Islamic banking has developed as an important tool for the progress of the economy in many countries because it based on investment and financing projects globally, reported by World Bank's 2015 report. In many parts of the world, Islamic economics has the prospective to contribute and to face the encounters of termination of poverty and rising development. This study undertaken in Bahrain in order for investigate the nexus of Islamic banking and economic growth. Bahrain become one among the most developed Islamic banking activities and other Islamic instruments like Takaful, capital market and so on. This paper based on two correlated specific objectives that were survey the long-term relationship and causal linkage between economic growth and Islamic banking in the Bahrain. Although Bahrain have many Islamic banks operated but for the purpose of the study and research problem with availability of data only one bank was selected which called Al Salam Bank. This bank have good experience, existed for long time and have already announce as one of the as the best and better performance Islamic bank in Bahrain. The study based on quantitative approach and data was secondary and collected from al salam annually financial statements and world bank data set for the period from 2000 to 2020 which was time series. Study variables were Islamic bank’s assets, Great fixed capital formation, GDP per capital and foreign direct investment. Methodology which applied were the unit root problem was tested, then testing the co-integration with long run structural model, then the VECM, then Variance decomposition then Impulse Response Function and finishing persistence profile. Findings shown that Islamic banking in Bahrain have positive long run with positive short run relationship with economic growth. Also result shown that Islamic bank asset take the leading variable on the affect the GDP in Bahrain which supported by VECM. These outcomes give implication that the growth and development of Islamic banks in Bahrain have advantageous on the economy and households income of Bahrain. So it is better for police markers in Bahrain to increase more for taking considerable efforts for Islamic banks operation in order to provide much positive relation with their economy and to be a source for improvement of other sectors of economy in Bahrain.

Background and objectives: Pit and fissure sealants have been long suggested as the method of preventing dental caries. The aim of the study was to provide an overview of the latest evidence on clinical effectiveness of pit and fissure sealants in prevention of dental caries. Materials and methods: Literature survey was carried out from 2010 to 2020 in electronic databases such as PubMed, Google Scholar and Virtual Health Library database using key words such as “Pit and fissure sealants” and “systematic reviews,”. The searches revealed 457 articles out of which 5 were selected after reading the full text articles. Results: The review of 5 articles revealed that high viscosity GIC and resin-based sealants have similar caries-preventive efficacy in permanent molar teeth after 48 months. The evidence for a potential superiority of high viscosity GIC over resin-based sealants after 60 months is still low. Sealants alone had a 2- to 3-fold higher risk of arresting or reversing lesions (moderate certainty for all comparisons) as compared to no treatment. In comparison to no therapy, the combination of sealants and 5% NaF varnish was the most effective in arresting or reversing lesions. When compared to varnish, Fissure sealants had limited superiority in minimizing occlusal caries. Conclusions: The evidence suggests that sealing pit and fissures are effective in prevention of dental caries however it is hampered by high risk of bias. Hence, future studies with high quality should be conducted assessing the effectiveness of different types of sealants.

The freshwater shrimp Atya scabra Leach, 1815 is traditionally captured in the Bia river, in the area of the South-Comoé, precisely in Biaka and Aboisso. The aim of this study was to investigate if sexual differences could affect external morphology in freshwater shrimp Atya scabra, to determine sexual dimorphism related to morphological differences during the maturation in this species. Thus, morphometric measurements in 360 specimens of A. Scabra were examined at each study site for sexual dimorphism from August 2014 to July 2015. In Aboisso, mean values recorded at lpp, Lantn and Lantl were 8.5 ± 7.8; 78.5 ± 84.1 and 47.5 ± 47.4 mm in males. The average values obtained were respectively 6.5 ± 4.9; 58.5 ± 46 and 25 ± 24 mm for lpp, Lantn and Lantl in females. In Biaka, Mean values in males were 7.5 ± 7.8; 71.5 ± 55.9 and 37.5 ± 31.8 mm. In females, mean values recorded were 6 ± 5.7; 60 ± 50.9 and 27.5 ± 21.9 mm. Concerning the sexual dimorphism index, the χ2 test showed that there is no significant difference (P > 0.05) between the SDI determined at the level of the width of cephalothorax and the 3rd pair of pereiopod (lpp) in the specimens of Atya scabra of Aboisso and those of Biaka. Analysis of the data shows two modal of distribution in males, females and in both sexes combined. When considering the sexes combined, the young recruits have an average size (Lt) of 83 ± 3.8 mm while the latter was 107.6 ± 12.1 mm in the oldest freshwater shrimps of the species A. scabra captured in Aboisso. But in Biaka, the young individuals had an average size (Lt) of 81.4 ± 4.3 mm. As for the oldest individuals, the value of the estimated average size is 107.0 ± 11.2 mm in the sexes combined. The present study was made in order to have data on the size frequency distribution and the sexual dimorphism index of this species.

Aim: The aim of this study was to detailed analysis of the donor corneal tissue using Eye Bank Specular Microscope (EBSM). Materials and Methods: Retrospective analysis was done for 408 donor corneas procured and processed between April 2016 and March 2020, at an Eye Bank in a Tertiary Care Hospital for Endothelial cell density (ECD), coefficient of variance (CV), and percentage of hexagonality (6A) and were compared across different age groups & gender of the donor tissue. Results: The mean age of the donors was 66.78 ± 17.27 (range 12–95 years). The mean ECD of the donor cornea was 1400.65 ± 627.01 cells/mm2; the average CV was 37.5 ± 18.2; and the average percentages of hexagonal cells were 44.9%. The cell count was significantly greater in the donor corneas in age groups of <20, 21-30 & 41-50 years when compared to rest of the age groups. There were no significant differences between the age groups on basis of CV and 6A. The ECD of the male donors (65%) was more than that of female donors (35%). Conclusion: ECD is significantly greater in younger age group as compared to older age groups; however, there were no significant differences in CV and 6A. Endothelial cell analysis by Eye Bank Specular Microscopy is a great tool for the grading of donor tissues, its subsequent utilization for corneal transplantation & prognostic value of the graft survival.

Background: An attractive face, no doubt is pleasing to behold, however the definition of an attractive face is subject to factors such as personality, culture, age, ethnic background as well as personal preferences. Beauty, ugliness and handsomeness are subjective attributes ascribed to the facial appearance of individual. Though the determination of each is personal subjective, it is obvious that the human face is the most beautiful and attractive of all the mammals. Hence, this study was aimed at determining whether there is sexual dimorphism in the facial height, nasal height, mandibular height, maxillary height and orofacial height of the Ikwerre people in Rivers State. Materials and Methods: The study was cross-sectional that included males and females of the Ikwerre ethnicity of Rivers state of Nigeria. A total of 1,038 subjects comprising males (585) and females (453) aged between 5 – 45years were used for this study. The parents and grandparents were all from Ikwerre ethnic group. Each subject sat on a comfortable sitting position and then their facial measurements were taken including; facial height, nasal height, mandibular height, maxillary height and orofacial height. Results and Discussions: Results & Discussion: F.H. for males in the age grade 25yrs and above was 106.81±11.58, while for the females 101.24±6.98; N.H. for the males: 37.991±6.126, while for the females 38.344±6.255, Man. H. males: 47.511±8.016, females: 41.975±7.018; Max. H males: 22.08±21.16, females: 20.107±3.667, and O.H. males: 69.59±22.76, while females had 62.083±8.013. The result of the study showed that across the age categories the males consistently had higher values of the facial parameters investigated. Conclusion: The result of the study showed that there was sexual dimorphism with the male values of all the facial dimensions measured were significantly higher than female values (P<0.05).

Streptokinase is a novel bacterial enzyme that binds with plasminogen and activates it. Streptokinase is produced by different species of streptococcus. Activity of streptokinase is determined by different methods such as fibrin clot method, casein hydrolysis and Chromozym test. High production of streptokinase was obtained in experiments with batch cultures. Production of streptokinase increases 2-3 times in continuous culture. Different species of streptococcus was selected for Optimum production of streptokinase by using different concentration of substrates such as CSL, molasses, sugarcane bagass, rice polishing. Maximum activity was overserved by 0.3% CSL, 0.5% molasses, 0.4% sugarcane bagass and 0.5% rice polishing. Physical parameters such temperature, pH at optimum conditions (370C, 7.0) enhance the streptokinase activity by using RSM. Nitrogen sources, carbon sources, incubation time, Growth factors such as glycine, thiamine and traces elements such as FeSO4, MgSO4, when uses in limited amount enhance the enzyme production. 1% (v/v) inoculum increase the yield of streptokinase (0.360 U/ml).

Leiomyoma is the most common benign tumor of uterus but rarely it may be seen in round ligament, uterosacral ligament, inguinal canal and vagina. Vaginal fibroid more commonly arises from anterior vaginal wall and present with varied clinical features. Here we report a case of primary subfertility with vaginal leiomyoma, arising from anterior wall of vagina. Case Description: A 31-year-old nulliparous lady attended the Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility Clinic with the complaints of infertility and something coming down per vagina for 6 years. Vaginal examination revealed a mass originating from anterior and lateral vaginal wall, pulling the cervix up. On bimanual examination, a 3x3 cm mass is felt through the anterior and lateral vaginal wall but upper limit could not be delineated. Transvaginal sonography showed a mixed echogenic, predominantly hypoechoeic mass in lower part of cervix and anterior vaginal wall. Myomectomy was done through vaginal route along with laparoscopy with chromopertubation test and hysteroscopy. Histopathology report revealed leiomyoma. She was counseled for IVF due to bilateral tubal block on dye test.

Introduction: Tuberculosis is still commonly found in many developing countries. Spinal tuberculosis can cause vertebral deformity and neurological disorders. It was discovered thousands years ago and its management was aimed to eradicate infection and maintain the integrity of the vertebrae. Previously, the management of spinal TB was using drugs and external stabilization. Surgical techniques were developed afterwards to clean the infected vertebral segment. Because of the vertebral deformity remained inevitable and had impacts on neurological disorders, new paradigm had been developed by using instrumentation to stabilize the deformity of infected vertebral segment and to restore and maintain neurological function. TNF-a has a major role in immune process of spinal TB. Spinal TB instrumentation uses metal devices composed of ions and particles that can interact each other so it could produce physical and chemical energy that is transmitted to the vertebrae. The energy is expected to enhance the biomolecular and biocellular activity of the body's immune cells so the healing process could be better. Methods: An experimental study was carried out on New Zealand Rabbits which were given TB H37Rv strain infection in the vertebral body. Samples were divided into five groups namely control rabbits, infected rabbits without intervention, infected rabbits treated by instrumentation, infected rabbits given anti-tuberculosis drugs and infected rabbits treated by instrumentation and given drugs. Then the cytokine levels of TNFa were evaluated and compared. Results: The results showed a significant TNF-a level increase in infected rabbits given drugs alone and instrumentation alone compared to infected rabbits without intervention. There was a significant TNFa decrease in infected rabbits given drugs and treated by instrumentation compared to control rabbits and rabbits who received drugs only. Conclusions: Instrumentation can improve the healing process in spinal tuberculosis by increasing the body's cytokine levels.

Football its popularity compares to other sports at any age level, there is a lack of information on the technical, physiological and conditioning aspects of children players. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the physical, muscular performance and speed of 12-year-old football players. Eighty-two footballers who were actively participating in the Albanian Children's Championship participated in the study. Batteries for fitness testing: Standard height, body weight and calculated body mass index (BMI), speed (30m sprint), vertical jump, and rated lower body muscle strength (vertical jump) were the tests selected for to measure. Data were subjected to statistical analysis using the ANOVA method. Identifying the physical and physiological characteristics of football players provides insight into the physical and physiological qualities that are important to becoming a team member and playing successfully. The most important issue for the coach and football player is to determine the improvement of physical fitness through a well-modeled training programmer. Although anthropometric and physiological profiling is best seen as an objective tool for monitoring young player, physiological data may not be the only predictor of competitive success in football. On the other side, heritage in related physiological standards is an important prerequisite for success in football. Physiological standards play a crucial role in the selection of football talent.

In every society, when a crime is committed, it affects the victim and the community as a whole thus, promoting criminality and insecurity in the society. This calls for efforts to address the worrisome situations in order to heal the plight of the victim who suffers injuries as a result of crime waves. It should be noted that from investigation to trial, victims of crime are faced with numerous challenges. These challenges range from participating in the investigation and trial and more importantly adequate compensation for damage suffered following the commission of an offence. The key guiding principle in criminal justice for victims of crimes is to ensure that the person who suffers injuries or losses is compensated or restituted. Injuries or damage suffered by victims’ results from the commission of offences by either physical or juristic persons. Some of these offences include: murder, assaults, sexual offences, theft, destruction, human rights violations, environmental hazards, etc. Most at times the victims never have their compensations paid by the perpetrators of these heinous crimes. The preeminent query is whether there are options available for victims to ensure their compensations when real offenders cannot repair the harm. This paper through a content analysis, seeks to examine the challenges of victims’ rights to compensation in the administration of criminal justice in Cameroon. It seeks also to examine whether there are existing legal and institutional framework adequate and efficient in addressing the plight of victims of crime with regard to compensation.

Introduction: Amniotic fluid is necessary for normal musculoskeletal development, gastrointestinal tract and lung development. It protects the fetus from trauma against umbilical cord and infections by bacteriostatic property. Oligohydramnios, a deficiency in the amount of amniotic fluid, occurs in 3.9-5.5% of all pregnancies. Most common cause of oligohydramnios is idiopathic (52%). Second commonest cause is PIH (25%). Oligohydramnios may influence maternal, perinatal outcomes. The Amniotic Fluid Index (AFI) is the more commonly employed technique for assessing adequacy of amniotic fluid volume. The sonographic diagnosis of oligohydramnios is usually based on an AFI ≤ 5 cm or on a single deepest pocket of amniotic fluid ≤ 2 cm. Aim: 1) To study the maternal and perinatal outcome in pregnancies with gestational age 34 weeks and above with AFI less than or equal to 5. 2) To compare the maternal and perinatal outcomes of such pregnancies with pregnancies where AFI is 8 to 24. Materials and Methods: The present study was Prospective Analytical hospital-based study conducted at Nazareth Hospital for one-year i.e. (8th September 2017 to 7th September 2018) in the department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology. Patients with AFI less than and equal to 5 was taken as study group (Group I) and AFI 8-24 was taken as comparator group (Group II). This study included 50 number of cases and 100 number of control to compensate for 10% dropouts. Results: Among those women diagnosed with oligohydramnios (</=5) , 44% of patients belonged to primi gravida, most common antepartum complications associated was found to be hypertensive disorder (28%), There was more incidence of induction of labour (65.7%), (64%) underwent caesarean section, fetal distress ( 65.6%) was most common indication, 8% of patients had babies where APGAR score was below 7, 20% of patient had low birth weight babies, 20% babies was admitted in NICU. Conclusion: 1) Amniotic fluid index measurement can be used as a useful adjunct to other fetal surveillance methods, to identify those infants at risk of poor perinatal outcome. 2) AFI </= 5cm is associated with high incidence of thick meconium stained liquor, fetal distress, operative delivery and caesarean section for fetal distress, poor APGAR score, low birth weight, meconium aspiration and perinatal morbidity. 3) As a result, amniotic fluid assessment as an antepartum mode of fetal monitoring, helps an obstetrician better anticipate likely associated problems and plan a timely and appropriate mode of management.

With the growing emphasis on sustainability, the construction industry is more interested in applying environmental friendly concrete in its construction projects. This paper developed model for predicting the 28th day flexural strength of laterite-quarry dust concrete using (5, 2) extreme vertices design of Minitab 17. Physical property test were conducted on the laterite and quarry dust and several trial mixes of concrete were carried out to determine the lower (Li) and upper bound (Ui) limit of each of the components. River sand was replaced with a maximum of 40% laterite and 60% quarry dust in the trial mixes. Several mix proportions were generated using the extreme vertices design. The design matrix consisted of fifteen (15) design points and seven (7) check points with replications of the vertices and the centroid, given a total of twenty eight (28) runs. Eighty four (84) numbers of laterite-quarry dust concrete beams of 600 x 150 x 150mm were prepared and tested for their flexural strength after 28 days of curing. A second degree polynomial was fitted to the data of the flexural strength test result and adequacy of the model was confirmed using the p-value, F statistics and normal probability plot. Several mix proportions were generated and their flexural strength obtained using the developed model. The minimum and maximum flexural strength predictable by the model are 2.44N/mm2 and 4.95N/mm2. The model can help predict the flexural strength of laterite-quarry dust concrete for both reinforced and non-reinforced concrete design for domestic and commercial constructions.

Background: Autism is one of the pervasive developmental disorders throughout the world that is causing serious familial, social and economic burden to the different nations. The prevalence of autism is probably about 20 per 10000 children. Autism is four times common in boys as in girls. Objective: To find out the psychiatric co-morbidity in Autism spectrum disorder. Methods: This was a descriptive and cross sectional study among the patient attending in Department of Psychiatry, Combined Military Hospital, Dhaka, Proyash School (Special Child Special Right), Dhaka Cantonment, National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), Dhaka and Institute of Pediatric Neurodisorder & Autism (IPNA) in Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University (BSMMU), Dhaka, Bangladesh. The study was carried out 6 months from April, 2016 to September, 2016. Sample size n=100 patients. Informed written consent was taken from patent’s parent/caregiver. During data collection, a semi-structured questionnaire designed by the researcher containing socio-demographic and other variables was used. Then Developments and Well-Being Assessment (DAWBA) was applied on the ASD children. The DAWBA has three versions-parent versions, self-version and teacher version. In this study parent version was used. Data was analyses by software program me statistical package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 16 for windows using appropriate statistical test- chi square test. Results: Among the respondents (n=100) 79% Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) children had comorbid psychiatric illness and 21% children had no comorbid psychiatric illness. Most frequent 72.15% was ADHD followed by Specific phobia 11.39%, Social phobia 6.33% and Major Depressive disorder 1.27%. Two comorbid psychiatric illnesses were present in 8.86% ASD children. Chi-square test was done to measure the level of significance. But there were no significant association (significant when p value ≤0.05) found between socio-demographic factors and comorbid psychiatric disorder. Conclusion: Although there were many limitations, the present study provides important information. High number of co-morbidities found in this study. It could be necessary to increase the sample size and to collect the largest number of clinical information, for studying etiopathogenesis and risk factors for the occurrence of co-morbidity. Knowing the burden and extent of disease could be help design screening tools that are applicable, culturally acceptable and cost-effective for early diagnosis and intervention. Furthermore, raising ASD awareness among parents, preschool/elementary school teachers are invaluable in helping autistic children cope with different challenge and improve their quality of life.

Derivatives of benzimidazole containing N-substituted benzyl, benzensuphonyl and acetyl were synthesized from a variety of amino acids such as Lysine and Leucine. The structures of all the synthesized compounds were elucidated by using IR, 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR.The synthesized target compounds were evaluated in vitro antibacterial activity against three bacterial strains by employing the disc diffusion method using Ciprofloxacin as a standard drug. The anti-bacterial assay revealed that the compounds (6’ b) and (6’d) showed better activity 14, 9, 8 and 12, 9, 7 mm zone of inhibition against S. auras, E. coli and K. pneumonia respectively.

Background: Facial parameters such as facial, nasal, maxillary, mandibular and oro-facial change with age and are dependent on variations in the dimensions of the skeleton, development of muscles, sex and fat content and distribution in the body which are under the influence of climate, diet, health etc. these factors are important determinants of growth and development. Ethnicity is a variable that affects craniofacial dimensions. This study was done to determine whether there is a relationship between the facial height and nasal height of the Ikwerre people, establish a regression formula for predicting the facial height of the Ikwerre people using either nasal height or mandibular height and to examine if there are ethnic or racial differences when comparing the result in this study and previous studies. Materials and Methods: The study was cross-sectional that included males and females of the Ikwerre ethnicity of Rivers state of Nigeria. A total of 1,038 subjects comprising males (585) and females (453) aged between 5 – 45years were used for this study. The parents and grandparents were all from Ikwerre ethnic group. Each subject sat on a comfortable sitting position and then their facial measurements were taken including; facial height, nasal height, mandibular height, maxillary height and orofacial height. Results and Discussions: The facial height, nasal height, mandibular height, maxillary height and oro-facial height were measured using digital caliper and the results obtained showed that the males had mean facial height of 102.11± 9.07mm, nasal height of 37.07 ± 13.30mm, mandibular height of 45.10 ± 7.39mm, maxillary height of 20.85 ± 13.02mm, and oro-facial height of 65.91 ± 15.16mm while the females had mean facial height of 98.15 ± 6.96mm, nasal height of 36.65 ± 5.054mm, mandibular height of 41.43 ± 5.50mm, maxillary height of 19.43 ± 3.09mm, and oro-facial height of 60.86 ± 6.80mm. The result of the study showed that there is a progressive increase in the mean value of the facial height and nasal height with increase in age. This implies that there is an increase in the facial parameters with advancing age. This finding could be associated with natural growth and proportional body size increase i.e. facial growth. Conclusion: There is a relationship between the facial height and nasal height of the Ikwerre people which was seen as a positive correlation between the facial height and nasal height. It implies that for any increase in facial height, there is a resultant increase in nasal height amongst the Ikwerre people.