Introduction: Wound infection remains an important cause of morbidity and mortality among humans, especially in developing countries. Knowledge regarding Bacterial isolates and their antibiotic susceptibility pattern in pus isolate is necessary for empirical treatment of wound infections and useful for making antibiotic policy of hospital. Aim: The present study was conducted to assess bacterial isolates and their antimicrobial susceptibility patterns from pus samples of Sir T Hospital, Bhavnagar. Material and method: The present study was carried out during July 2019 to November 2019 in Microbiology Department, Sir T Hospital, and Bhavnagar. The pus samples received in bacteriology section of microbiology laboratory were preceded for bacterial identification and antibiotic susceptibility testing. It was done by Modified kirbybauer disk diffusion method according to CLSI guidelines 2019. Result: A total of 1110 pus samples were received from which 477 (42.97%) samples were positive for gram positive 117(24.52%) and gram negative 360 (75.47%) bacteria. About 117(24.52%) of the total isolates were Staphylococcus aureus, 220 Escherichia coli (41%), 96 Klebsiellaspp (17%), 16 Pseudomonas (13%), 13 Proteus mirabilis (2%), 11 Proteus vulgaris (2%), 4 Acinatobacter species (0.74%). Gram negative organisms were sensitive for Meropenem (98%), Piperacillin Tazobactem (77%) Gram positive organism were completely sensitive to Vancomycin (100%), Linezolid (100%). Conclusion: Thus the present study shows that Escherichia coli, Klebsiellaspp, Pseudomonas and Staphylococcus aureus are the most common bacteria showing sensitivity towards vancomycin, linezolid, meropenem, piperacillin tazobactum. This study helps in decidiing proper treatment of wound infection.

Introduction: Streptococcus pyogens is the commonest human pathogen causing widespread infections. Streptococcal antibody tests like the antistreptolysin O titre (ASO), the antideoxyribonuclease-B titre (anti-DNAase-B, or ADB) and the streptozyme test can be used for diagnosis of streptococcal infections. ASO test is done using latex agglutination method. Aim: To detect prevalence of anti-streptolysin O (ASO) antibodies in serum samples received in microbiology laboratory from patients of suspected streptococcal infections. Material and Methods: This study was conducted in serology section of Microbiology laboratory, Sir Takhtsinhji Hospital, Bhavnagar between the periods of June 2019 to October 2020. Serum samples received in serology section of microbiology requested for Anti streptolysin O test were tested by ASO- latex slide agglutination test by Pathozyme Diagnostics. Total 476 serum samples were tested. The results were recorded and analysed for the study. Results: Total prevalence for ASO positive serum samples were 46(9.8%), the highest prevalence 15% found in age group of 0-20 years. Conclusion: For detecting antecedent streptococcal infection the estimation of ASO antibodies is a simple, cost effective way. The increased level of ASO can support the diagnosis of rheumatic fever. ASO prevalence was found to be highest in the 0-20 year’s age group.

Background: Chronic renal failure (CRF) patients with superseded diabetes are immune-compromised and are prone for oral candidal infection. Aim: To study the Antifungal drug susceptibility of oral candida species isolates in chronic renal failure patients with type 2 diabetes. Material And Methods: A total of 98 individuals including 73 cases of chronic renal failure with type 2 diabetes mellitus and 25 healthy individuals as controls. The diabetic patients were divided into 3 groups according to their glycemic index; 22 controlled diabetes (HbA1c ≤5%), 27 moderately controlled (HbA1c 5-7%) and 24 Uncontrolled diabetes (HbA1c ≥7%). Salivary samples were collected in as sterile container with phosphate buffered saline and then immediately transported to various mycological investigations and antifungal susceptibility tests. Results: There was significant difference in incidence of candida species in uncontrolled diabetes when compared to moderately controlled, controlled and normal patients (P<0.05).The higher number of colony count was seen among uncontrolled and moderately controlled diabetes than controlled and healthy subjects. Candida albicans is the most prominent species among the groups. C. albicans showed increased resistance to Amphotericin B and fluconazole in diabetic patients in comparison to control group. Other species showed variable sensitivity patterns. Conclusion: An accurate identification of oral candida species and their drug susceptibility, in chronic renal failure with type 2 diabetes patients mandates proper treatment to avoid recurrence and drug resistance.

A field experiment was conducted for two consecutive winter season during 2019/2020 and 2020/2021 in the Demonstration Farm of Faculty of Agriculture University of Kassala at New Halfa to investigate the effects of water stress on performance of three sunflower hybrids (Hysun 33= V1 cultivated a lot in the area, Panar = V2 cultivated since the last three years and Resarch =V3 new introduce hybrid). The experiment was laid out in RCBD as split-plot trail with three replicates. The water stress treatments were irrigation every 10 days (W1), skipping one irrigation at flowering stage(W2) and skipping one irrigation at seed filling stage (W3). The results showed that water stress significantly reduced LAI, shoot dry weight and yield attributes. The significant increase in the yield due to sowing V1 under frequent irrigation was associated with significant increase in the yield components (head diameter, No seeds per head, 100-seed weight, seed weight per head and seed yield per ha). Also, W1xV1 had positive effects on seed oil content. In conclusion, a large genetic variation was observed for seed yield and seed oil content under well watered and water deficit conditions.

Introduction: Studies on plants used for the treatment of oral diseases in Cameroon are still scant. The objective of this study was to identify medicinal plants and recipes used for the traditional treatment of oral diseases in the department of Mayo-Kani (Far North, Cameroon). Methodology: This is a descriptive cross-sectional study conducted over a period of 7 months, during the year 2021. After obtaining the various administrative authorisations, an ethnopharmacological survey was carried out among traditional practitioners known to treat oral ailments in the Mayo-Kani department. The plants collected, were photographed and the samples were identified at the Delegation of Forests and Fauna of Mayo-Kani and then confirmed by botanists and experts from the Cameroon National Herbarium (CNH). Results: This ethnopharmacological survey conducted among 43 traditional practitioners identified 40 species in 28 botanical families, of which Mimosaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Combretaceae, Anthericaceae, Fabaceae, Solanaceae and Anacardiaceae were the most represented. These species were used in the preparation of 40 recipes. Around 77.2% of these recipes and 77.7% of the plants listed were used in the treatment of caries and their complications such as cervico-facial cellulitis. Roots (38.5%) followed by barks (20.9%) were the most used plant organs. Decoction (43.2%) was the most used preparation method. In all, 50% of the recipes proposed, were used in the form of herbal tea. Mouthwash (50%) was the most used method of administration. Ricinus communis (CF= 11.4%; 03 recipes), Sclerocarya birrea (CF= 6.6%; 03 recipes), Indigofera aff subargenta, Capparis facicularis and Anogeissus leocarpus (CF= 5%; 03 recipes) were the most cited and used in traditional recipes to treat oral pathologies. Conclusion: These findings constitute a basic data base for future studies on phytochemical, pharmacological and toxicological analyses essential for the valorization of traditional medicines.

Despite the abundance of scientific textbooks, references, and educational websites, students in the 1st year of the bachelor of dental surgery (BDS) program face some academic challenges. Distress, learning difficulties, and study discontinuation are all possible outcomes of these challenges. The present study was motivated by the scarcity of literature pertaining to the obstacles faced by the 1st year dental students in learning and understanding dental materials courses, and other difficulties, which students encounter during their foundation year, BDS 1st year. A questionnaire was prepared and distributed among undergraduate students at different levels of study year of the BDS program. Six different year study levels were chosen for the current study; the total number of participants was 111. Statistical analysis (chi-square test) was performed on the data collected, using SPSS version 20.0 software. Results showed complete agreement on most areas of difficulties the students encountered during their BDS 1st year study. The majority of the examined students were of the opinion that the difficulties they encountered in their BDS 1st year were not due to one certain subject, such as dental materials courses, but rather because of a collection of overlapping factors that contributed to study difficulties, thereby amplifying their impact on the study and comprehension of dental materials courses. In addition, the examined students showed more interest and eagerness towards acquiring more knowledge of dental materials, particularly towards dental materials II (clinical dental materials). Students consider dental materials courses as a basic introduction to the field of dentistry; besides, a thorough understanding of its various uses is a key factor in excellence in the dentistry field.

The Study focused on the Misconceptions in the belief and pattern of feeding among pregnant women in Owerri North LGA of Imo State. The study adopted a descriptive survey research design with three research questions and formulated one null hypothesis. The symbolic interaction theory (SIT) was used for the study. A total of 200 respondents were selected from a target population of 400 pregnant women in the area. The simple random sampling technique was adopted for the sample selection. A dichotomously scored close ended questionnaire were used for data collection. This questionnaire was validated by three experts – two from the field of measurement and evaluation and the supervisor who invariably is a professional in research methods. The Pearson product moment correlation method was used to ascertain the internal consistency of the instrument and correlation index of 0.79 was obtained thereby establishing the reliability of the instrument. The data collected from the study was analyzed using the frequency count and simple percentage statistics to answer the research questions and the mean score and correlation analytic method to answer the null hypothesis, Result of the hypothesis testing showed that there is a very strong positive relationship between the variables tested. Findings obtained from the study revealed that pregnant women and children are the more vulnerable to restrictions of food misconceptions. Also foods like snails, paw-paw, grasscutter meat and okro are among the foods misconceived to cause harm on women during pregnancy. Recommendation; there should be attention to appropriate dietary behaviors and proper nutrient intake for pregnant women. Finally Nursing implications of the study was examined and the study was summarized.

Groove pancreatits is a type of chronic pancreatitis that affects the area between pancreatic head, duodenum and the common bile duct. It usually affects alcoholic males between the ages of 40-50 years. Patient presents with typical symptoms of chronic pancreatitis such as weight loss, upper abdominal pain, vomiting, and steatorrhea. Groove pancreatitis is thought to occur from the obstruction of minor papilla which leads to impaired pancreatic juice outflow. Differentiating groove pancreatitis from peripancreatic cancer is very important. Imaging by EUS, CT and MRI can reveal characteristic findings such as cystic lesions in duodenal wall and smooth stenosis of bile duct. In cases where there is a diagnostic dilemma, biopsy through duodenum is confirmatory. Characteristic findings on biopsy include cystic lesions in duodenal wall, Brunner gland hyperplasia, dilation of Santorini’s duct and protein plaques in pancreatic duct. Treatment options include conservative management with endoscopic stenting and invasive approach with pancreaticoduodenectomy. In the following case report we present to you a case of non-alcoholic young female with morbid obesity who presented to us with complaints of pain abdomen and vomiting for 1 month, with no significant derangements in lab investigations. Her abdominal ultrasonography revealed diffuse thickening of the second and third parts of the duodenum with fine inflammatory strands extending to the head and uncinate process of the pancreas with a narrowing of the duodenal lumen, which was later confirmed to be groove pancreatitis on CECT-abdomen and patient was successfully managed conservatively.

Introduction: In the modern world, there is a rising trend of diabetes mellitus and hypertension in developing countries like India, which is favouring a rise in complications like Chronic kidney disease.Thrombotic complications are a high possibility in chronic kidney disease (CKD). In recent days, abnormalities in platelet parameters are found to be an effective tool in risk stratification of CKD patients to develop venous thromboembolism and vascular disease. Our study was conducted to assess relation of platelets indices, platelet count, mean platelet volume (MPV), platelet distribution width (PDW) and plateletcrit (PCT) in CKD patients. Material and methods: A retrospective evaluation was conducted on the blood biochemical data and hematological data obtained from the records of patients diagnosed with chronic kidney disease for over 5 months (January 2021- May 2021) . The demographic data, urea, creatinine values and hematological findings were collected from the patient lab reports from the Department of Biochemistry and Pathology of Saveetha medical college and hospital. Platelet indices were obtained using Sysmex -XN 1000 automated analyser. 131 cases of known CKD was collected and correlated with Platelet indices values. Results: On gender and age distribution, male patients were predominant and age group between 41 to 60 were commonly affected. In CKD stage 2-39 patients, stage 3-32 patients, stage 4-28 patients, stage 5-14 patients were categorized according to their clinical findings and laboratory investigations. On correlation, there were no statistically significant differences in any PLT indices (platelet count, mean platelet volume, platelet distribution width and plateletcrit).However, Platelet count lower as the stage increases and MPV, PDW and plateletcrit were slightly higher in stage 5 CKD when compared with other stages of CKD. Conclusion: Platelet indices plays major mechanism in pathological processes of vascular thrombosis. The efficacies of platelet indices associated with CKD patients remain unknown. Prospective randomized controlled trials involving larger numbers of CKD patients are needed to determine the associations with platelet indices.

Introduction: Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) is a vasoproliferative disorder of the retina among preterm infants which is the main cause of blindness in premature infants but recognized as leading cause of preventable blindness and visual impairment in children if treated early. It is a multifactorial disease in which retinal blood vessels of premature preschoolers fail to grow and develop normally, resulting in visual impairment and blindness. Objectives: The objective of the study is to assess the risk factors for retinopathy of prematurity in preterm very low birth weight babies. Material & Methods: This was a prospective observational study conducted at Special Care Baby Unit (SCABU), Department of Neonatology and Pediatrics, Department of Ophthalmology; Bangladesh Institute of Research and Rehabilitation for Diabetes, Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders (BIRDEM) from October 2016 to March 2017. One hundred and twenty-nine (129) preterm very low birth weight infants admitted in SCABU, BIRDEM during the study period were selected considering the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 20.0 and were expressed as mean ± standard deviation. Results: All babies weighed less than 1500 gm, among them 11 (12.2%) were < 1000 gm and 79 (87.8 %) were ≥1000-1500gm. Forty-three, 43(47.8%) baby’s gestational age was ≤32 weeks and forty-seven 47(52.2%) baby’s gestational age was >32 weeks, 74(82.2%) were inborn, 16 (17.8%) were out born. Seventy-nine, 79 (87.8%) were delivered by LUCS and 11(12.2%) by NVD. Conclusion: This study concluded that overall frequency of ROP was 30% among screened infants. Among the ROP diagnosed cases 11.1% required anti VGEF injection, 14.8 % received laser therapy. Lower gestational age, use of mechanical ventilator and frequent blood transfusions were found to be the most significant risk factors. There are few studies on the incidence and risk factors of this important morbidity in the developing countries. Taking known preventive measures, early detection and management of ROP can prevent blindness. The prognosis for maintaining functional vision is poor in advanced cases of ROP even with the application of currently available methods of treatment.

Background: The year 2020 witnessed the rapid spread of covid-19 pandemic in Iraq and in almost all the countries in the world. This spread has created a serious health crises and a public health emergency in Iraq and throughout the world. Little is known about the pattern of covid-19 disease in Iraq. The aim of this paper is provide a description an overview of the pattern of covid-19 disease in Iraq. Materials and methods: The available unpublished and published data about covid-19 disease in Iraq during the year 2020 reviewed including the demographic data relevant to covid-19 pandemic in Iraq. Some relevant data for three provinces (The Kurdish provinces in the north of Iraq) of the eighteen provinces in Iraq were not available in English or Arabic. Results: The population of Iraq in 2020 was estimate at 40.150.174 (20.284.823 males and 19.865.351). During the year 2020, 595291 cases of covid-19 disease were registered by the Iraqi Ministry of Health, 12813 (2.15%) patients died and 537841 (90.3%) patients experienced recovery. 7680 (1.4%) of the covid-19 disease in Iraq during the year 2020 were under the age of ten years, and therefore this age group was the least to be affected with covid-19 disease in this study. 133176 (23.9%) of the covid-19 disease in Iraq during the year 2020 aged between 30 and 39 years, and therefore this age group was the most affected with covid-19. During the year 2020, 173928 individuals died in Iraq including 12813 deaths because of covid-19 disease which accounted for 7.36% of the total deaths in Iraq during the year 2020. Covid-19 resulted in a death rate of 33/ 100000 population in Iraq during the year 2020. 117 (0.9%) of the patients who died because of covid-19 disease in Iraq during the year 2020 were under the age of ten years, and therefore patients in this age group are the least likely to died from covid-19 disease. 2418 (18.9%) of the patients who died because of covid-19 disease aged 50 to 59 years. Therefore, according to this study, patients in this age group are the most likely to die from covid-19 disease. Conclusion: Covid-19 disease in Iraq was associated with a significant mortality during the year 2020. It actually changed the previously reported national mortality pattern as covid-19 has become the second most common cause of death in Iraq. Contradictory, to the general belief that mortality associated with covid-19 was generally restricted to the older age groups, 117 children under the age of ten years died because of covid-19 disease. This number of childhood suggests the need to consider vaccination of the younger age groups and to perform the relevant research.

Hysterectomy is one of the most prevalent surgeries worldwide. Nine out of every ten hysterectomies are performed for noncancerous conditions that are not life threatening but have a negative impact on quality of life. A descriptive study using questionnaires’ were used to assess prevalence of hysterectomy among women adopting as family planningseen in OPD based in Duncan Hospital, Raxaul. 100 subject were selected by Consecutive sampling technique. This study aimed to explore the complex relation between family planning and hysterectomy and the study result found that only 3.07% subject had hysterectomy using as a family planning method and other subject are refers for Hysterectomy due to other disease condition.

Aims: Thyroid gland is composed of spherical follicles and thyroid parenchyma includes two major cell types, the thyrocytes releasing thyroid hormones and C cells secreting mature calcitonin. Hypothyroidism and Hyperthyroidism both have been, known to be associated with the various abnormalities of the coagulation system. Our study, had been purposed to investigate the relationship between Mean platelet volume, platelet distribution width and plateletcrit with T3, T4, TSH levels of the patients. Methods: A retrospective evaluation was conducted on 90 patients (age group from 30 to 45 years) diagnosed with hypothyroidism (n=30), hyperthyroidism (n=30) and euthyroid (n=30) for over 6 months from October 2020 – March 2021. The demographic data and T3, T4, TSH values was obtained from the patients lab reports in Saveetha Medical College and Hospital. These values was correlated with platelet indices of MPV, PDW and PCT obtained by Sysmex-XN 1000 automated analyser. Result: Females population was predominant in both hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism. On comparison of hypothyroid patients with euthyroid revealed statistically increase significant difference in plateletcrit. On comparison of hyperthyroid patients with euthyroid revealed statistically significant increase in Platelet count, MPV and plateletcrit. Conclusion: The present study, suggest that platelet parameters can be considered as a reliable markers and can be used as CVD risk evaluation parameters in hypothyroid and hyperthyroid patients due to abnormal thrombovascular activity.

A conversation is the very heart of schooling and pedagogy. Studies globally and regionally indicate a low reading and communication attainment by children, with 90% of them in 3rd world countries not attaining the average levels required. The majority across Africa struggle to read and communicate, which leads to meagre academic performance, Kenya is no exception to this trend. This scenario has been associated partly with challenges related to communication skills acquisition. Therefore, how teachers' assist learners to obtain the ability to converse is a question in this study. This study sought to explore examine the nature of classroom environment for drawing in the acquisition of communication skills in early years’ education in Kenya. The study was guided by Montesorri model and Dewey's social constructivism theory. The study adopted a pragmatic philosophical approach which allows for a mixed method research design. The study's population comprised of 6 ECDE sub-county Early Years Education program officers, 1201 EYE schools and EYE teachers and 53,276 PP2 class learners in Nandi County. The study stratified Nandi County into six sub-counties and used Yamane formula to arrive at the sample of schools. 300 teachers, one per school was purposively sampled out and 15 teachers were selected through convenience sampling for the interviews. Non-Proportionate purposive sampling was used to pick the drawings from the pupils. A census of 6 EYE program officers was picked as respondents. The research instruments used in this study were questionnaires, interview schedules and direct observational schedule. A mixed approach research design was used whereby quantitative data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics while qualitative data were analyzed using themes. There is a substantial positive relationship between the classroom nature of environments in the acquisition of communication skills (β2=0.245, p<0.05). This was supported by views of the teachers and program officers who were interviewed, and observations made on children’s drawing and the classroom environment. The study concluded that the nature of the classroom environment are not adequately prepared with content knowledge on drawing since drawing is an effective tool in EYE and teachers can utilize it to assist learners acquire their communication skills. Therefore, the study recommends refresher courses and further training, especially on how to organize and manage the EYE classrooms as stated in the EYE curriculum design, to improve the teachers' pedagogy in drawing.

The online mathematics teaching in primary schools under the background of COVID-19 epidemic is an important measure to implement the policy requirements of the Ministry of Education of "suspending classes without stopping teaching, and closing classes without stopping school". When adopting online teaching in primary school mathematics through network resources, it is not only to follow the development of the era of science and technology education, but also a science and technology park to cultivate teachers and students' innovative learning. Starting from the online teaching practice of primary school mathematics during the COVID-19 epidemic prevention and control period, this paper proposes the common problems existing in the online teaching of primary school mathematics. Finally, from the three aspects of teaching platform, teachers and students, we discuss the optimization strategy of online teaching in primary school mathematics, so as to better develop online teaching in the future, and better serve the teachers and students.