Background: The adoption of digital resources and tools at the secondary level has been a popular strategy for improving student engagement and achievement. In rural and semi-urban districts such as Osmanabad, in Maharashtra, the use of technology like smartboards, e-learning, and the blended classroom model is an indication of the educational opportunity and systemic challenge at the same time. This research aims to understand how these tools impact students’ learning within the context of the localized educational and infrastructural realities of the area. Objective: This study aimed to explore the academic influence of three main digital interventions, viz, smartboards, e-learning apps, and blended classrooms in the secondary education of students (Grades 9-10) in the Osmanabad District. It attempted to determine the effectiveness of these tools and the contextual factors that mediated their success, including the accessibility, teacher facilitation, and student motivation. Methods: Using a qualitative-descriptive method, data were generated via semi-structured interviews with 10 teachers and 80 students, and 6 non-participant classroom observations in 6 schools. The method of thematic analysis was adopted to aggregate repetitive patterns and draw an interpretive understanding. Results: It shows the smartboards facilitated concept applications and active student participation, especially in Mathematics and Science. E-learning applications were valuable to students as they enabled self-based learning, albeit constrained by access deprivation. Mixed classrooms proved to be the best model, mixing flexibility with ongoing contact with the teacher. Yet digital inequity, poor infrastructure, and differences in pedagogical preparedness determined these on the whole. Conclusion: In summary, digital learning tools have the potential to significantly boost academic outcomes, but the payoff is greatest when the tools are pedagogically integrated, equitably available, and supported by trained educators. The findings of this study have implications for policy interventions that need to strike a balance between the advancement of technology and human-centred support for learning, particularly in underprivileged areas such as Osmanabad.

Delta variant is a variant of concern that WHO is tracking and monitoring around the world. It's a variant of concern because we know it has increased transmissibility. This has been demonstrated by several countries. And we know that where the Delta variant is identified, it really rapidly takes off and spreads between people more efficiently than even the Alpha variant that was first detected around December, January 2021. This review highlights the emergence of Delta variant among Indian populations.

The demands of the twenty-first century have reshaped expectations for STEM education, highlighting the need for approaches that emphasize active participation, critical thinking, and interdisciplinary problem-solving. This paper examines the integration of active learning and inquiry-based science education (IBSE) as a strategy to enhance student engagement and achievement across STEM disciplines. Drawing exclusively from secondary sources published in 2021 or earlier, the study synthesizes theoretical foundations, instructional supports, and empirical outcomes associated with these pedagogies. The 5E instructional model and use of digital technologies are explored as effective frameworks for inquiry implementation, while formative assessment is presented as a tool for supporting student learning and reflection. Key enablers such as teacher professional development, curriculum alignment, and institutional support are discussed, along with evidence illustrating improvements in inquiry skills, especially in data interpretation and experimental design. The paper also highlights challenges, including limited progress in hypothesis formulation and systemic barriers to sustained implementation. Findings suggest that when active learning and inquiry-based approaches are embedded intentionally and supported adequately, they significantly enhance the quality and equity of STEM education. Recommendations are offered for expanding access to inquiry-rich instruction and fostering a culture of curiosity, reflection, and scientific reasoning in classrooms.

Ancient documents play an important role in history. Various information regarding the literature, tradition and culture is kept in these documents. These heaps of documents are degraded because of some climatic circumstances, low quality and inappropriate holding. This paper reviews on the techniques used to retrieve the necessary content from these ancient documents. The techniques include preprocessing, image binarization, thresholding methods and post processing methods. Further, during scanning the document it can get corrupted with some unwanted lines or signals termed as noise that should be eliminated.

Background: Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) is a common endocrine disorder affecting women of reproductive age, often linked to weight gain and metabolic issues. Managing weight effectively reduces PCOS symptoms and enhances reproductive and metabolic health. This study seeks to assess the effects of a structured weight management program on clinical and metabolic parameters in women with PCOS. Methods: This pre-and post-observational study was conducted at Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University, Bangladesh, from January 2016 to December 2019. A total of 200 women diagnosed with PCOS are included in this study. Data were collected before and after a 12-week intervention focused on lifestyle modification, including dietary counselling and physical activity. Anthropometric, clinical, and metabolic variables were assessed. Data analysis was performed using SPSS (version 25.0). Paired t-tests were used to compare pre-and post-intervention outcomes, with a significance threshold of p < 0.05. Results: Significant post-intervention improvements were observed in the metabolic, hormonal, menstrual, and psychological parameters in women with PCOS. Reductions were noted in fasting glucose (4.9 ± 0.7 mmol/L), insulin (10.4 ± 3.8 μU/mL), and total testosterone (1.8 ± 0.3 nmol/L). Ovulation frequency increased (3.2 ± 1.7 cycles/year), while depression and anxiety scores significantly declined (p < 0.01 across parameters). Conclusion: A structured weight management approach effectively enhances clinical symptoms and metabolic profiles in women with PCOS. These results highlight the significance of lifestyle intervention as a primary treatment strategy in managing PCOS.

Diabetes mellitus is defined as a group of chronic metabolic diseases that are characterized by chronic hyperglycemia and other related metabolic disturbances. It is caused either by relative/absolute insulin deficiency or cellular resistance to insulin action, or both. Due to delay in the diagnosis process, and fear of the disease and its investigative procedure by some patients, diabetes mellitus has become the major cause of death. The most commonly employed investigative procedure to diagnose diabetes mellitus and controlling glycemia is blood investigation. Unfortunately, the procedure is invasive, painful, and may cause discomfort to patients due to the need for frequent testing. Consequently, a noninvasive, much simpler, and painless procedure is very desirable. Saliva represents an attractive alternative sample and offers a distinct advantage as it can be collected noninvasively and easily without special skill, and is low cost. The present review has found more studies with a positive correlation between blood and salivary glucose concentrations than those with a negative correlation. The difference between these studies' findings may be attributed to the difference in study population and criteria of selection, samples (saliva and blood) collecting methods, analyzing methods, and influencing factors that should be considered before the test.

Background: Upper lumbar disc herniation (ULDH), affecting the L1–L2 and L2–L3 levels, is relatively uncommon but often presents with atypical symptoms, making diagnosis and treatment challenging. Given its proximity to the conus medullaris and the narrower spinal canal in the upper lumbar region, even small disc herniations can produce significant neurological deficits. Aim: This study aimed to evaluate the clinical characteristics, surgical management, and outcomes of patients with ULDH treated at a tertiary care hospital in Bangladesh. Method: A retrospective review was conducted on 100 patients diagnosed with ULDH and treated surgically at a Tertiary Medical College Hospital in Bangladesh from January 2020 to December 2020. Patient data including demographics, presenting symptoms, radiological findings, surgical technique, and postoperative outcomes were analyzed. All patients underwent microdiscectomy or laminectomy based on clinical and radiological findings. Follow-up was conducted for six months postoperatively. Results: The mean age was 52.4 ± 11.6 years, with a male predominance (61%). Most patients presented with anterior thigh pain (78%), lower limb weakness (42%), and bladder dysfunction (12%). The most common disc level affected was L2–L3 (67%). Microdiscectomy yielded better recovery in patients with isolated disc herniation, while laminectomy was used for calcified or migrated discs. Significant improvement in VAS and ODI scores was noted postoperatively (p < 0.001). Only 5% of patients developed complications such as dural tear or superficial wound infection. Conclusion: ULDH, though rare, presents unique diagnostic and surgical challenges. Early surgical intervention tailored to the disc pathology results in favorable neurological and functional outcomes. Recognizing its atypical symptoms and imaging findings is crucial for timely and effective treatment.

This study examined the relationship between opportunity-sensing capability and entrepreneurial mindset of domestic airlines in Nigeria. The study adopted an explanatory cross sectional survey research design which was carried out at the organizational level of analysis. The population of this study was the nine (9) operational scheduled domestic airline operators in Nigeria. The managers involved were: Station Manager, Cabin Service Manager, Director of Airline Services, Operations Manager and Regional Manager. The study adopted the entire population as a census. The reliability of the instrument was ascertained using the Cronbach alpha reliability instrument with all items scoring above 0.70. The Spearman Rank Order Correlation Coefficient was utilized to establish the level of relationship as hypothesized with the aid of Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 23.0. Findings revealed that there is a significant relationship between opportunity sensing capability and entrepreneurial mindset of domestic airlines in Nigeria. It was concluded that opportunity sensing capability supports entrepreneurial mindset of domestic airlines in Nigeria. It was recommended that Domestic airlines must engage in opportunity sensing behaviours such as new exploration, support new ideas, experiment, and stimulate creativity, and must seize business opportunities in the market proactively and obtain first-mover advantages by entering unexplored domains.

Background: Gender inequality in the nursing workforce is still a big issue, especially in rural areas such as Osmanabad, Maharashtra. Even though nursing is a profession dominated by women, women are still confronting systemic obstacles to leadership, to pay equity, and to a safe workplace. These differences are exacerbated by cultural standards, restricted institutional assistance, and a lack of resources in rural health care facilities. Objectives: Considering the background, this study is planned to look into the magnitude of gender inequality of nurses in the district of Osmanabad. More specifically, these aims will: identify gender differences in recruiting, role assignment, and career advancement; measure acts of violence and the effect of perceptions of unsafe work settings; provide practical strategies to move toward gender equity within rural nursing. Methods: The present study was conducted using a mixed methods approach with both quantitative and qualitative data generation. Stratified purposive sampling was employed to select a sample of 60 registered nurses working at PHCs, CHCs, and the District Hospital, Osmanabad. Information was collected using questionnaires, semi-structured interviews, and focus group discussions. The quantitative data were processed with SPSS, and the qualitative data were subjected to thematic analysis. Results: Female nurses were predominantly represented, although not in leadership roles, and female nurses were significantly underpaid compared with their male colleagues. Women experienced workplace violence more often compared to night shifts. Emotional exhaustion, professional inertia, and a wish for change were depicted in qualitative accounts. Conclusions: Sex disparities in the nursing workforce existed in Osmanabad and are indicative of wider systemic imbalances in rural health care. Overcoming these inequalities through enabling policies, mentorship programs, and community engagement is crucial in strengthening nursing and healthcare. The report highlights the requirement for gender transformative interventions suitable for rural areas.

Background: Hand washing is the most effective way to stop bacterial transmission and lower the risk of infections related to medical care. Hospital acquired infections (HAI) are known to transmit from patient to patient and within the healthcare environment most frequently from healthcare personnel. It has been proven that healthcare workers' hand hygiene practices are an effective way to lower the incidence of hospital acquired infections. Aim: A study to assess Knowledge practice and attitude regarding hand hygiene among health care professionals. Methods: The study used a cross-sectional research design. The New Najran General Hospital served as the study's location and to choose the 100 samples, a consistent sampling technique was applied. The WHO's hand hygiene questionnaire for healthcare workers was utilized as the research instrument for the study to evaluate healthcare professionals' knowledge, behavior, and attitudes toward hand hygiene. Statistics, both descriptive and inferential, were used to calculate the results. Results: The knowledge, practice, and attitude on towards hand cleanliness was adequate and the practice score was 3.72 with a standard deviation of 0.514, and the overall mean total knowledge score was 8.36 with a standard deviation of 1.599. The attitude rating was 2.48, with a 1.176 standard deviation. Conclusion: The results of this study showed that healthcare workers at New Najran General Hospital have acceptable knowledge, attitudes, and hand hygiene practices. We advocate for the supply of these necessities as well as teaching sessions to help caregivers and patients understand the value of hand washing

The focus of this research is the actual economic development of Arunachal Pradesh prior to 2021. The research has a three-fold focus: (a) the nature of the economy at the sectoral level; (b) the level of economic development across districts; and (c) the factors that are empirically found to promote economic development. The research uses secondary data that is collected from official sources such as NITI Aayog, Reserve Bank of India (RBI), and the Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation (MOSPI) in order to identify changes in GSDP at constant prices, contributions of sectors to the economy as a whole, and per capita income. It also employs an econometric framework to measure the impacts of the infrastructure, amount of public resources expended, and output by sectors. The research determined that there has been moderate but steady real economic growth in the state due to the service sector growing as a whole and due to a combination of increased investment by the state in the form of public investment. However, major inter-district differences and industrial structure impediments continue to exist. The research concludes by offering viable policy alternatives to promote sustainable and inclusive economic growth in Arunachal Pradesh.

Introduction: Comprehensive management of TMJ ankylosis including restoration of form, function and aesthetics is a challenging aspect for Oral & Maxillofacial Surgeon. Various treatment modalities have been reported in the literature with their merits, demerits and diverse success rate. Materials and Method: We report our experience in reconstruction of Ramal Condylar Unit (RCU) in temporomandibular joint ankylosis patients in a retrospective review. A total of 06 cases of TMJ ankylosis were included in the review. The cases were managed in our tertiary care centre from June 2019 to June 2020. Demographic distribution of the patients, preoperative findings, surgical modalities used for RCU reconstruction and postoperative outcome were recorded and compared. Results: Average mouth opening increased from 8.5 mm pre-operatively to 29.5 mm 3 months postoperatively. 02 cases of Sawhney’s type I and II ankylosis were managed by interpositional gap arthroplasty using temporalis myofascial flap. 01 case of Sawhney’s type I ankylosis was managed by gap arthroplasty interposed with dermis-fat graft. 02 cases of Sawhney’s type III ankylosis were managed by osteoarthrectomy and reconstruction of RCU by costochondral graft. In 01 case with Sawhney’s type III ankylosis, functional joint was reconstructed using distraction osteogenesis. We encountered 01 case of recurrence in a case managed by costochondral grafting. Conclusion: Amongst the various modalities suggested in the literature, the RCU reconstruction with distraction osteogenesis and costochondral grafting provide best result functionally and aesthetically. The diagnosis, timely management and post-operative follow up are the key to success in TMJ ankylosis.

The teacher is the main component that determines the quality of the education process. Therefore, teacher performance becomes the main aspect that is of concern to everyone. In this case, the principal has an important role as the spearhead to improve teacher performance. This can be done through his leadership which can create a conducive work culture and create a good working environment. This study aims to describe and analyze: (1) Principal transformational leadership, work culture, work environment and teacher performance; (2) the influence of transformational leadership on work culture; (3) the influence of transformational leadership on the work environment; (4) the influence of transformational leadership on teacher performance; (5) the influence of work culture on teacher performance; (6) the influence of the work environment on teacher performance; (7) the influence of transformational leadership on teacher performance through work culture; (8) the influence of transformational leadership on teacher performance through the work environment. This research uses descriptive-quantitative research method. The number of samples in this study were 115 teachers. The data collection instrument is a questionnaire that has fulfilled the validity and reliability test requirements. Analysis of the data to test the hypothesis using path analysis. Based on the results of this study it was found that there is a direct influence of: (1) principal transformational leadership on a work culture of 0.832, (2) principal transformational leadership on a work environment of 0.957, (3) principal transformational leadership on teacher performance of 0.847, ( 4) work culture on teacher performance of 0.752, (5) work environment on teacher performance of 0.798, (6) indirect influence of principal transformational leadership on teacher performance through work culture of 0.626, (7) principal transformational leadership on teacher performance through work environment of 0.762. The conclusion of the research is that there is an influence of the principal's transformational leadership, work culture and work environment on the performance of public high school teachers throughout the city of Banjarbaru. It is recommended for principals to optimize the role of leadership through transformational leadership in order to improve work culture, work environment and teacher performance. Teachers are expected to always improve their performance, especially in the teaching and learning process.

Objective: Describe the characteristics of patients admitted to the otolaryngology emergency department for an episode of epistaxis and analyze epidemiological, clinical, endoscopic data between the two groups in order to establish a model that predicts the risk factors associated to epistaxis. Methods: prospective study including 161 adult patients spread over a month in the department of otolaryngology; interesting two groups; patients who had epistaxis (group 1) and those who had another emergency (control group = group 2) in the same study period .A comparison was made of age, sex, time of consultation, surgical or traumatic history, taking medication (anticoagulants, nasal corticoids), hemodynamic parameters at admission (blood pressure, pulse, hemoglobin). Intergroup variations were analyzed using t student and chi-square tests. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression were used to establish a predictive model of occurrence of epistaxis. Results: Univariate logistic regression confirmed that the occurrence of epistaxis was associated with male gender, consultation during the night, an history of High Blood pressure (BP) or Coagulopathy, a high Mean systolic BP, a high Mean diastolic BP, high Cardiac frequency or a low Hemoglobin level at admission. According to the multivariate logistic analysis, the predictive factors of epistaxis despite were: male gender (OR =0.089, 95% CI [0.008-0.978], p = 0.048), history of high blood pressure (OR = 0.009, 95% CI [0.00-0.236], p = 0.005). Furthermore, the multivariate analysis excluded the effect of age, history of cardiovascular disease, or anticoagulants. Conclusion: The only predictive factors of epistaxis were male gender, and arterial Hypertension.

Teacher’s Work Performance is the main factor in learning process, in other word, when there is an improvement in the quality of education, it cannot be separated from the teacher’s role as the main factor in the whole educational process. There are a lot of factors that has important roles in giving contribution to this work performance, for example: Transformational Leadership factor, Work Environment, and Job Satifaction. The purpose of this study was to analyze the direct and indirect relationship between Principal Transformational Leadership, Work Environment, Job Satisfaction with Teacher Performance at Public Elementary Schools in Mataraman District, Banjar Regency. This study uses a descriptive-quantitative research method. The number of samples used for this study is 118 teachers. The instrument for data collection is questionnaire that already fulfills the requirement of validity and reability test. The data analysis for testing the correlations in this study uses Path Analysis (Analisis Jalur). According to this study, it is shown that there is a direct correlation between: (1) principal’s transformational leadership and teacher’s work performance by 0.479, (2) principal’s transformational leadership and job satisfaction by 0.506, (3) work environment and teacher’s work performance by 0.588, (4) work environment and job satisfaction by 0.633, (5) job satisfaction and teacher’s work performance by 0.627, (6) principal’s transformational leadership and teacher’s work performance through job satisfaction by 0.317, (7) work environment and teacher’s work performance through job satisfaction by 0.397. The conclusion of this study is that there is a correlation between Principal’s Transformational Leadership, Work Environment, Job Satisfaction and Teacher’s Work Performances at State Elemantary Schools in Mataraman District, Banjar Regency. It is recommended for the Principals that this research can be used as an input for a consideration to improve and increase the leadership behavior/role at school in order to make an improvement in work environment either physical or non-physical, job satisfaction which will have effects to the improvement of teacher’s work performance. For the teachers, it is expected that this study can be a self-reflection and as an input to create a profuctive working environment, improve job satisfaction and work performance.