Aloe Vera, a cactus-like plant belongs to Asphodelaceae (Liliaceae) family has been used for traditional medical purposes for thousands of years. Aloe Vera derives its name from the Arabic word “Alloeh” which means “shining bitter substance” because of the bitter liquid found in the leaves and Vera which means “true” in Latin. There are over 300 species of aloe, most of which are native to South Africa, Madagascar and Arabia. Aloe leaves can be separated into two basic products: the latex, a bitter yellow liquid beneath the epidermis of the leaf and the gel, a colorless and tasteless substance in the inner part of the leaf. Both of them have many biologically active components, mainly anthraquinones and polysaccharides (the most active is acemannan), which may act alone or in synergy. Application of Aloe vera gel is cosmetic-moisturizers, toothpastes and flavoring compounds or preservative of fresh products and in medicine of humans or animals. Aloe vera gel is an active ingredient in hundreds of skin lotions, sun blocks and cosmetics. Aloe vera seems to treat of wounds, burns, insect stings, and skin inflammation, anti-inflammatory, antiseptic and antimicrobial, anti-tumor, anti- skin protection, anti-diabetic, anti-bacterial, anti-viral, and which are very important for wound healing. Aloe Vera gel helps in activating new hair growth as it increases blood circulation to the scalp. It also provides essential minerals and vitamins.

This study outlines the concept and context of a Reading Program called NILAM to enhance Dual Language students reading performance. The study used a qualitative research approach to define the nature of phenomena and is especially appropriate for observation. The most common data collection method, a document study, was used to analyse the findings. For data analysis, document analysis was used and coded using qualitative data analysis software ATLAS.ti 9. In addition, criteria such as coding and co-coding into themes analyses increase the value of the research done. The study's results established that the concept and context of the NILAM Reading program were profiled in DLP and could enhance the students' reading performance.

This article addresses the issue of English Language Teaching (ELT) especially blended learning whereby English is taught as a foreign language in Senegal, a francophone country. The validity of blended learning method is twofold. On the one hand, it is explainable by the advent of new technologies in the last decades of the twenty first century and the English language (EL) to satisfy a communicative need in all domains across the world. On the other hand, it is justified by the challenges of the traditional learning and teaching methods in the midst of the covid-19 pandemic that fully induce educational authorities to rethink the face-to-face traditional learning style. Thus the study is a succinct scrutiny, at the crossroads of “smart” and face-to-face learning, that questions the above-mentioned learning medium, i.e., blended learning, as a safe and comprehensive teaching and learning method in the twenty first century in Senegal.

This paper attempts to present the dissemination and transmission dynamics of emerging and reemerging infectious diseases and the underlying features of gain-of-function research and geopolitics in the ambient within and across borders. Research and publication are relevant from perspectives in the management of local and global health because disease is perspicuously a geopolitical issue ostensibly linked to gain-of-function research where health diplomacy undergirds present and future global functionalities regarding the emergence and reemergence of infectious diseases. These have generated vehement reactions with propensity for extreme geopolitics and gain-of-function natural and anthropogenic activities. Geopolitical parameters and gain-of-function issues impact on the social determinants of health and vice versa. The convening and convergence of countries for unprecented epidemic or pandemic treaty settings or other formulations to confront emerging and reemerging infectious diseases will afford considerable opportunities concerning challenges in action, preparedness and response. Provisions are pertinent for legal instruments, effective and efficient systems to curb future threats and outbreaks of infectious diseases.

Rural health care system is closely related with the economic growth through boosting human capital accumulation that can be able to alleviate poverty. To what extent rural health care would manage and confront with covid-19 situation in the District of Nadia under West Bengal is the central area of this article. Both the public and private medical facilities had been faced with the situation of pandemic with poor infrastructure of rural health care systems through sub-divisional hospitals, PHC, CHC, HSC and other health care units in Nadia where both success stories and failures were simultaneously evident. The state government along with NRHM must attempt to upgrade and modernize the rural health care units spending higher health expenditure and recruiting more health professionals with doctors to fight against covid-19 type of pandemic and other emergencies.

This study aims to describe the results of the revitalization of the management of the Diniyah Takmiliyah Madrasah in the City of Cirebon which includes the mission and mission, learning, curriculum, facilities, and infrastructure of the diniyah takmiliyah Awaliyah and its relation to Islamic life. Systematic exploration of information. In particular, this research analyzes the management of Madrasah DiniyahTakmiliyah, especially the Awaliyah level, and its relationship to the Islamic life of the citizens of the city of Cirebon. The method used is qualitative, evaluative analytic with the function of providing a very deep essence of meaning for facts, data, and news which is a research scheme containing an outline starting from statements, reasoning, and finalizing data. The results achieved in this study are that it is necessary to 1) be carried out by formulating a good curriculum and learning and adapt to the needs of each MDTA which refers to "Rahmatan Lil 'Alamin". As the basis for the basic philosophical concepts of Islamic education 2) Carrying out updates on its objectives, contents, and teaching materials, by followers the rules of use to be used as the basis for implementing guidelines to achieve Islamic education goals that refer to the vision and mission 3) Performing teacher skills, media learning, learning methods adapted to the vision and mission of each MDTA 4) Implementing MDTA management carried out using existing management patterns and characteristics in the community and the ability to adapt to the local socio-cultural environment, with a formulation that includes planning, organization, leadership, and supervision. 5 improve skills, commitment, qualifications, and professionalism. 6) Renewal of place, incentives for teachers, and completeness of infrastructure.

Maxillary defects can occur due to certain bacterial, fungal and viral infections. But in recent time mucormycosis has become prevalent secondary to covid-19 infection. Mucormycosis is an opportunistic fungal infection, which primarily affects diabetic and immunocompromised patients. Surgical excision and debridement of the affected areas can result in significant defects. Reconstruction and rehabilitation of these defects remains a significant challenge for the clinicians because 3-D anatomy of the maxilla serves speech, swallowing and aesthetic roles. This review article discusses the reconstructive and rehabilitative methods of mucormycosis maxillary defects.

Yams (Dioscorea spp) are herbaceous vines which are cultivated for the consumption of their starchy tubers. And can be consumed either boiled or fried. Drying is a veritable technology for storage beyond immediate consumption. This study thus, investigated the drying rate and the best suitable model of yam slices of different thicknesses (1.0mm, 1.5mm and 2.0mm) in thin layer using a laboratory convective oven dryer. A temperature range of 60-800C in multiples of 100C was selected and applied. Results were fitted to three thin-layer models of Page, Henderson and Lewis, and parameters (R2, RMSE, X2) to select the suitable estimating thin-layer model. R2 values ranged from 0.912090– 0.984462 (pre-treated) and 0.947496 – 0.982675 (untreated) for Lewis model; 0.996625– 0.998228 (pre-treated) and 0.994750– 0.998897 (untreated) for Henderson model; 0.940210 – 0.997329 (pre-treated) and 0.938921–0.995356 (untreated) for page model with rather low RMSE values ranging from0.031620-0.016657(pre-treated) and 0.030334-0.017589 (untreated) for Lewis model; 0.00773 - 0.005247 (pre-treated) and 0.009682-0.004439 (untreated) for Henderson model; 0.032675-0.006907 (pre-treated) and 0.033026-0.009107(untreated) for page model over the range of drying temperatures applied. The respective X2 values ranging from 0.0000204300–0.0011310990 (approximately = 0), therefore, from the statistical analysis the Henderson model showed a reliable prediction of the drying kinetics of the yam slices at the chosen temperatures. Drying rate along with characterizing drying constant also increased exponentially with temperature. From observation, pre-treated yam slices dried faster than untreated yam slices.

Background: Gender inequality in the nursing workforce is still a big issue, especially in rural areas such as Osmanabad, Maharashtra. Even though nursing is a profession dominated by women, women are still confronting systemic obstacles to leadership, to pay equity, and to a safe workplace. These differences are exacerbated by cultural standards, restricted institutional assistance, and a lack of resources in rural health care facilities. Objectives: Considering the background, this study is planned to look into the magnitude of gender inequality of nurses in the district of Osmanabad. More specifically, these aims will: identify gender differences in recruiting, role assignment, and career advancement; measure acts of violence and the effect of perceptions of unsafe work settings; provide practical strategies to move toward gender equity within rural nursing. Methods: The present study was conducted using a mixed methods approach with both quantitative and qualitative data generation. Stratified purposive sampling was employed to select a sample of 60 registered nurses working at PHCs, CHCs, and the District Hospital, Osmanabad. Information was collected using questionnaires, semi-structured interviews, and focus group discussions. The quantitative data were processed with SPSS, and the qualitative data were subjected to thematic analysis. Results: Female nurses were predominantly represented, although not in leadership roles, and female nurses were significantly underpaid compared with their male colleagues. Women experienced workplace violence more often compared to night shifts. Emotional exhaustion, professional inertia, and a wish for change were depicted in qualitative accounts. Conclusions: Sex disparities in the nursing workforce existed in Osmanabad and are indicative of wider systemic imbalances in rural health care. Overcoming these inequalities through enabling policies, mentorship programs, and community engagement is crucial in strengthening nursing and healthcare. The report highlights the requirement for gender transformative interventions suitable for rural areas.

Background: Hand washing is the most effective way to stop bacterial transmission and lower the risk of infections related to medical care. Hospital acquired infections (HAI) are known to transmit from patient to patient and within the healthcare environment most frequently from healthcare personnel. It has been proven that healthcare workers' hand hygiene practices are an effective way to lower the incidence of hospital acquired infections. Aim: A study to assess Knowledge practice and attitude regarding hand hygiene among health care professionals. Methods: The study used a cross-sectional research design. The New Najran General Hospital served as the study's location and to choose the 100 samples, a consistent sampling technique was applied. The WHO's hand hygiene questionnaire for healthcare workers was utilized as the research instrument for the study to evaluate healthcare professionals' knowledge, behavior, and attitudes toward hand hygiene. Statistics, both descriptive and inferential, were used to calculate the results. Results: The knowledge, practice, and attitude on towards hand cleanliness was adequate and the practice score was 3.72 with a standard deviation of 0.514, and the overall mean total knowledge score was 8.36 with a standard deviation of 1.599. The attitude rating was 2.48, with a 1.176 standard deviation. Conclusion: The results of this study showed that healthcare workers at New Najran General Hospital have acceptable knowledge, attitudes, and hand hygiene practices. We advocate for the supply of these necessities as well as teaching sessions to help caregivers and patients understand the value of hand washing

Background: Blood transfusions, crucial for emergency obstetric care, can significantly reduce maternal mortality rates. Obstetric transfusions are often urgent and unpredictable. Common emergencies include hemorrhages from ectopic pregnancy, abortions, and placenta previa. Transfusion rates vary globally, with 0.2%-3.2% in high-resource countries and higher in low-resource areas. Despite their benefits, transfusions carry risks such as allergic reactions and infection transmission. Aim of the study: The study aims to ascertain the indications and risk factors associated with blood transfusions in obstetric and gynecological patients. Methods: This retrospective observational study at the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University (BSMMU), Dhaka, Bangladesh, analyzed indications and risk factors for blood transfusions in obstetrics and gynecology patients over one year. It included 115 women, with 110 obstetrics and 5 gynecology patients. Inclusion criteria covered women undergoing cesarean sections, vaginal deliveries, or other gynecological treatments and those with obstetric complications like postpartum hemorrhage. Exclusion criteria included women needing transfusions after seven days postpartum or with congenital bleeding disorders. Result: The majority of participants (66.96%) were aged 21-30, with 85.22% from low socioeconomic backgrounds. The mean BMI was 22.55±4.07. Most women (69.57%) were in the 31-40 weeks gestational age range. Multigravida and primigravida were 51.30% and 44.35%, respectively. Over half (57.6%) were not booked for antenatal care. Cesarean sections were the most common delivery method (60.87%). Vaginal delivery was the most frequent intervention (33.91%). Blood transfusion was mainly due to postpartum anemia (39.13%). Packed cell volume was the most transfused product (62.28%). Most (94.78%) had no transfusion reactions, with urticarial rash in 2.61% of cases. Conclusion: The study found that blood transfusions in obstetrics and gynecology are mainly due to severe anemia, postpartum hemorrhage, and complications like placenta previa and DIC. Most transfusions occurred in women aged 21-30, primarily multigravida and unbooked patients, indicating a need for better antenatal care. Packed cell volume was the most common blood product used.

Profiling and selection of judokas implies adequate analysis of anthropometric characteristics and physical status. Based on good detection, analysis and projection of these parameters, it is possible to define the athlete model, where the scope and nature of anthropometric profiling depend on the primary purpose of measurement. Most often, the identification of talent or the orientation of athletes to morphologically appropriate disciplines depends on the identification of relatively unchanging characteristics, comparing them with reference data. Profiling includes skin folds, circumference, length and width of bones, body composition. To monitor morphological adaptation, the focus should be on variable characteristics, such as muscle mass and subcutaneous adipose tissue. Our competitor had a higher body height (186 cm), body weight (118.6 kg), muscle mass (70.4 kg), water percentage (47.6%), higher fat percentage (37.5%). The results lead to the conclusion that it is an endo-mesomorphic somatotype with significant ectomorphism, where adipose tissue with synchronization of motor abilities proved to be a favorable and not a disruptive factor of the result success.

Introduction: Amniotomy is an artificial rupture of the egg's membranes using a membrane piercer through the cervical opening of the uterus. It is an invasive method of induction and stimulation of labour that may increase the risk of complications during labour and early postpartum. Objective: to evaluate the impact of amniotomy on maternal and fetal outcomes during labor, delivery, and early postpartum. Methods: This was a case-control study with retrospective data collection over a period of 6 months from March to August 2017 at the maternity ward of the Gynaecological-Obstetric and Paediatric Hospital in Yaoundé. Women who received amniotomy (exposed group) were compared to those who did not receive amniotomy (unexposed group). The data collected were entered and analyzed on Epi-info 3.5.1 and Statistical Package For Social Science SPSS 20.0 software. Comparison of variables was done using Chi-square (X2) and Fisher's exact test. The association between amniotomy and the different variables was measured using the relative risk (RR) and its 95% confidence interval (CI). P < 5% was considered significant. Results: A total of 193 deliveries were recorded and divided into 110 cases of amniotomy and 83 spontaneous rupture of membranes. The frequency of amniotomy was 76.92% in our study. Maternal complications occurred in 38.2% of cases in the amniotomy group and in 32.5% of cases in the second group with a P value of 0.255 (not significant). Fetal and neonatal complications occurred in 13.6% of cases of amniotomy and 21.7% of spontaneous rupture of membranes during labour and 13 cases of amniotomy versus 11 cases of spontaneous rupture of membranes in the early post partum period. The difference was not statistically significant between the two groups for the occurrence of complications (P=0.410). Conclusion and recommendation: At the end of our study, it appears that amniotomy is very frequent in our environment, but its realization has no proven impact on the fate of the mother and the fetus.

This study investigated the effect of peer assessment in Oral English achievement of senior secondary school students in Bayelsa State and the moderating influence of learning style. The study used the quasi-experiment research design. The population for this study consisted 24,769 senior secondary school II students in Bayelsa state. The sample for this study consisted of 360 senior secondary school students in class 2 (SS2) of public secondary schools in Bayelsa State, Nigeria. Two instruments were used for the study. They were the ‘Oral English Achievement Test (OEAT)’ and the VARK Questionnaire. “The Oral English Achievement Test (OEAT) contained 25 standardized multiple choice items and was marked over 100. On the other hand, the VARK scale was a multivariate instrument with four subsections that measured the student’s method of learning. It was composed of 32 items with 8 items in each sub-sections. Face and content validity of the instrument was determined by giving it to three experts in Measurement and Evaluation specialty in the Department of Educational Psychology, Guidance and Counselling in University of Port Harcourt. Reliability of the instrument was determined using KR20. After analysis, a reliability coefficient of 0.79 was realized indicating that the instrument was highly reliable. On the other hand, the reliability of VARK was established using Cronbach Alpha method of reliability with an index of 0.80. Mean, standard deviation, and, paired sample t-test and ANCOVA were used to analyze the data. Findings revealed that there is a significant difference in achievement of students in peer-assessment group (p=0.001<0.05). Based on these finding, it was recommended among others that student should be encouraged by the classroom teacher to carry out peer-assessment from time to time since it has been seen that it improves the achievement of student especially in oral English.

Background: Upper lumbar disc herniation (ULDH), affecting the L1–L2 and L2–L3 levels, is relatively uncommon but often presents with atypical symptoms, making diagnosis and treatment challenging. Given its proximity to the conus medullaris and the narrower spinal canal in the upper lumbar region, even small disc herniations can produce significant neurological deficits. Aim: This study aimed to evaluate the clinical characteristics, surgical management, and outcomes of patients with ULDH treated at a tertiary care hospital in Bangladesh. Method: A retrospective review was conducted on 100 patients diagnosed with ULDH and treated surgically at a Tertiary Medical College Hospital in Bangladesh from January 2020 to December 2020. Patient data including demographics, presenting symptoms, radiological findings, surgical technique, and postoperative outcomes were analyzed. All patients underwent microdiscectomy or laminectomy based on clinical and radiological findings. Follow-up was conducted for six months postoperatively. Results: The mean age was 52.4 ± 11.6 years, with a male predominance (61%). Most patients presented with anterior thigh pain (78%), lower limb weakness (42%), and bladder dysfunction (12%). The most common disc level affected was L2–L3 (67%). Microdiscectomy yielded better recovery in patients with isolated disc herniation, while laminectomy was used for calcified or migrated discs. Significant improvement in VAS and ODI scores was noted postoperatively (p < 0.001). Only 5% of patients developed complications such as dural tear or superficial wound infection. Conclusion: ULDH, though rare, presents unique diagnostic and surgical challenges. Early surgical intervention tailored to the disc pathology results in favorable neurological and functional outcomes. Recognizing its atypical symptoms and imaging findings is crucial for timely and effective treatment.