) and fibrinolytic therapy which are considered as mutually exclusive therapeutic modalities. Primary PCI is considered as the gold standard for STEMI but in a developing country like Bangladesh, it is not practically achievable in all the cases because of various challenges. Therefore, thrombolysis followed by either PCI or non-urgent coronary angiography seems to be a more practical approach in not only semi-urban and rural areas but also in metro and tier-1 cities in Bangladesh. Objective: To arrive at a consensus on the importance of pharmaco-invasive (PI) strategy for patients of STEMI in Bangladeshi scenario when a delay in PCI is anticipated. Results: Leading experts across Bangladesh reviewed various fibrinolytics with reference to their availability, ease of administration and risk benefit ratios. Their views were captured in advisory meetings. They then discussed and presented their views and shared their experiences on the practicality of PI strategy in the metro and tier-1 cities of Bangladesh. Their opinion is captured in the present document. The panel opined that STEMI patients should be given PI therapy, wherever possible, using a third-generation fibrinolytic, namely, reteplase or tenecteplase if the delay in primary PCI of more than 120 minutes from the time of chest pain is expected. Immediate reperfusion by thrombolysis helps in preserving the myocardium and it also provides a time window for further PCI and coronary angiography, whichever is required. Conclusion: The experts concluded that when delay in access to primary PCI is expected, PI therapy is the preferred choice for STEMI patients. It should be practiced not only in semi-urban and rural areas but also in metro and tier-1 cities in Bangladesh.

Background: The secondary postpartum hemorrhage occur in 1% of woman and is associated with primary PPH and retained placenta and may result significant maternal morbidity. Objective: To determine predisposing factor and usual management pattern of Secondary PPH. Methods: A descriptive cross sectional study was carried out among secondary PPH patients admitted in the Obstetrics and gynaecology department of Dhaka Medical College Hospital during September 2011 to February 2012. A total 100 patients were taken as sample by non probability purposive sampling technique. Result: Secondary PPH was more common in multiparous woman 75(75%) and lower in primigravida 25(25%) Conclusion: Routine Ante Natal Care motivation for hospital delivery and active management of 3rd stage of labour with aseptic precaution may reduce secondary PPH as well as maternal morbidity and mortality.

Background: When it concerns to lumbar spine surgery, patients have the option of either general or regional anesthetic. General anesthesia is the most often used anesthetic method (GA). These patients had spinal anesthesia (SA) and general anesthesia (GA) to see which had better intraoperative and postoperative results. Methods: Multicenter non-randomized quasi-experimental prospective study has been conducted in Rajshahi Medical College Hospital and tertiary care Hospital Rajshahi, Bangladesh. From June 2019 until December 2020. The research involved a total of 72 patients. There were 37 patients in the GA Group and 35 in the SA Group who were randomly assigned to the two groups. They also kept track of the patient's heart rate, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, blood loss, satisfaction with the operating circumstances, and the intensity of postoperative discomfort assessed using a visual analogue scale (VAS). Results: This study found that the SA group suffered from considerably less blood loss than the GA group. The SA Group saw substantially less changes in intraoperative maximal blood pressure and heart rate (p=0.05). This group was substantially satisfied with their surgeons' work (p=0.05). There were substantially fewer patients in the SA group who required postoperative analgesics and postoperative mean VAS than in the GA group. (p < 0.05 for both). Conclusions: While maintaining improved perioperative hemodynamic stability without increasing undesirable side effects, our research demonstrated that SA was superior to GA in delivering surgical analgesia and reducing blood loss.