Ganin cewar da yawa daga cikin al’umma ba su san irin jerin matakan da masassaƙa kan bi ba wajen aiwatar da sassaƙa, wannan shi ya jawo hankalina domin in yi ƙoƙarin fito da waɗannan matakai daki-daki domin a fahince su. Ganin cewa kayan sassaƙa suna da yawa a ƙasar Hausa, wannan takardar ta yi ƙoƙarin duban matakan aiwatar sassaƙar turmi ne kawai a ƙasar Hausa. A ƙoƙarin haƙa ta cimma ruwa, takardar ta yi amfani da dabarun gani da ido da tambayoyi da bitar wasu ayyuka domin zaƙuro bayanan da aka tattauna a wannan takardar. An ɗora aikin a Bahaushen ra’i (hanyar gudanar da bincike), wato tunanin cewa “kowa a gida sarki ne.” An yi haka ne bayan la’akari da ɗumbin hikimomi da ke tattare da al’amarin sassaƙa. Sakamakon wannan binciken ya gano akwai a ƙalla matakai goma da masassaƙi kan bi kafin ya samar da turmi a ƙasar Hausa.

Background: Multidrug resistant Acinetobacter baumannii, (MRAB) is an important cause of hospital acquired infection. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the epidemiology and analyze the level of antibiotic resistance of Ab strains in the intensive care unit of the ibn Tofail Hospital of the Mohammed VI University Hospital of Marrakech. Material and method: This study is a retrospective review of a city hospital epidemiology data base and includes 42 isolates of Acinetobacter baumannii (AB) from 120 patients. The antibiogram was performed according to European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST) recommendations. Results: In our study, all bacteriological samples were taken from the intensive care unit. The mean age was 48.2 years with extremes ranging from 19 to 72 years.88 patients were male (73.4% of all cases) and 32 female (26.6%).The most frequent reason for hospitalization in the intensive care unit was severe head trauma in 35 cases (29%).During the study period, out of 120 samples received, 42 Ab strains were isolated (35% of samples). These strains were mainly isolated from blood cultures (40%). Conclusions: The diffusion of multi-resistant Ab strains in intensive care units seems to be alarming, hence the need to implement an effective strategy to fight nosocomial infections.

Background: In the 21st century dentistry has not only reached an epitome of great inventions but also has established a great milestone in achieving efficiency, efficacy and technological advancement. Technology has not only helped dentistry to grow in its value but also has encouraged the dentists to introduce less traumatic procedures. The course of periodontal disease is obvious by the sporadic and intermittent pattern of disease activity and inactivity showing random or alternate exacerbation and remission. Although microbes were considered to be the primary etiology, they were insufficient to cause a disease all by themselves, environmental, systemic and host response were also a part of the etiotrophic factors. Hence, to understand these complexities various assessment tools and advanced diagnostic aids were developed and introduced in practice. The various chair side diagnostic aids include Advanced Periodontal probes, Advanced radiographic diagnosis, Advanced microbial analysis, advanced immunodiagnostic techniques and molecular biological assays, Advanced biomarker identification and genetic testing and Advanced Chair side diagnostic kits. This manuscript reviews the advancement in the recent chair side diagnostic kits which are frequently studied and relied upon.

The lips represent an important role in social life as they are used to ease phonetic articulation, complement the aesthetical structure of the face and, they serve as a means of giving nutrients to the body. In certain cultures, they are crucial external signs of femininity and serve different purposes. Given the complex functions of these structures, reconstruction of labial defects presents a challenge for plastic surgeons not only in the management of tumor pathologies, but also in cases of emergency post-traumatic amputations. In the present study, we shall describe a case of labial reconstruction using a tongue flap after a post-traumatic loss of tissue in the vermilion border. The surgical reconstruction technique will be discussed and then, we will present an overview of the constraints related to the treatment of the flap and finally the initial outcome of the procedures.

Price distortion caused by taxes, duties, or subsidies distorts the consumption of various goods and services. When prices become misleading they produce wastage and provide little or no incentive for conservation. Electricity tariffs are subsidized in Gulf countries due to socioeconomic and political reasons but with ongoing petrol prices and the Covid-19 situation, Oman is slowly moving toward removing subsidies. According to the economic theory of efficient pricing, the prices of goods should be set equal to their marginal cost of production. The purpose of this paper is to provide a methodology to estimate long-run marginal cost (LRMC) at the generation level using a traditional generation expansion planning software. The approach is then applied to find LRMC for Oman’s Main Interconnected System (MIS). The LRMC at the level of generation busbar is then taken down to 132-kV, 33-kV, 11-kV, and 415-V. The LRMC calculation has shown that the power sector is highly subsidized.

Basal cell carcinoma is the most common human cancer worldwide. It‘s an epithelial cancer developed from epidermal tissue, happening most frequently from novo, localized only to the skin, with local malignancy. His prognosis is relatively good but premature management, in effect surgical excision is necessary, given its significant potential tissue destruction leading to high morbidity. Numerous clinical and histological types are reported, specifically tattooed or pigmented basal cell carcinoma which poses the differential diagnosis problem with melanoma. Here we report a case of Basal cell carcinoma of the face, inadequately treated for long time, noticed at an advanced stage.

All acneiform eruptions are not acne vulgaris. Some acneiform eruptions can be caused by fungal organisms that are usually not resolved with standard acne medications. Demodex is a skin mite, taking advantage of local and general factors to proliferate. They are ubiquitous in the skin but there is a predilection for the face. The diagnosis of demodicosis is based on a range of clinical, parasitological and therapeutic arguments. Screening for Demodex sp is essential to establish the correct diagnosis and ensure suitable treatment.

Tomatoes consumed in Gombe are contaminated with traces and heavy metals due to accumulation of these metals in soil that absorbed by crop plants, which is the most serious environmental problem with significant implications on human health. This study focused on the comparative studies on concentrations of carcinogenic and non- carcinogenic heavy metals analyzed based on WHO Permissible limits. Sample T1 Tomatoes showed mean concentrations in decreasing order of Zn = 0.094 ± 0.045 mg/kg followed by Mn = 0.0744 ± 0.0031 mg/kg then Ni = 0.0394 ± 0.0014 mg/kg, Fe = 0.0163 ± 0.00113 mg/kg, Cd = 0.0063 ± 0.00106 mg/kg, Pb = 0.0031 ± 0.0062 mg/kg, Co = 0.00152 ± 0.00126 mg/kg, As = 0 respectively. Sample T2 showed mean concentrations of heavy metals with the highest of Ni = 0.2095 ± 0.27 mg/kg followed by Zn = 0.1761 ± 0.134 mg/kg, Mn = 0.0487 ± 0.0023 mg/kg, Fe = 0.0233 ± 0.00195 mg/kg, Cd = 0.0147 ± mg/kg, Pb = 0.0047 ± 0.0062 mg/kg, Co = 0.0075 ± 0.0065 mg/kg respectively with few above WHO limits of 0.002 – 0.005mg/kg. Sample T3 Tomatoes showed mean concentrations with highest in decreasing order of Mn = 0.0829 ± 0.017 mg/kg followed by Ni = 0.0809 ± 0.00412 mg/kg, Zn = 0.0504 ± 0.0031 mg/kg, Co = 0.0225 ±0.00080 mg/kg, Cd = 0.0179 ± 0.00243 mg/kg, Fe = 0.0143 ± 0.00057 mg/kg. As = 0.0011 ± 0.000265 mg/kg, Pb = 0.0004 ± 0.000058 mg/kg respectively. Hazard Index (HI) of non-carcinogenic Heavy metals analyzed in Tomatoes samples showed highest hazard index in all the three pathways with Co = 3.64 E+ 00 followed by Pb = 2.71E+00 then Cd = 5.51E-01, Ni = 1.07E-02, Mn = 6.81E-03, As = 2.16E-03, Zn = 7.79E-04, while the lowest Hazard index was shown by Fe = 5.62E-05 indicating HI > 1 with adverse health risk in decreasing order of Co > Pb > Cd > Ni > Mn > As > Zn > Fe respectively. Cancer risk effects of carcinogenic heavy metals investigated through ingestion showed the highest cancer risk of Cd = 4.10E-05 followed by As = 3.23E-07 then Pb = 7.14E-06 with order of Cd > As > Pb > Co while cancer risk through inhalation showed the highest in Co = 1.27E-11 followed by Cd = 7.06E-12 then As = 4.76E-13, the lowest of Pb = 4.41E-14 with order of Co > Cd > As > Pb indicating that some heavy metals contaminated the tomatoes analyzed were projecting while hazard and cancer risk on human health will persisted on body systems at certain prolong time, examining of these heavy metals levels will safeguard public health.

Over recent years there is a huge growth in the area of wireless networks due to its efficient design. The word sensor is defined as component which handles & monitor different kinds of inputs from different sources such as physical and environmental conditions like pressure, heat, light, sound and vibrations etc. The output produced by the sensor will be electrical in nature and this electrical signal is further applied to various controllers for other functions. A Wireless Sensor Network is basically a form of ad-hoc network which consists of thousands of tiny sensor nodes. These wireless networks are deployed where the wired network implementation is difficult or impossible. These nodes are further distributed over a wide area such as hilly areas, forests, deserts, ocean etc. and these tiny sensors communicate or exchange data with each other by using radio signals. The WSN utilizes various communication protocols like Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, Zigbee and Ultra Wide Band techniques. Every protocol has its own speed and depending upon the distance between them, there are various problems which network can face like battery failure, effective coverage area, and effective energy utilization or node failure. In this paper, the several different methods to build energy efficient network, methods to improve the lifetime of a network, method for detection and correction of node failure and in the last the important applications are discussed.

Antimicrobial resistance is a major public health problem all over the globe. A cross sectional study in different zones of Hyderabad city was conducted with the aim of evaluating community pharmacists’ knowledge, attitude and practice (KAP) on antibiotics and antibiotic resistance. A self-administered questionnaire was developed as data collection tool. Responses were recorded and scored using 5-Point Likert Scale. Descriptive statistics, frequencies, percentages and statistical tests were used to analyse the data. Data was collected from 40 community pharmacists. Results showed that the community pharmacist had poor knowledge on antibiotics and poor antibiotic dispensing practice. About 31(78%) pharmacists never heard about the term antimicrobial resistance. Our study highlighted that there were only 15 pharmacists who considered antimicrobial resistance as a serious issue. Most of the pharmacists (n=20) agreed that antibiotics can be dispensed without prescription. Around 26 pharmacists dispense antibiotics to treat minor ailments without a prescription. The most common reason given by community pharmacists for dispensing antibiotics without prescription was, request for antibiotics by the patients. The study highlights that there is a need for the community pharmacists to update their knowledge and improve their awareness on antibiotic resistance. Short term, intensive training programs are needed to improve their knowledge and practice regarding antibiotic use and resistance.

Etherification of jute fibre with butyl chloride was carried out at a temperature of 300C for a period of 2 hours in different solvents. Sodium hydroxide was selected as swelling agent for cheap and availability. Petroleum ether was used as a solvent in this research. The degree of substitution, the percent elongation, and bundle strength and moisture regain of the butyl substituted jute fibre was studied. It is observed that the bundle strength of the butyl substituted jute fibre decreases and percentage of moisture regain of the butyl substituted jute fibre decreases with the increases of substitution. The extensibility of the butyl substituted jute fibre increases up to about 10 times of its original value of 1% extension at break with the increase of substitution.

World is constructing at a quicker pace in all dimension of innovation. The parameters, which decide the improvement has changed lots in the ongoing, past and will continue changing in future as well. Which is required adequate planning and it comes from the all intersection. However due to quick scaling work environment, organizations generally prefer to do the task in ever quicker and less expensive correspondence that disintegrates physical and group boundaries both inside nations and universally owing to short cuts in planning, more noteworthy accessibility and simpler access to statistics, and the further opening up of worldwide markets are the arrangement of reactant supremacies that is quickening the speed of social change all through the world. Activity postponements are typical an issue in the construction trade and can expand task calendars and their expenses. Ongoing examinations endeavors have concentrated on the quantitative assessment of defer impacts. Writing proposes that the development business needs extra research to deliberately relate the reasons for postponements to their effects. A customary development technique has demonstrated to be insufficient in accomplishing this objective. Mechanization and parallel working has been key mantras of heedless way development. Neglectful way the exercises without early arranging will bring about real slips by and re-working in a large portion of the cases. Innovation, association, data, instruction and beneficial abilities will, along these lines, assume a basically unequivocal job in overseeing the future course of advancement. This paper manages 360 Degree development studies, which is the need of great importance in development. Development/construction as one of the top most businesses experiences trademark changes in conveying the range as quick as conceivable which would bring about better returns. 3600 Planning is the vital key of the development business. This thought won't just affect amount anyway it additionally sway on quality parameters. Human instinct likes to concentrate on one arrangement. An alternate course of action probably won't get the consideration it needs since individuals are exclusively put resources into the grounds activity. Barely work with “Plan A" to be a fruitful and feel investing an excess of energy in a "Plan B" could conceivably undermine that achievement (Myth). As a matter of fact planning isn’t a word per se although it’s a farrago mechanism, which demands time, keenness and endorsement and interchange of dialogue so on and so forth.

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has negatively influenced gastrointestinal endoscopy practice worldwide. We aimed to evaluate its impact on the ERCP practice. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted to analyze all ERCPs performed during 2020 in our unit by comparing the first trimester of the year or the pre-pandemic period with the rest of the year or the pandemic period. Results: We performed 149 ERCPs with 65 ERCPs (43.6%) during the pre-pandemic period and 84 ERCPs (56.4%) during the pandemic period. ERCPs volumes decreased by 57% during the pandemic period in comparison with the pre-pandemic period. The most ERCP indications were common bile duct stones and malignant biliary strictures with an increase in numbers of acute cholangitis during the pandemic period (p=0.035). There was no difference regarding cannulation methods and technical success between the two periods. Conclusion: The COVID-19 pandemic has drastically affected the ERCP practice in our unit with a significant decrease in the ERCP volumes with an increase in the urgent ERCP indications.

Background: Prostate cancer (PCa) is one of the most commonly diagnosed cancers in Nigerian men and worldwide. Some comorbidities, such as hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and cardiovascular diseases, have been investigated as potential risks for developing PCa. Hypertension and Type2 diabetes mellitus (DM) are common in the middle-aged and elderly and could be a problem during treatment. Aims and Objectives: This study highlights prostate cancer-associated comorbidities and describes the relationship between Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and hypertension with prostate cancer among southern Nigerian men. Materials and Methods: This was a 10-year retrospective study on all patients with histologically confirmed prostate cancer at the University of Port Harcourt and two private Urology Hospitals. The case records of the patients were retrieved, and their age, prostate-specific antigen levels, Gleason grade, comorbidities, and treatment received were analyzed. Patients with incomplete data were excluded from the study. The data were collated using Microsoft excel 2020 and analyzed using SPSS Version 20. Results: There were a hundred and fifty-two patients with histologically confirmed PCa. Sixty-four were reported with Gleason scores. Fifty-four (35.5%) of the patients had no associated comorbidity. Hypertension was the commonest associated comorbidity observed in sixty-one (40.1%) patients, followed by Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in nineteen (12.5%). The poorly differentiated cancers were commonest among the patients with hypertension, Type 2 DM, and patients with both DM and hypertension. There was no association between Type 2 DM, hypertension, and Gleason’s score. Conclusion: Diabetes and hypertension are the most frequent comorbidities associated with Prostate cancer in our patients. There was no statistically significant association between Type 2 DM and hypertension with prostate cancer and Gleason’s score.

This study aims to analyze the direct and indirect influence of the principal 's instructional leadership, the development of learning media and teacher performance on student achievement in SMPthe State of Alalak Barito Kuala District. This research is quantitative by using inferential research method. The research population was 119 teachers from 5 schools and 92 respondents were taken as research samples with Proportional Random Sampling. Collecting data using a questionnaire instrument and data analysis using descriptive analysis, classical assumption test, multiple linear regression analysis and path analysis. The conclusion of this study is that there is a significant direct effect of instructional leadership, development of learning media and teacher performance on teacher discipline. There is an indirect influence on instructional leadership and the development of learning media through teacher performance on student achievement at SMPN Alalak District. Suggestions for future researchers can analyze research on student achievement in more depth by using more variables.