The issue of reincarnation has always been handled as an answer to the question: do Africans believe in reincarnation? This paper shows that the main issue should rather be: do Africans believe in the law of reincarnation? Through the analysis of the differential cosmological conceptions of reincarnation in Kôngo culture and Hinduism the author arrives to the conclusion that contrary to Hinduism reincarnation is not a law in the African Kôngo worldview. This conclusion leads the author to revisit what is assumed to be the doctrine of reincarnation or transmigration of soul, in some African cultures and to show that it alludes rather the transmigration of spirit, the natural means for an ancestor to come back through a sharing of his qualities with a newborn and even for being his protector.

Alkaloids are a secondary metabolite, which are extracted from a wide – array of organisms include Bacteria, Fungi, Plants and Animals. Here in present review mainly focused on the alkaloids derived from endophytic fungi and non – endophytic fungi. Fungi have provided a great source of spirit for novel drug compounds as fungi derived alkaloids have done major boon to human health and well - being. In the present review listed 35 different group of alkaloids from endophytes. In which 12 different alkaloids are kept under derivatives of Indole group, 4 different alkaloids are kept under Quinoline group, 4 different alkaloids kept under amines and amide group, from non-endophytic alkaloid 27 different group of alkaloids are reported. In which 9 different type of alkaloid are mentioned under indole group of alkaloids, 4 alkaloids are reported under diketopiperazine alkaloids, 4 different alkaloids are mentioned under ergot group of alkaloids, 3 alkaloids under prenylated indole alkaloids, 3 alkaloids are mentioned under pyridine classes. The main applications of these alkaloids are antimicrobial, Antibacterial, Antifungal, Antiviral Activity Antihelmenthic, Anticancerous, Nutrient Pedaling, Photo stimulation, Endophytes in Tissue Culture Antidiabetic Activity, and Immunosuppressive Activity; hence all the alkaloids should be used as medicines in Ayurvedam. The alkaloids derived from different fungi were reviewed and their uses in medical fields were also report.

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This paper examines the relationship between Takaful, micro Takaful and reduction of poverty and undernourishement. Our analysis is based on a theoretical study aimed to know if Takaful is a good solution to the poverty and undernourishment problems in Islamic economy or a simple component of islamic assurance.Our study shows that Takaful is an effective solution to the problem of poverty in islamic economy in the long term, Takaful have an important role to reducing poverty risks, Without protection against losses and natural risks or protection of their persons, their life, their property and their health, many people find themselves regularly falling back into poverty which is not only prejudicial to them but also renders development assistance ineffective in the long term. Also Takaful is a good solution to reduce undernourishement in islamic economy.

Most of the economic sectors of the world are affected by the unembellished outspread of Covid-19. The economy of Bangladesh could not go beyond its adverse effect. This study tries to determine the complications of the SME sector of Cumilla district due to the outbreak of the Covid-19 pandemic situation and to indicate some strategic choices to adapt to the hostile Covid-19 situation. Setting three possible strategies of the SMEs to adapt adverse Covid-19 conditions, the binary logistic model is used in this study and found that asset level and labor force management have a significant impact on the decision making of the SMEs. Kendall’s W shows that ‘a decrease in revenue earnings’ is the most pressing constraint faced by the SMEs during the period. To survive in the market, individual attempts of the SMEs may not be fruitful at all, stakeholders should come forward soon.

The objectives of our study are to trace the epidemiological profile of cutaneous and visceral leishmaniasis in the province of al Haouz and to study the effectiveness of the national control program against leishmaniasis in this endemic area. It is a descriptive epidemiological study of cases recorded in public health facilities (health centers) and in the service of infrastructure and provincial ambulatory activities (SIAAP) of the province al Haouz between 2015 and 2019. Also it is an evaluative study of the provincial leishmaniasis control program. We found 264 cases of CL (94.96%) and 14 cases of VL (5.03%). The age groups most affected by CL were 0-5 years and pediatric cases (age less than 15 years) represented 74.62 percent of all CL cases. Females accounted for 61.15 percent of CL cases. The evolution of the number of notified cases of CL each year showed significant variations with a minimum value of 36 in 2015 and a maximum value of 70 in 2018 with an average number of CL cases recorded per year of 52 cases. The period at risk of CL contamination was the second and third quarter of the year with a percentage of 69.7 percent. 93.18 percent of communes affected by CL were rural communes. Passive screening was 96.59 percent with a number of LC cases of 255. 248 CL cases (93.93% of cases) were treated locally and 2 cases (0.75%) were treated systemically. 14 cases of VL were recorded, with a minimum value of 1 case in 2016 and a maximum value of 5 cases in 2017.All cases were treated by general route. In the present study, the analysis of the annual incidence of CL per 100,000 inhabitants showed a clear decrease in this indicator from 4.48 in 2015 to 1.65 in 2019.

All around the world, the Building Information Modeling (BIM) is transforming the architecture of engineering design and of construction industry. While it is in an early implementation stage in African Sub-saharan Countries, many construction regulators and project owners are beginning to enforce the BIM application from the project design stage to its commissioning. The aim of this research work is to provide an approach for designing industrial warehouses using BIM as it was done in the industrial zone of the Kribi Deep Sea port in Cameroon. The proposed methodology is presented in six steps: definition of BIM general requirements, design of the 3D BIM architectural model, sizing of wall and roof for specific requirements, design of the 3D BIM structural model, coordination of 3D BIM models and interference detection and creation of 4D BIM model. Results obtained from the application of BIM on the design of a warehouse, dedicated to preserve the natural and biological essence of cocoa and coffee products in a hostile marine environment, show that this methodology is easily appropriated and implemented by local design and construction engineers through available engineering software in the local market.

Adverse effects of halothane on the liver range from liver dysfunction to hepatitis, and are more frequent following repeated use. Medical personals are in risk of chronic exposure of wasted halothane. However, there are limited literatures about this effect based on time exposure. To identify and analyze the liver cells changes of halothane exposure to liver cells of Balb/C mice. This experimental study used randomized post-test only control group design in 30 male BalbC mice given 0.011 mg/weight halothane 3 hours daily for two weeks (group 1), four weeks (group 2), six weeks (group 3), six weeks followed by 2 weeks of halothane free (group 4), and without exposure (control group). The liver tissues were HE stained and observed for enlarge, karyorrhexis, and karyolitic of the nucleus. Immunohistochemistry was undertaken to count the percentage of cytocrome-P450 stained brown colour and scored based on its intensity. The difference among groups and between each group were statistically significant (p< 0.05), except between group 2 and 4 (p = 0.078), and between group 3 and 4 (p = 0.522). The difference of cytocrome-P450 expression among groups was not statistically significant (p = 0.266). There was statistically significant difference of abnormal liver cell nucleus changes in groups with different time of halothane exposure (p = 0.000) while no statistically significant difference of cytocrome-P450 expressions (p = 0.266) was found. The nucleus changes were gradually increased with the time of exposure.

Mesothelioma of peritoneum is a rare malignancy of serosal membranes. Here we report a case of 55year old female with mass per abdomen reported as epithelioid type of peritoneal mesothelioma. The diagnostic challenge in our cases was due to non specific presentation and the varied histologic morphology of tumor cells for which immunohistochemical studies with markers calretinin, vimentin, cytokeratin 20, cytokeratin5/6, CD34 and HMB34 had to be performed to arrive at the diagnosis. The tumor cells showed positvity for calretinin, vimentin and cytokeratin 20. The final diagnosis was possible due to correlation of histological and immunohistochemical characteristics been consistent with mesothelial origin.

The overall objective of this study was to determine the taxonomic composition and spatial seasonal variation of the zooplankton population in fish ponds in Kisangani, DR Congo. The collection of zooplankton in fishponds was carried out using plankton nets in the Artisanal and Plateau boyoma districts for four months, two months per season. At the end of this study, 3 sub-classes, 13 families and 22 species were listed. The subclass Monogononta (Rotifers) was the best represented with 7 families and 14 species identified. On the other hand, the family Brachionidae was the richest with 6 species. The high specific richness of zooplankton according to site and season was recorded in the Artisanal district with 19 species and in the rainy season with 22 species. Thus, it should be noted that the fish ponds of Kisangani have a high specific diversity of zooplankton that can vary according to the sites and seasons. Certain species such as Tropocyclops prasinus prasinus, Moina macrocopa, Brachionus falcatus, Thermocyclops sp and Brachionus calyciflorus are more abundant than others present. However, the list of species presented is not exhaustive given the sampling period, which was only 4 months, and the collection effort, which was only carried out at two sites.

Tahfizh Al-Qur'an for early childhood has received attention from Muslim families in Serang City, Banten Province. The research focus is on the tahfizh learning management model for early childhood. This study uses a qualitative analysis approach. Collecting data, through interviews, literature study, direct observation, and focus group discussions (FGD). The results showed that Muslim families in Serang City wanted to introduce the Qur'an to children from an early age before entering formal education at school. Families want their children to be pious and noble. Community leaders, academics, and politicians view the phenomenon of learning tahfizh Al-Qur'an as needing to get the support of the Serang City Government, through the issuance of regional regulations (perda) on tahfizh Al-Quran. Researchers found two novelties in this study. First, that the grouping of early childhood from 0 years to 3 years and from 3 years to 6 years was found to be better and more effective for the absorption of tahfizh Al-Qur'an. The grouping of these two age categories is very possible equipped with memorizing daily prayers as well as learning to recognize and write the letters of the Qur'an. Second, pregnant women are prioritized to memorize the Qur'an from the beginning of pregnancy until delivery. Then, after the birth, the mother introduced tahfizh Al-Qur'an to her child from the age of 0 years as an effort to generate auditory stimulation to make it easier to memorize the Qur'an. Learning Tahfizh Al-Qur'an from an early age is also a preparation for the formation of pious and noble children.

Yams (Dioscorea spp) are herbaceous vines which are cultivated for the consumption of their starchy tubers. And can be consumed either boiled or fried. Drying is a veritable technology for storage beyond immediate consumption. This study thus, investigated the drying rate and the best suitable model of yam slices of different thicknesses (1.0mm, 1.5mm and 2.0mm) in thin layer using a laboratory convective oven dryer. A temperature range of 60-800C in multiples of 100C was selected and applied. Results were fitted to three thin-layer models of Page, Henderson and Lewis, and parameters (R2, RMSE, X2) to select the suitable estimating thin-layer model. R2 values ranged from 0.912090– 0.984462 (pre-treated) and 0.947496 – 0.982675 (untreated) for Lewis model; 0.996625– 0.998228 (pre-treated) and 0.994750– 0.998897 (untreated) for Henderson model; 0.940210 – 0.997329 (pre-treated) and 0.938921–0.995356 (untreated) for page model with rather low RMSE values ranging from0.031620-0.016657(pre-treated) and 0.030334-0.017589 (untreated) for Lewis model; 0.00773 - 0.005247 (pre-treated) and 0.009682-0.004439 (untreated) for Henderson model; 0.032675-0.006907 (pre-treated) and 0.033026-0.009107(untreated) for page model over the range of drying temperatures applied. The respective X2 values ranging from 0.0000204300–0.0011310990 (approximately = 0), therefore, from the statistical analysis the Henderson model showed a reliable prediction of the drying kinetics of the yam slices at the chosen temperatures. Drying rate along with characterizing drying constant also increased exponentially with temperature. From observation, pre-treated yam slices dried faster than untreated yam slices.

Aloe Vera, a cactus-like plant belongs to Asphodelaceae (Liliaceae) family has been used for traditional medical purposes for thousands of years. Aloe Vera derives its name from the Arabic word “Alloeh” which means “shining bitter substance” because of the bitter liquid found in the leaves and Vera which means “true” in Latin. There are over 300 species of aloe, most of which are native to South Africa, Madagascar and Arabia. Aloe leaves can be separated into two basic products: the latex, a bitter yellow liquid beneath the epidermis of the leaf and the gel, a colorless and tasteless substance in the inner part of the leaf. Both of them have many biologically active components, mainly anthraquinones and polysaccharides (the most active is acemannan), which may act alone or in synergy. Application of Aloe vera gel is cosmetic-moisturizers, toothpastes and flavoring compounds or preservative of fresh products and in medicine of humans or animals. Aloe vera gel is an active ingredient in hundreds of skin lotions, sun blocks and cosmetics. Aloe vera seems to treat of wounds, burns, insect stings, and skin inflammation, anti-inflammatory, antiseptic and antimicrobial, anti-tumor, anti- skin protection, anti-diabetic, anti-bacterial, anti-viral, and which are very important for wound healing. Aloe Vera gel helps in activating new hair growth as it increases blood circulation to the scalp. It also provides essential minerals and vitamins.

This study outlines the concept and context of a Reading Program called NILAM to enhance Dual Language students reading performance. The study used a qualitative research approach to define the nature of phenomena and is especially appropriate for observation. The most common data collection method, a document study, was used to analyse the findings. For data analysis, document analysis was used and coded using qualitative data analysis software ATLAS.ti 9. In addition, criteria such as coding and co-coding into themes analyses increase the value of the research done. The study's results established that the concept and context of the NILAM Reading program were profiled in DLP and could enhance the students' reading performance.

This article addresses the issue of English Language Teaching (ELT) especially blended learning whereby English is taught as a foreign language in Senegal, a francophone country. The validity of blended learning method is twofold. On the one hand, it is explainable by the advent of new technologies in the last decades of the twenty first century and the English language (EL) to satisfy a communicative need in all domains across the world. On the other hand, it is justified by the challenges of the traditional learning and teaching methods in the midst of the covid-19 pandemic that fully induce educational authorities to rethink the face-to-face traditional learning style. Thus the study is a succinct scrutiny, at the crossroads of “smart” and face-to-face learning, that questions the above-mentioned learning medium, i.e., blended learning, as a safe and comprehensive teaching and learning method in the twenty first century in Senegal.