The study analyses the dynamics of public debt composition in SADC. Following years of external debt explosion in the 1980s, countries restructured public debt in the 1990s after adopting the HIPC programme. Using a combination of analytical narratives approach and pattern models, the study found that since the adoption of HIPC in 1996, some SADC countries shifted from external to domestic debt and had relatively low debt ratios as compared to crisis period. However, a puzzle has been observed, even though debt is low; the region has higher debt service under low debt regime as compared to high debt period. Middle income countries are accumulating expensive private debt. Countries that traditionally relied on domestic and private external debt have relatively stable growth rates as compared to those that have shifted from external to domestic debt. The study recommends that countries should ensure a well-diversified debt portfolio composition over time.

Obesity is the precursor of many diseases which affects the human health. This condition of overweight and obesity affects the poor section of society as well as the rich to same extent. There is no age barr for occurrence of obesity and its related co-morbidities. Among the world all the countries are facing this problem. In India this ailment is observed but no proper treatment or management is done among the obese population. The present research work tries to focus on the using pattern of anti-obesity drugs in young population. The clinical study was carried out on 450 respondents undergoing the obesity treatment. The outcome of the present research indicates the off-labeled use of obesity medication. Moreover, less clinical response and long term therapy resulted in premature discontinuation in large number of respodents.

Animal diseases can easily be transmitted into human by some causative agents and it has great economic losses in the universe. Fowl Cholera is a chronic disease caused by Pasteurella Multocida which basically effects the joints, wattles, infraohits, sinuses and other tissues. Fowl Cholera disease is transmitted by discharges from the carrier birds, cannibalism of the dead birds or infected droppings, as well as by dirty feedstuff, equipment, clothing, water. Infectious Bronchitis disease is widely spread disease and it causes serious deaths in flock and it covers half of flock in minimum duration of time. Capri poxvirus is a viral disease and it has three different mode of infection which effects on ruminants such as sheep pox, the goat pox and the lumpy skin disease. Capropoxvirus has several modes of transmission in living organism through mating, aquatic life animals and from animal to animal which causes necrotic lesion or death of tissues in chronic cases of virus. Sheep pox and goat pox are diseases of small ruminants with contagious viral infections. This viral disease has harmful impacts on sheep and goats in endemic areas. Lumpy skin disease (is actually skin problems created viral disease which mostly shows infection in cattle and water buffalo. Rift Valley fever (RVF) is a viral zoonosis which effects animal at initial stage and then have capability to transmit in humans.

Stomata are made up of pairs of special epidermis cells called guard-cells. Stomata control the loss of water and monitor the gas exchange between the environment and plant by adjusting stomatal pores size. Stomata closure is a common response of plants when they are attacked by herbivores. Long-term or extreme water-stress in the orange trees can result in leaf drop, continuous branch tips drying, and a substantial decrease in the yield of fruit owing to fruit and also flowers abscission. The tissues of leaf can become susceptible to a bacterial incursion during the period of strong photosynthetic-activity and the transpiration, as that physiological process depends on the extensively opened stomata. Genomic editing is a revolutionary technique that allows the scientists to produce new crop types with the greater precision and focus. Modifications that were made previously by the traditional breeding can now be made more easily and quickly using genomic editing tools. Viral infections are hard to control, and the chemical treatment does not eliminate them. Many of the deadly and commercially significant viral infections in the crops can benefit from the use of GE technology to develop viral intervention tactics.

Introduction: Colorectal cancers are a major cause of cancer-related deaths around the world. The most common malignancy of the stomach, comprising more than 90% of all gastric cancers. Usually for staging colon cancers preoperatively, radiological images and multiple blood tests are used. Radiological tests, on the other hand, are both difficult and costly to use. Efficient markers are needed for early diagnostic staging in colon cancers. In our study we aim at predicting the grade of colon cancer and prognosis preoperatively by analysing the hematological parameters, which are simple, cost effective and easy to apply. Materials and method: A retrospective study was carried out in line with research regulations, including the approval of the Ethical committee. This study included 61 patients operated in tertiary care hospital during the period of January 2018 and January 2021.For the diagnosis of colorectal cancer, the clinical data was obtained from histopathology request forms, department of radiology and histopathological examination. The hematological parameters were generated from Sysmex XN 1000 autoanalyser. These hematological parameters (hemoglobin, RBC count, MPV, PLR, NLR, PCV, MCV, MCHC, RDW, Platelets, TLC, Absolute neutrophil count, neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, basophils ) were standardized by routine external and internal quality control checks. Results: In this study, gender and age distribution, female patients were predominant and age group between 51 to 60 was commonly affected. Colorectal cancer was graded based on histopathological differentiation, 19 were found to be of grade1, 27 patients of grade 2 and 15 patients of grade 3. Majority of colorectal cancer were histological grade 2. On correlation, there was significant increase in total leucocyte count, platelet count, MPV, PLR, NLR in higher grades of colorectal cancer. Moreover, there was decrease in haemoglobin, PCV, RDW in higher grades of colorectal cancer. Conclusion: Since hematological parameters are easily accessible inflammatory markers, they may be used to determine the prognosis of the colorectal cancer in association with histopathological grading of cancer.

Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious diseases caused by an intracellular pathogen called Mycobacterium tuberculi. It is a disease prevalent worldwide for its vulnerability, magnitude and morbidity factors. With the advancement in the field of medical science, it is still a serious global public health problem and it is in the top 10 causes of mortality particularly in the underdeveloped countries. Besides the other deadly diseases, TB remains on the horizon of public health, mainly due to its persistence and high rates in communities living in poverty and on the margins of social exclusions. While assessing the challenges due to covid -19 pandemic, simultaneously management of tuberculosis and current strategies adopted to mitigate them.

Introduction: Teenage pregnancy is the problem of both developed and developing countries. In developed country modernization may contribute to unwanted pregnancy as a result of relaxation of traditional, cultural norms prohibiting premarital sexual activity. But in our country early marriage, ignorance, illiteracy, lack of adequate healthcare facilities, failure to seek family planning advice due to social taboos and shyness are the cause of this problem. Objective: To evaluate perinatal outcome of adolescent pregnancy and labour. Methods: This is a prospective case control study was carried out in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology of Dhaka Medical College Hospital, Dhaka Bangladesh from 1st January 2008 to 1st July 2008.A total number of 100 adolescent pregnant women who satisfied the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Purposive consecutive sampling from admitted patients. One hundred pregnant women of 15 to 19 years case group and One hundred pregnant women of 20 to 35 years control group who were admitted into the hospital during the same period. Results: The overall percentage of adolescent mother during this study period among total 4592 obstetric cases admitted in Dhaka Medical College Hospital (DMCH) is 5.75% (264 cases were teenagers and 4202 were between 20-35 years old control group). Statistics significant test for difference in proportions were conducted in some of the events of both groups. Above table shows majority of adolescent mothers were between more than 17 years up to 19 years (88%). In control group majority from age 20-30 years (76%). Above tables shows 38% adolescent mothers were illiterate, 32% had primary education, 8% had secondary education and 22% could sign only. In control 20% illiterate, 24% could sign only, 38% had primary education and 18% had secondary education.54% of adolescent mothers has normal vaginal delivery,4% had assisted breech delivery, 2% had forcep delivery, 4% had ventouse delivery and 36% had caesarean section. Whereas in control group caesarean section was 38% and normal vaginal delivery 59%.foetal conditions were noted. 60% of neonates of adolescent mothers were healthy and 76% of neonates of older mothers were healthy. The differentiation was statistically significant between two groups (P<0.05). Conclusion: From our study we can say that, in order to improve the teenage health periodic information, education, community activities, ANC camps to be held at primary health care centers. Further study is needed for better outcome.

Background: Hysterectomy is most common gynaecological surgery done for various indications varying from AUB, fibroid uterus to malignancies. It can be done by abdominal or vaginal route and with the help of laparoscopy. Laparoscopic assisted vaginal hysterectomy (LAVH) and total laparoscopic hysterectomy (TLH) although gaining more popularity now a days, though it is associated with higher cost, longer duration of operation, and need general anaesthesia moreover ureteric injury, bladder injury, and anesthetic complications were more in laparoscopic assisted hysterectomy (LAVH) group when compared to abdominal and vaginal hysterectomies. In addition LAVH was accomplished in twice the time required for vaginal hysterectomy. Most common indication for hysterectomy being excessive menstrual blood loss due to hormonal reasons or fibroids (size more often not exceeding 12 weeks). The need for safer and less expensive route of surgery would be a better option for these kind of patients. The aim of the study was to analyse the safety, feasibility and to study the indication and the complications of non-descent vaginal hysterectomy. Methodology: This is a retrospective cohort study. 120 women who underwent non-descent vaginal hysterectomy in the department of OBGY, Smt. Kashibai Navale Medical college and General Hospital, Pune, India were included in the study. Patient’s records were retrieved. Data regarding patient’s age, parity, indications for hysterectomy, and uterine size in weeks, previous surgeries in the past, duration of surgery and complications were recorded. Data collected on a semi structured proforma and the same was analysed using suitable statistical analysis. Results: A total of 120 cases were operated for different indications. Among the study participants majority were in the age group of 41-45 years (56 i.e 46.7%). Most common indication for hysterectomies were Abnormal uterine bleeding (AUB) (54 i. e 45%), followed by fibroid uterus (30 i.e 25%). The mean duration of surgery time taken was 60+10 minutes. Majority of the women who underwent hysterectomies had bulky uterus (70%). Complications were very few. Fever, UTI (urinary tract infection) and headache were seen in 5% cases. There were two cases of vault sepsis and one case of upper respiratory tract infection (URTI). In one patient vaginal hysterectomy could not be completed and abdominal hysterectomy was carried out. Mean hospital duration was 4 days. Conclusion: Vaginal hysterectomy appears to be safe and feasible in most of the women requiring hysterectomy for benign conditions with minimum complications and shorter hospital stay.

This descriptive cross-sectional design study aimed to assess the awareness level of nurses regarding the management of stroke patients in Rajshahi Medical College Hospital. A simple random sampling technique selected the 296 senior staff nurses who met the inclusion criteria. The study period was January 2018 to July 2018. The instruments consisted of the demographic questionnaire and awareness level of nurses regarding the management of stroke questionnaire. The researcher developed all questionnaires from the literature reviews. This study result indicated that the mean age of the subjects was 30.1, with an SD of 8.9. Their age range was 21-56 years. Most of the subjects, 232 (78.4%) was female and fewer males 64 (21.6%). Principles of management of stroke management include airway, breathing and circulation management (ABC management), specified by most 290 (98.0%) of the respondents. An equal portion of the respondent mentioned semi-prone position 264 (89.2%) and fluid management 264 (89.2%). The awareness level of nurses regarding the management of stroke revealed that (63%) of the respondents had satisfactory levels (20%) excellent and (17%) had low awareness regarding management of stroke. It had been seen that nurses did not answer some part of the questions, in which they needed reinforcement. This could be done by engaging them in continuous learning through the various approach to the training program. This finding suggests that the nurse's awareness need to be increased up to the highest possible mark to ensure safe and quality health care services regarding stroke management.

Introduction: Organophosphates (OP) are used as insecticides in agricultural and domestic settings throughout the world. The mechanism of action is through the inhibition of the enzyme acetyl cholinesterase, leading to the accumulation of acetylcholine at cholinergic synapses. On a worldwide basis, pesticides are responsible for hundreds and thousands of cases of acute poisoning and many thousands of deaths each year. Objective: To evaluation of autopsy study of organo phosphorus poisoning in patients. Method: This retrospective type of study was conducted among 75 patients who fulfilled criteria from Forensic Medicine Dept. Sir Salimullah Medical College & Mitford Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh from July-2015 to July-2017. Results: During the study, 58% patients were male, which was 16% higher than female. 52.11% worked as an agriculture area/ farmer. Also, 76% people used organo phosphorus for suicide and 24% people used it accidentally. Conclusion: From our study we can conclude that, organophosphorus is a self-poisoning important clinical problem in developing world. Because of limited guide therapy, properly study is needed for seeking treatment which could help to reduce mortality and morbidity.

An attempt has been made to examine Robert Frost's realism in his poems. Autobiographical elements, as well as the environment around him, find eloquence in his poems. His practical experiences of life tend him to choose his subjects in composing poems. Frost's poems seem to be very simple in the surface meaning, but a careful survey of his works vividly reveals his magnanimity as a poet. A critical study of his poetry testimonies him to be a true judge of various critical aspects of the everyday experiences of human beings. Frost employs an easily understandable simple diction and a liberal writing style, but within the encompassment of simplicity, layers of meaning can be unfolded. The characters that throng his poems are viewed as real people with real struggles in real life. It is well-known that Frost's poems are highly condensed with thematic interpretation, and simultaneously, the same reader can interpret his poems in multiple ways. The present paper aims at critically examining Frost's realistic approaches in the elevation of human nature under the broad spectrum of human life. This article also avoids the poems of Frost abounded with absolute imagination because fancy and imagination provide a transitory relief to the disturbed soul, and the ultimate fate of the individuals is to submit the reality. Frost himself individually appears to be a realist. Hence, Frost's poems claim the interpretation concerning realism and, with this end in view, to present article is tried out for.

Workplace Mental Health Disorders can affect health if there is an inappropriate interaction between the type and content of the work, the organizational environment and the worker's capabilities. The objective was to determine the relationship between labor psychosocial factors and psychic disorders in workers of a Garments Factory. According to the National Mental Health Survey conducted by WHO in 2013–2015 about 16.05 percent of the adult population in the country are suffering from mental disorders. ICDDR, B's review in 2019 bumped that number to a prevalence range between 16–31 percent. Regrettably, the inference that can be drawn is that up to 50.5 million Bangladeshis are either unemployed, or are actively hiding their mental illness related issues at work. Labor psychosocial factors can affect health if there is an inappropriate interaction between the type and content of the work, the organizational environment and the worker's capabilities. The objective was to determine the relationship between labor psychosocial factors and psychic disorders in workers of a garments factory. This is an observational, cross-sectional and analytical study in Asrotex Limited and Taqwa Fabrics Limited, Gazipur, Bangladesh from August to September -2021. The data were collected with the both Garments Factories at Work instrument and the Goldberg General Health Questionnaire. 110 workers participated, 54% were women and 46% men. 40% perceived the presence of negative psychosocial factors at medium level, the most frequent being the labor requirements and the role of the worker. In relation to mental health, 15% were considered as a “case”, the most frequent disorders were: sleep disturbances, anxiety and depression and behavior disorders. Psychosocial factors were related to anxiety and depression (p<0.05). The relationship between occupational psychosocial factors and psychic disorders was confirmed.

Bioethical discussions are of particular importance to the legal and social debate. They relate to the themes that are important for people: health, safety, happiness and conscience. One of the most recognizable bioethical topics is the problem of the possibility of using abortion. In many countries, this issue provoked a lot of discussion, led to social protests and influenced the change of law. In Poland, for over 30 years, there has been a discussion about the possibility of terminating pregnancy for women. Many discussions focused on specific options for taking such action. We are talking about cases in which: the woman's life is at risk, pregnancy resulted, for example, as a result of rape, there is a suspicion that the child will develop a serious illness. The last possibility of abortion for many years was the basis for termination of pregnancies by women. The change in Polish law (as a result of a ruling by the Constitutional Tribunal) makes it impossible to have an abortion on the basis of a fetal defect. For many years, it was this context that was the main theme cited by both supporters and opponents of abortion. Both sides of the dispute drew attention to the suffering of both the woman and the developing organism of the child. However, the topic of the patient was rarely mentioned in these discussions. When we talk about the physiological state of pregnancy, who do we mean by the word patient? How many recipients of medical services are there then? Who then has rights as a patient? Is it just a pregnant woman or her unborn child? Who is diagnosed by a doctor? Can the patient's perspective be a common ground for supporters and opponents of abortion? The article will attempt to answer these questions. It will be based on the example of Poland, where the topic of abortion is still a detailed element of social, political and legal discussion.

Defining the profile of runners for medium and long distances, in addition to adequate analysis of anthropometric characteristics, body composition, involves the detection and evaluation of motor (physical) abilities, which are often defined by the term fitness profile. Based on good detection, analysis and evaluation of these parameters, it is possible to propose and define the so-called future fitness model runners. The results will be all the more relevant if the fitness profile of top-level runners is evaluated with notable results. The current study analyzes the fitness profile of U.G., a middle and long distance runner who has exceptional results at the national level in the 3000m (8:37.06min) and 5000m (15:04.05min).

The city of Yamoussoukro has several abandoned green spaces that have been gradually nibbled away by city dwellers. The aim of the study carried out in this city was to evaluate the diversity of plant species present in these abandoned green spaces and to measure their carbon stock. To do this, a floristic inventory was carried out based on the surface survey plus the roving survey. The diameters at breast height (DBH) of individuals larger than 2.5 cm were measured. The biomass and carbon stock of the trees were assessed using a set of allometric equations from the literature. In total, 4687 individuals were counted, of which 1473 individuals have a DBH ≥ 2.5 cm. The number of species present in these areas is 328. The presence of species with conservation status and the relatively high carbon stock (302.11 t/h) show their importance in the urban environment.