Background: The year 2020 witnessed the emergence of covid-19 disease as a new notifiable infectious disease in Iraq and throughout the world. Little is known about the pattern of notifiable infectious diseases in Iraq during the first year of covid-19 pandemic. The aim of this paper is provide a description of the pattern of notifiable infectious diseases in Iraq during the year 2020, the first year of covid-19 global pandemic. Materials and methods: The available unpublished and published data including official documents and reports of health authorities about notifiable infectious disease in Iraq in 2020 were reviwed. Results: The population of Iraq in 2020 was estimated at 40.150.174 (20.284.823 males and 19.865.351 females). A total of 718393 cases of notifiable infectious disease including covid-19 disease were registered in Iraq in 2020. During the year 2020, 595291 cases of covid-19 disease were registered by the national and local health authorities in Iraq, while there were 123102 patients with notifiable infectious diseases other than covid-19 disease registered. Therefore, the registered cases of covid-19 disease was about 4.8 times more than the number of all notifiable infectious disease registered in Iraq during the year 2020. Scabies was the second most common notifiable disease after covid-19, and accounted for 6% of all notifiable infectious disease in Iraq in 2020. Chicken pox was the third most common notifiable disease, and accounted for 1.7%. Cutaneous leishmaniasis was the fourth most common notifiable disease and accounted for 1.1%, while tuberculosis, the fifth common notifiable disease accounted for 0.7%. Conclusion: Notifiable infectious diseases in Iraq were associated with a significant mortality during the year 2020, and that was because of the emergence of covid-19 disease as a new notifiable infectious diseases. Covid-19 disease, the most common notifiable infectious disease in 2020 changed the previously reported national mortality pattern. Contradictory, to the general belief that mortality associated with covid-19 disease was generally restricted to the older age groups, 117 children under the age of ten years died because of covid-19 disease in 2020. This number of childhood deaths suggests the need to consider vaccination of the younger age groups and to perform the relevant research.

Polyploidy is widespread as evident from many species of eukaryotes like animals, plants, and lower unicellular eukaryotes, but in strong contrast, prokaryotes are believed to be monoploid/ haploid and contain a single copy of the genome in the form of the small circular chromosome. There are some exceptions to monoploidy like D. radiodurans, Borrelia sp. etc. this phenomenon of polyploidy among these microorganisms is an evolutionary advantage, which makes them able to survive extreme conditions. With accumulating reports of the presence of polyploidy in most of the bacterial and archaeal species, it is being considered that monoploid species are small minorities among bacteria and archaea. The presence of multiple copies of the genome helps survive extreme conditions through various mechanisms which involve resistance to radiation, survival under high temperature and severe desiccation, lowering the mutation rates, intermolecular gene conversion along with the use of part of copies of the genome as a source of nutrients for short term survival and cell multiplication. Not surprisingly polyploidy is also suggested to play an important role in pathogenesis through the production of antigenic variation helping immune invasion, thus ultimately pathogenesis. Polyploid species of extremely halophilic archaea, Halococcus sp. are being used as model organisms to study the possibility of survival under Martian conditions and extraterrestrial travel on meteorites. It is alluring to segregate isogenic strains with shifting chromosome duplicate numbers, which would take into consideration efficiently investigating the benefits of polyploidy employing correlation of strains that are indistinguishable apart from their ploidy level.

mucormycosis associated with COVID-19 is now become a serious health concern around the globe, including several Asian countries. In Pakistan mucormycosis fatalities are now being found among COVID-19 individuals. Individuals with diabetes, malnourishment, Cancer, organ transplantation, active tuberculosis, Liver diseases, chronic respiratory diseases, HIV, AIDS and asthma are more Susceptible to infection. Diabetes mellitus patients are at more risk of mortality infection of this fungus. To counteract mucromycosis in patients, rapid and precise diagnostic facilities, medical assistance, and a quick yet coordinated approach are all suggested.

Acute myocarditis is inflammation of the myocardium most often following a viral infection. Its diagnosis is one of the most difficult to make with certainty in cardiology, due to the lack of specificity of the clinical presentation, ECG and ultrasound changes, and the restrictive use of myocardial biopsy (BM). For these reasons, we report the case of a 22-year-old athlete who presented with severe chest pain. Cardiac MRI allows direct characterization of myocardial damage; different diagnostic sequences make it possible to locate areas of inflammation, edema, and necrosis, and the distribution of lesions in the muscle makes it possible to distinguish between ischemic and inflammatory damage.

Recent food emergencies throughout the world have raised some serious ethical and legal concerns for nations and health organizations. While the legal regulations addressing food risks and foodborne illnesses are considerably varied and variously effective. The research uses a descriptive method is a method that examines the status of human groups, an object and a condition, a system of thought or an event in the present. It was conducted in North Sulawesi Province as the research location based on the reality in this area where there are markets that sell extreme animals. The results show that the highest causes of poisoning in North Sulawesi Province are animals, but in practice local government policies in food safety and the health right, especially those related to the sale and purchase of extreme animals in several traditional markets are still limited to appeals and statements that are not stated in written law and are not has sanctions so it does not have the power to be enforced. In order to accommodate the community's need for food safety and health, ideally, the policy should be in the form of a written law so that it can be enforced through the application of sanctions. Efforts to fulfill the community's right to food safety and health, it is necessary to establish a law in the form of a regional legal product that contains mechanisms, procedures, standardization and sanctions in the sale of extreme animals.

This study was to evaluate the Kenya Government housing policies and strategies for housing the urban poor in Kenya, and how the citizen has benefited from the scheme/plan. Objective of the article was to examine the institutional capacity of ministry of land and settlement, ministry of housing and Kisumu city council towards low-cost housing development. The research question was, how effective are the various Kenya Government Housing Policies and implementation strategies targeting the provisions of low-cost Housing to the urban poor in Kisumu City? The study adopted quantitative survey research design. Primary data was collected through structured interviews/interview guide, self-administered questionnaires (Delivery and collection questionnaires), observation and check list. Secondary data was collected from Kenya government national housing policies, national development plans, research publications, internet among others. Quantitative data was summarized, categorized, interpreted and analyzed using Tables and percentages. Simple random sampling was used in this study. The researchers’ target population of 218,766 and sample size of 384 was ideal for this method of sampling. Statistical package of social sciences (SPSS) was used to analyze the data collected from the field. Correlation analysis was done on both dependent and independent variables with supply of electricity as the control group. Findings revealed that provision of low-cost housing is negatively correlated to provision of adequate road, electricity and water (coefficient = -0.9366059, P = 0.000, 95% C.I = -1.459989 –0.4132226). Recommendations for policy action included review of the current national housing policy and implementation strategies and further research on urban planning, land tenure system, infrastructure and services, housing finance mechanism, small scale construction activities, community participation, municipal budgetary base and experimental pilot projects.

SARS-CoV-2, the etiologic agent of the COVID-19 pandemic, spatiotemporally evolves or mutates to its variant with potentialities for adverse opportunistic infections via replications and transmissions or disseminations. The dissemination and transmission of the Delta variant is accelerating more than expected partly due to unvaccinated persons not treating the pandemic as seriously as necessary. The test and tracing service must be effected because a vast proportion ofthe population is unprotected. It is crucial to restrict movements. Vaccinated persons must socialize indoors in well-ventilated ambients, and avoid non-essential foreign travels. The evolution of the COVID-19/SARS-CoV-2 pandemic portends a well-nigh impossible termination of events. It is, therefore, imperative to focus on the cost and not merely the opportunity cost to control the never-ending SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19 pandemic. There is the need to make public health system a priority with emphasis on cost sharing and cost saving for vaccines and other healthcare modalities to reach the poor and the vulnerable populations in developing countries and elsewhere for safety and protection of lives through enhanced substantial, restorative and sustainable financing,technical expertise and capacity building.

Background: Rehabilitation program for schizophrenic patients is increasingly gaining attention in the field of psychiatry. It is still a relatively new intervention method in treatment for persistent and severe psychiatric illness. Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the impact of social and cognitive rehabilitation program on Male schizophrenic Patients. Methodology: A quasi- experimental design (pre-post study and follow-up) for one group, it covered forty nine schizophrenic inpatients in Abd Alaal El-Elidrissi Psychiatric Hospital, based on selected criteria, after developing and organizing rehabilitation program. Tools: Data collected through personal face to face interview and observation consists of four parts, socio demographic, PANSS, social skills and min mental state. A structured social and cognitive rehabilitation program was designed to improve symptoms, social skills and cognitive function. This program was implemented through training method such as paper and-pencil tasks, physical exercise, recreation therapy and psycho-education. Over126 sessions, nine sessions per week and each lasted for 60-90minutes.pre, post and follow-up (after 14weeks and after 9months) assessment were carried out for the same group. Study analyzed by using SPSS version 21software, supported by Wilcox on test, t test, and Spearman coefficient of Correlation. Results: There was significant change in psychopathology (Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale [PANSS]) and clearly; from fairly good pre to good post program (p-value = 0.013) and from good pre to good at follow-up program (p-value=0.04). There was significant improvement in social skills clearly; from 20.41% Moderates pre to 10.21% high at post and 46.94% moderate at follow-up intervention. On evaluation of the overall cognitive function’s domains scoring grade pre 95.92% mild to 2.04% normal at post and 26.53% normal at follow up test measurement. Conclusion: The study concluded that rehabilitation program for schizophrenic patients was effective in improving their psychopathology, social and cognitive functioning domains. Recommendations: The study recommended that; the rehabilitation program should be integrated into treatment regimen of schizophrenic inpatients.

Primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) is a common endocrine disorder, with prevalence of one to seven cases per 1000 adults. It is believed to be the most common cause of hypercalcemia, predominantly affecting elderly populations and women two to three times as often as men. Here we report a case of 75 year old male who presented to Medicine OPD with complaints of constipation, abdominal pain and occasional irrelevant talks. Investigation showed hypercalcemia. PTH levels were markedly raised with borderline 1,25 DIHYDROXYVIT D. Patient was dialysed and managed conservatively. Later follow-up reports revealed microoadenoma and underwent surgery.

The research objective is to find out (1). The process of implementing learning in grade 7. (2). Teacher activities in conducting learning in class (3). The implementation can be felt directly by the students. The research method is (1). Survey directly to the field (2). Interviews with primary sources (3). Documentation and literature study. Conclusion (a). Prepare planning for the learning process during the Covid 19 (b) pandemic. Carry out the learning process and improve weaknesses in learning. (c). Observing and evaluating student learning processes (d). Face-to-face learning reflections that need to be evaluated are analysis, synthesis, and assessment of learning outcomes.

Background: Urinary tract infection (UTI) is among the most common bacterial infections and possess significant healthcare burden. Escherichia coli is the most common cause of UTI accounting for about 70%% and a variable contribution from Proteus mirabilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klebsiella pneumoniae Patients are often treated as soon as bacteria are shown to be present by microbiological culture. Objective: To assess THE PCR results among culture positive and culture negative specimens of suspected UTI patients. Methods: This study was carried out in the department of Microbiology, Mymensingh Medical College during the period from July 2016 to June 2017. Urine specimens were collected and isolationand identification of major uropathogens (Escherichia coli Klehsiella pneumonias, Proteusmirabilis, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) were done by standard microbiological procedure a biochemical tests. PCR was performed by using standard protocol with species specific primer for detection of fimH gene for Escherichia coli, fimK gene for Klehsiella paeunomiae, UreCfor Proteus mirabilis, ETA for Pseudomonas aeruginasa. Results: Out of 250 urine specimens, 200 specimens were isolated and identified by culture and different biochemical methods which were supported by microscopical examination and at the same timePCR could detect species specific genes in 201 specimens directly from urine of suspected UTIpatient Escherichia coli was responsible as a leading causative pathogen in both outpatient department and in patient department with a higher prevalence of 71.8% for outpatient department. On the other hand Pseudomonas aeruginosa Profeus mirabilis and Klebsiella pneumonia were more prevalent in in-patient department and it was 21.1%, 5.6% and 5.5% respectively, Among the 50 culture negative urine specimens, 14 (28%) showed PCR positive for Escherichia coli, Klehsiella pneumonia and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Conclusion: This study revealed that, the prevalence of UTI is high n MMCH Single pathogen base uniplex PCR was found superior than standard culture and less time consuming. Because uniplex PCR could detect many (28%) culture negative cases.

Vaccination is method used to protect against several disease. Therefore, mother must take care to vaccinate their children to protect them from these disease. The aim of this study was to assess mother’s knowledge of vaccination with children under the age five at Goz nafisa clinic, Omdurman, Khartoum stat, Sudan, during the period from march to may. The study included the “100”sample of mothers who attended the clinic during that period and then collected the data using questionnaire designed for study purposes. And then the analysis of the data using statistical package for social sciences. The result of the study showed that the age group from 30__40 ‘and their level of education was respectively 54%, 61%, of the study sample. The study showed that the mother with knowledge of the time of vaccination and types of vaccine, and knowledge of the symptom that occur after vaccination, and those who agree that vaccination protects against the incidence of disease were their proportion respectively 51%, 96%, 99% of the study sample. Also explained that mother who have knowledge of benefits of the vaccination, and the cases that not vaccine the child, and cases in which the child is vaccinated against measles at the age 6 month was respectively 79%, 80%, 12%. The study found that mothers had a moderate knowledge of vaccination time and type and good knowledge about complication can occur after vaccination. The study recommended establishing continuous health education program of all mother in the village.

The present paper focuses on Sino- Latin America and the Caribbean, (LAC) radical profitable continental relations of the South-South relations with exploitative agenda based on win-win diplomacy in the aftermath of terrorists attack of a Hyper-Super Power and subsequent recognition of Chinese Global Economic Strength (CGES) from the beginning of the 21st Century. The historical challenges in the contemporary World ended up with the admission of China as a member of the World Trade Organisation (WTO) headquarters in the New York City of the United States of America. The main objective is to bring out specific mechanisms used by China to consolidate her relationship with LAC bringing out the potentials of the thirty three countries of the region perceived by Chinese investors and heavy industries in quest of raw materials and available markets for the final products. Therefore, New Peking Consensus of win-win Going Out policy goals vis-à-vis the outdated Washington Consensus proved to be more realistic in the region than those manifested in the previous Centuries by Western capitalist countries in relations to late 19th Century Monroe Doctrine. The scrutiny of primary and secondary sources with evidences collected from Government documents made available online, specialized research papers and related articles enabled the used of historical analytical approach to illustrate the visibility of new strategy of Sino-LAC during the first two decades of the 20th Century making China an unchallengeable position of a Hyper-Economic Power (HEP) vis-à-vis USA in political economy as one of the most powerful existing Communist World.

Waste stabilization ponds (WSP) are used extensively to provide wastewater treatment throughout the world. A review of the literature indicates that, understanding the hydraulics of waste stabilization ponds is critical to their optimization, the research in this area has been relatively limited and that there is a poor mechanistic understanding of the flow behavior that exists within these systems. This explains why there is no generally acceptable model for predicting its performance. The three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model developed in this study was extensively tested on the waste stabilization pond located in the campus of the University of Nigeria, Nsukka which was used as the field pond and also on a laboratory scale waste stabilization pond obtained from literature. Although the model may be solved by several methods, this research was limited to computational method; numerical solution using finite difference method was used in solving the three-dimensional partial differential equations at steady state conditions. In order to validate the quality of the model, its results were compared with the experimental data from the field and the lab-scale ponds. The results obtained were encouraging, prediction of pond performance with measured values shows that a correlation coefficients of (0.92 – 0.95) was obtained, representing an accuracy of 94%, an ultimate result that demonstrates that actual dispersion in the pond is three-dimensional. The 3-D model was then used in series of investigative studies such as; effect of single inlet and outlet structures at different positions in the pond, effect of multiple inlet and outlets on the pond’s performance, variation of pond performance with depth, effect of short-circuiting on pond treatment efficiency, effect of baffles on pond performance using laboratory-scale pond data and comparison with tracer studies. In all, the results were satisfactory.

This study examines the relationship between human resource forecasting and employee resourcefulness in an organization. The study is purely conceptual and thus largely adopted a desk research methodology. Literature review was carried out covering the theoretical conceptual and empirical review of the study constructs, dimensions and measures. The findings in extant literature of the study are that human resource forecasting positively and significantly improves employee resourcefulness in organization. Again, the dimensions of human resource forecasting; quantitative and qualitative forecasting positively and significantly enhance employee resourcefulness. The study therefore recommends that the organization should integrate human resource forecasting into the firm’s overall human resource management framework. This will significantly improve resourcefulness of employees at work.