The introduction of jazz and blues in the United States of America influenced the works of Afro American writers both in content and form. These jazz and blues musical songs were used as mediums to protest against racism, class, gender and other inhuman practices meted on the blacks in the United States. Although these songs were not formally written, they became a source of inspiration for writers afterwards in terms of themes and style. The later writers who changed to formal literature borrowed from the themes and styles of these jazz and blues musicians. This paper is signicant because it has examined the thematic preoccupation of June Jordan’ Directed by Desires and Richard Wright's novel, Native Son. Findings show that both writers were thematically and stylistically influenced by the jazz and blues era of art in Af ro American Literature. Data for this essay was collected via qualitative research methodology, while the postcolonial theory was adopted for analysis. The paper submits that themes of racism, class, gender and protest were features of the jazz and blues era which later writers modelled their works after.

The review was undertaken to evaluate the development of COVID-19 vaccines in India. This review highlights the different types of platforms to develop COVID-19 vaccines, about the safety and efficacy of available COVID-19 vaccines and various strategies applied by government to increase vaccination doses in India. The analysis was done based on data extraction from online electronic databases and utilized all the data available from the WHO, CDC, Indian Government and State Government official portal for COVID-19 vaccines. Search engines like Google Scholar and PubMed were thoroughly searched for keywords like term “COVID-19 vaccines [AND] India, COVID-19 vaccine development [AND] India”, “COVID-19 vaccine Safety and efficacy [AND] India”, “COVID-19 vaccination [AND] India”. Forty articles were searched based on titles, 10 were excluded after reading the abstract. After scrutinizing all retrieved data only ten highly relevant articles were included in the final analysis. Data available from official portal for COVID-19 vaccination daily updates were collected and used as source data for the current study. Hence the data given in the study completely available from the public source. Despite significant increases in the number of well-trained health personnel, facilities, and sophisticated medical equipment, as well as increased access to and sharing of up-to-date scientific and medical information in many countries, the COVID-19 pandemic has proven that pandemic preparedness remains a major global issue that must be addressed urgently.

Background: Retropulsion and stone fragment migration is a problem with lithotripsy especially for proximal and mid-ureteric calculi during ureteroscopy, leading to increased operative time, costs, and additional procedures. To overcome this drawback, many strategies have been developed, one of which is the use of anti-retropulsion devices like the stone cone. Objective: To describe our initial experience with the use of the stone cone during holmium laser lithotripsy in a patient with proximal and mid-ureteric stone for preventing retropulsion. Method: This is a retrospective study carried out on six consecutive patients with proximal with uncommon proximal ureteric stone over a 2year period ureteric stone. TPatients with distal ureteric stone were excluded. The Boston Scientific Stone Cone Nitinol Retrieval Coil was passed beyond the stone and deployed under fluoroscopy to prevent proximal stone and fragment migration. Holmium laser lithotripsy was then carried out. The fragments were removed with graspers and the stone cone was then removed. A double J stent was passed in all cases for about two to a month week and removed. The total operating time was noted. The data on the patient’s age, sex, stone size, Hounsfield, and stone clearance was analyzed using SPSS version 20. Results: There were six patients, five male, and one female with a mean age of 37.5years with an age range between 27 – 54years. The stone sizes ranged from 7-15mm with a mean dimension of 11.17mm. The Hounsfield of the stones ranged from 539 to 1171HU with a mean of 765.5HU. The operating time ranged from 55 – 90minutes with a mean of 67.5minutes. None had retropulsion with 100% stone clearance. Conclusion: The stone cone is a safe device and is useful during ureteroscopy and lithotripsy for mid-and proximal ureteric stone in preventing retropulsion and improving stone clearance.

The Production of amino acids such as valine by fermentation has become an essential technology of Industrial microbiology. Valine has extensive industrial applications, which is used as intermediate for the synthesis of agricultural pesticides and semi-synthetic veterinary antibiotics. This research work was aimed to isolate Bacillus cereus from the soil capable of valine production and optimize the condition for maximum yield. The valine production was optimized initially by one factor at a time (OFAT) and response surface methodology (RSM). Optimum valine yield (3.53mg/ml) was obtained at pH 7.5, temperature of 40℃ incubation time of 58hrs and 125rpm agitation rate, the response surface plots (3D and contour) revealed a significant interactions between pH, temperature and incubation time to valine yield. The results of the characterized valine produced using Bacillus cereus shows similar properties with the commercially produced valine by using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and boiling point. Based on the study, the isolated Bacillus cereus could have a potential for industrial production of valine under optimized conditions.

Hypoglycemia, as a direct result of the glucosuria is usually seen in patients with acute kidney injury hence glucose homeostasis is disturbed. The compensatory effect of adiponectin in the insulin deficient state is documented. We previously demonstrated that L-arginine enhances glucose transport mechanisms in renal-damaged rats. The current study was designed to investigate possible glucose handling synergy between L-arginine and adiponectin in Wistar rats induced with acute kidney injury. Twenty four rats weighing between 120g-150g were divided into 4 groups of six rats each. Group 1 (Control) had normal feed and water; Group 2 (Untreated) was induced with AKI and left untreated. Group 3 and 4 took 50mg/kg and 500mg/kg L-arginine respectively after AKI induction. Acute kidney injury was induced by intra-muscular injection of glycerol (50% solution, 8 ml/kg BW). Oral glucose tolerance test, insulin response test, serum creatinine test and adiponectin assay (ELISA) were carried out. Data was analysed using one way ANOVA and expressed as mean± standard error of mean (SEM) with p ≤ 0.05 considered as significant. L-arginine induced rapid insulin-like action which was effective after thirty minutes of oral glucose loading when compared the control group. Glucose uptake from the blood was also more effective and quicker in the L-arginine treated groups. Adiponectin was significantly expressed across the test groups when compared to the control group and there was insulin resistance in the untreated kidney injured rats 1 hour into the insulin response test. It may be concluded that L-arginine has a homeostatic influence on glucose handling in kidney-damaged rats possibly mediated by increased adiponectin expression.

A common belief is expressed that imposing sanction on the criminal offenders is the only procedure to restrain crimes in a society. Many a times the offenders are convicted after committing an offence and after a certain period of time they are released. A large number among them again commit crimes; are rearrested, and resentenced. The preeminent objective of study is to explore the patterns and trends of recidivism and also to identify the causes of recidivism among prisoners. The study finds that deficits in education, employment, and housing as well as the lack of treatment programs pose significant barriers to the successful reentry of inmates released from prison. Moreover, outdated laws and procedures and long term justice system process are the main factors of recidivism in Bangladesh. There have been used differential association theory, classical school thought of criminology to explain the patterns, trend and causes and inoculation theory as prevention or reduction of recidivism of prisoners. This study concludes with a discussion that offers suggestions for future research.

Introduction: Tumour location within the breast varies with the highest frequency in the upper outer quadrant (UOQ) and lowest frequency in the lower inner quadrant (LIQ). Whether tumour location is prognostic is unclear. To determine whether tumour location is prognostic, associations between tumour site and clinicopathological characteristics were evaluated. Materials and Methods: All patients enrolled in the Clinical Breast Care Project whose tumour site—UOQ, upper inner quadrant (UIQ), central, LIQ, lower outer quadrant (LOQ)—was determined by a single, dedicated breast pathologist were included in this study. Patients with multicentric disease (n = 73) or tumours spanning multiple quadrants were excluded from further analysis. Clinicopathological characteristics were analysed using chi-square tests for univariate analysis with multivariate analysis performed using principal components analysis (PCA) and multiple logistic regression. Significance was defined as P < 0.05. Results: Of the patients with defined tumour location, 30 had bilateral disease. Tumour location in the UOQ (51.5%) was significantly higher than in the UIQ (15.6%), LOQ (14.2%), central (10.6%), or LIQ (8.1%). Tumours in the central quadrant were significantly more likely to have higher tumour stage (P = 0.003) and size (P < 0.001), metastatic lymph nodes (P < 0.001), and mortality (P = 0.011). After multivariate analysis, only tumour size and lymph node status remained significantly associated with survival. Conclusions: Evaluation of tumour location as a prognostic factor revealed that although tumours in the central region are associated with less favourable outcome, these associations are not independent of location but rather driven by larger tumour size. Tumours in the central region are more difficult to detect mammographically, resulting in larger tumour size at diagnosis and thus less favorable prognosis. Together, these data demonstrate that tumour location is not an independent prognostic factor.

The prevalence of diabetes mellitus is increasing worldwide. The objective is to investigate and characterize the alpha-amylase inhibition principles of the leaves of Ficus sur Forssk (Moraceae) used in ethnomedicine for management of diabetes mellitus. Powdered leaves were successively macerated with N-hexane, chloroform and 70% ethanol respectively for three consecutive days. The extracts were assessed for phytochemicals and inhibition of alpha-amylase. Alpha-amylase inhibition was assessed using porcine α-amylase. Bioactive n-hexane extract was fractionated on column chromatography packed with Silica Gel G (mesh 60-120) and eluted with gradient mixture of hexane, ethyl acetate and ethanol. Active fractions (F1 - F5) were purified on preparative thin layer chromatography. Active pure compounds were assessed for bioactivity and identified by spectroscopy (UV, IR, MS and NMR). The n-hexane extracts of the plant exhibited highest significant (p < 0.05) inhibition. Fraction F4 was the most active and was and compound FB was characterized from it as a novel abietane-type diterpene (4,7,10-b-trimethyl-benzofuro[c]-6,6-a,8,9,10,10-a-hexahydroisochromene-7-carboxylic acid) with 55% inhibition of alpha-amylase at 50µg/ml. This work reports for the first time a novel diterpenoid from Ficus sur with alpha-amylase inhibition activity.

The work of Christian missionaries in penetrating Africa with the Gospel was expanded as natives responded to the call of God in evangelising the continent. The native agents, through their sweat, blood, and tears immensely contributed to the rooting of Christianity in Africa communities. The contributions of these unsung heroes and heroines deserve attention in contemporary African scholarship. In church growth, charismatic leadership is a cardinal factor as everything rises and falls on the leader. This study traced the emergence of charismatic movements in the Anglican Church in Urhobo of Western Delta (Ijaw) of Niger Delta region, Nigeria. It adopted the participant observation and historical methods; and data were drawn from primary and secondary sources. The paper applied the Craven’s theory of domestication of Christianity which is based on the hypothesis that Christianity could best be expressed in a cultural framework and championed by Africans. This could be done by appreciating the cultural elements for enhanced acceptance and expansion of the Christian mission. Charismatic seed was sown in the area by Bishop James Johnson who organised the Anglican churches in 1901. Between 1929 and 1984, the church witnessed the activities of three charismatic movements namely; Ishoshi Erhi (Spirit movement), Anglican Adam Preaching Society, and Anglican Fasting and Prayer Society. The dynamic response of the church leadership to these movements positioned Anglican churches in Urhobo for growth and relevance to the people. The paper recommended unbiased interaction between church leadership and charismatic movements as to harness the various gifting of members for development of the Church of God.

Ode to the West Wind, written by Percy Bysshe Shelley, is considered as a masterpiece in the English literature, even in the whole culture. This paper appreciates this poem mainly from two aspects--metrical analysis and rhetorical devices. The purpose is to explore the deep meaning behind the words and help us understand this poem better.

Hegel was once a philosopher who greatly influence the views and perceptions of Ludwig Feuerbach. However, in the process of studying the philosophy of the seventeenth century, the French materialism of the eighteenth century and observing the reality of German society at that time, Ludwig Feuerbach realized that Hegel’s philosophy was still limited. Based on that perception, Ludwig Feuerbach criticizes Hegel’s position, at the same time, he criticizes the position of Christian philosophy. Thereby, he established his own philosophical views – humanist philosophy or humanist thought. Although Ludwig Feuerbach’s view of society has not yet clearly shown human independence, it is the foundation and “source of fire” for Karl Mark and F. Engels to establish the concept of human emancipation.

In this paper, we are going to study Training and Development as a Concept, why companies need training and development, and why most of the time training and development as a concept has swayed from internal models to external models. The paper proceeds with a Literature Review of world-class articles on training and development. These articles focus on concept and change in the environment which focuses on internal as well as the external mode of trainers. Authors suggest the innovative theories and strategies of training and development in general and in- house training modules in specific which are accepted and much celebrated all over the world. One part of the paper talks about Reasons for Change in the approach by organizations from external training models to in-house training models. To understand more about organizations' approach with respect to this change, Primary Research was conducted, which gives us the basic idea of their perspective of this shift. As a part of secondary research, we were able to go through the previous studies conducted in a similar domain. The analysis of secondary research helped understand the evolution of training and development modules and also the trend in contemporary patterns.

This study investigates the anti-inflammatory, fibrinolytic and anti-oxidant activities of the n-hexane extract and fractions of Ficus sur Forssk leaves. The extract was separated on column chromatography using a gradient elution of hexane, dichloromethane and ethanol. Pooled column fractions were assayed for membrane stabilizing for anti-inflammatory, Streptokinase inhibition for fibrinolytic and 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) reduction for anti-oxidant activity. Column fractions were pooled into five fractions (F1 – F5). The n-hexane crude extract and the fraction F3 consistently exhibited anti-inflammatory and fibrinolytic ability. The leaf extract of F. sur showed negligible anti-oxidant activity. Except for F1 all the fractions and the crude extract showed very high dose-dependent anti-inflammatory property even significantly higher (p <0.05) than the reference drug – diclofenac. Crude extract, F2 and F3 exhibited fibrinolytic ability. F1 showed the lowest assayed biological activity consistently. The study shows that the column fractions of n-hexane extract of F. sur leaves have fibrinolytic and anti-inflammatory activity and can be used in the management of thrombosis and inflammation.

In this article, I argue in favor of the idea that art is as valuable, perhaps even more so than science in a given society. I base this on the principles that art is well appointed to teach morality; as an educational tool; to foster empathy; enabling abstract thought through form and play and governed by aesthetic principles, the precondition for knowledge as it were. I believe this is a timely and necessary argument to be made in an increasingly technocratic and materialistic society where philosophical speculation and art as “deep” are often overlooked. I also believe there is a dialectic between art and science in the first place so that it is not a matter of pitting such disciplines against each other as it were.

A significant number of nations around the world have enacted cybercrime laws for the purpose of controlling the occurrence of cybercrimes and mitigating its ill effects. However, in spite of enacting such cybercrime laws, available data show that the incidence of cybercrime is rapidly increasing. There are many factors that contribute to the failure of criminal law to fully control cybercrime. These factors include anonymity related issues, jurisdictional issues, extradition related challenges, problems associated with the law enforcement machinery, non-availability of data relating to cybercrime including non-reporting of cybercrimes, difficulties to identify, locate and arrest the cybercriminal, lack of experts, technology related issues, problems posed by international law etc. Since, at present, criminal law is not able to fully tackle cybercrime, there is a need to focus on cybercrime prevention strategies.