This work is about the brain chemicals, and their possible natural catabolic products. Effort has been made to identify if the microwave frequencies of these by products are same as the microwave frequency ranges of sodium and Potassium in ionic solutions present in as well as outside a neurone. It could be a factor responsible for dementia. It is found that excess by products of Tau fragment and Human prion peptide 2 had the same microwave frequency of sodium and Potassium in ionic solutions present in as well as outside a neurone. Therefore, it can affect the neuronal functioning. Efforts have also been made to identify, if any of these Brain chemical bind to each other and block the normal neuronal functioning. In this effort, it is noted that, excess of Human prion peptide 1 can bind to Tau-441 protein. This can affect neuronal function.

In this present study, the Realistic Mathematics Education Level of Awareness Among Middle School Students is most important of modern era. Most of the students are less interested in mathematics. Many students consider mathematics difficult, abstract, and disconnected from real life. because they face abstract thinking in real mathematical calculations. Realistic Mathematics Education is based on the idea that students create their knowledge of mathematics. This study mainly focuses on the Realistic Mathematics Education level of awareness among middle school students. The methodology of the study was a descriptive survey design adapted. The sample size is 226 middle school students randomly selected for the collection of data. The findings of the study were that middle school students 2.21% are Not Aware, 10.62% are Slightly Aware, 33.19% are Moderately Aware, and 34.95% are Aware,19.03% are Highly Aware of Realistic Mathematics Education.

Background: Gingival biotype (now often termed periodontal phenotype) describes gingival thickness, keratinized tissue width, and underlying bone morphology. This phenotype has significant influence on periodontal disease progression, clinical outcomes, aesthetic stability, and response to therapy. Aim: To assess gingival biotype distribution in a defined population and evaluate its association with periodontal parameters, specifically probing depth and gingival recession. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional analytical study involving 85 systemically healthy subjects aged 20–40 years was conducted. Gingival biotype was assessed by both probe transparency and transgingival probing methods. Probing depth and gingival recession were recorded for mandibular anterior teeth. SPSS software employed appropriate inferential statistics; p<0.05 was considered significant. Results: Thin gingival biotype was predominant, and there were statistically significant associations between biotype and both probing depth and gingival recession (p<0.05). Conclusion: Gingival biotype significantly influences periodontal parameters; therefore, routine assessment should be standard in periodontal diagnosis and treatment planning.

Functional matter is often designed and reported as disconnected advances in synthesis, structure, and performance, which limits transferability across materials classes and length scales. This review introduces a cross-scale design grammar that unifies how researchers specify, test, and validate causal links from processing and reactions to architecture, interfaces, defects, and device-level outcomes. We formalize grammar units as controllable operators, interaction rules, constraints, and measurable metrics, and show how uncertainty and failure modes propagate along the synthesis to structure to function chain. The framework integrates mechanistic control across solution, solid-state, vapor, electrochemical, and mechanochemical routes; mesoscale assembly and hierarchical architectures; interfaces and interphases as transport gatekeepers; and defect chemistry as both a performance lever and a degradation driver. We then treat multimodal characterization as an inference and evidence-fusion problem and map it onto a modeling ladder that spans mechanistic, continuum, statistical, and hybrid approaches with uncertainty quantification and validation. Finally, we provide benchmarking and reporting templates, truth-table criteria for what counts as improvement, and case-study scorecards that identify the dominant bottlenecks in representative applications. By converting fragmented knowledge into a reusable grammar, this review offers a practical, end-to-end playbook for designing functional matter with measurable causality, reproducibility, and observation-ready.

Legionnaires’ disease is a severe form of atypical pneumonia caused primarily by Legionella pneumophila. The disease was first identified following a 1976 outbreak at an American Legion convention in Philadelphia. It is transmitted through inhalation of contaminated aerosols from water sources such as cooling towers, air-conditioning systems, hot water systems, and decorative fountains. The incubation period typically ranges from 2 to 10 days. Clinical manifestations include fever, cough, dyspnea, headache, gastrointestinal symptoms, and confusion, with severe cases leading to respiratory failure, septic shock, or multiorgan dysfunction. Diagnosis is primarily based on urinary antigen testing, culture, and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Prompt treatment with macrolides or fluoroquinolones significantly reduces morbidity and mortality. Preventive strategies focus on proper maintenance and disinfection of water systems to control bacterial growth. Early diagnosis, appropriate antibiotic therapy, and effective public health measures are essential for reducing disease burden and preventing outbreaks.

This study is on how women's political engagement has changed in the tribal rich state of Arunachal Pradesh. It charts the transition from customary exclusion to leadership positions, illustrating the influence of policy and societal change. The study examines historical roles, representation growth, and advocacy using primary and secondary sources, such as APWWS reports and statistics from the Legislative Assembly and PRIs. It looks at important issues and ways to empower women in politics. Despite advancements brought about by constitutional and legislative backing, full participation is nevertheless impeded by institutional and cultural hurdles, underscoring both the successes and continuous challenges in women's political empowerment.

In India’s monsoon-dependent regions, variability in rainfall has emerged as an important climatic factor which heavily impact agricultural productivity. This study examines how agricultural productivity and seasonal rainfall variability relate to each other in West Bengal's Cooch Behar district, which is primarily an agrarian area in the sub-Himalayan plains. Based on secondary data which has been collected through official agricultural and meteorological sources, the study uses a descriptive and trend-based analytical methodology. The pre-monsoon, monsoon and post-monsoon are used to group rainfall data in order to analyze how they affect important crops like vegetables, paddy, jute, wheat, mustard, and maize. According to the results, crop productivity is highly affected by irregular rainfall distribution, delayed monsoon onset, intense rainfall, and dry spells, even though the district receives a comparatively high amount of rainfall annually. Paddy is found to be the most rainfall-sensitive crop, while other crops exhibit varying degrees of vulnerability depending on seasonal requirements and growth stages. Both excess and deficient rainfall contributes to production instability, increased cultivation costs, and income uncertainty for farmers. The study highlights the need for improved irrigation infrastructure, climate-resilient crop varieties, crop diversification, and strengthened flood management systems to ensure sustainable agricultural development in the district.

This study aimed at establishing the relationship between dermatoglyphic patterns and academic performance of students in Madonna University. A total of 200 students voluntarily participated in this study which was selected randomly. Validated questionnaire was distributed to the students, and their right and left hand fingerprints were collected simultaneously using digital scanning method. The data were tested using mood median test, Pearson Chisquare analysis of association and fitness regression model. The mood’s median test of the result showed that the differences in the median score for the different patterns and academic patterns were not significant for the entire right digit (p>0.05) while for the left, all the digits were not showing differences in the patterns and academic performance except the left index digit (p<0.05). Also, the test of association between finger patterns and academic performance was observed to be significant only in the right little finger while the left fingers showed no significant association between the variables. The study also showed no significant difference between ATD angle and academic performance of Madonna University students as Regression Model (R-square value) at zero indicate no accuracy in the prediction (P>0.05). In conclusion this study has shown that there is significant association between finger patterns (especially right little finger and left index finger) and academic performance. However, ATD angle on the other hand did not show any significant difference with academic performance among the students. This implies that while finger patterns may be used to predict academic performance, ATD angle on the other hand may not serve a better tool in predicting academic performance among Madonna University students.

This review investigates the relationship between board composition and the financial sustainability of savings and credit cooperatives (SACCOs) in Uganda while drawing comparisons to global contexts. Employing an integrative literature review framed by agency theory and resource dependence theory, the study synthesizes scholarly evidence regarding pivotal board characteristics, including independence, diversity, expertise, and size. The findings reveal that board composition significantly influences financial outcomes, such as loan recovery and capital adequacy, in Uganda. Nonetheless, challenges such as limited capacity, political interference, and weak regulatory enforcement impede the implementation of optimal governance practices. International models from Kenya, Canada, and Scandinavia underscore the advantages of independent and professional boards; however, these models are challenging to replicate in Uganda due to contextual disparities. The review concludes that effective board composition remains an underutilized factor in the sustainability of SACCOs. Recommendations include ongoing board training and digital literacy, context-specific performance metrics, enhanced regulatory oversight, and targeted capacity-building initiatives for rural SACCOs. Furthermore, the study highlights a critical need for more qualitative and longitudinal research to explore the intricate governance dynamics in low-resource settings.

Validated standard-setting methods for multiple choice questions in dental education will ensure fairness and defensibility. However, many tertiary institutions in Nigeria still depend on arbitrary cut off scores. Written assessments in dental and medical education increasingly rely on multiple choice questions (MCQs) that target higher levels of Bloom’s taxonomy rather than simple recall. This study explored the familiarity, training and current practices of clinical dental teachers regarding established standard setting approaches and examined their Angoff judgments for two clinical vignette MCQs designed to assess higher order cognition. A descriptive cross sectional electronic survey was completed by 65 clinical teachers across major dental specialties. Sample reflected established teachers rather than novices. Many respondents reported low familiarity with standard setting method particularly for the Ebel, borderline, contrasting groups and blueprinting methods.44.6% reported attending workshops, courses or seminars on standard setting or MCQ construction, whereas 55.4% reported only self study or no training at all. The pattern across methods suggests that formal training is particularly impactful for familiarity with the Angoff method. Challenges identified included time constraint, insufficient training opportunities, limited access to materials and software, and absence of formal standard setting panels. Participants expressed strong interest in workshops, guidelines, mentorship, and analytical tools. The findings highlight critical gaps in the application of standard setting methods in Nigerian dental education and underscore the need for institutionalised faculty development, clearer definitions of borderline competence, and routine psychometric analysis to enhance the validity and defensibility of MCQ based assessments.

Posterior maxillary implant with sinus lifting is technique sensitive. Opting a precise procedure within the clinical constraints will eventually payoff. The purpose of this systematic review is to analyse a specific procedure based on notable clinical parameters apt to an individual subject. A Systematic search on PubMed databases with the MeSH terms “sinus lift, bone gain, trans-crestal, lateral “was performed. Articles were critically reviewed by the examiners basing on inclusion criteria. Letters to the editor, case reports, commentaries, and articles published in languages other than English were excluded. A total of 969 articles presenting various studies conducted in maxillary posterior region with respect to sinus lift were evident. Out of which 21 prospective studies were considered relating to the procedural and background parameters included in the study. The parameters considered were the residual bone height, type of approach and the endo sinus bone gain following a prescribed interval. Due to heterogeneity across all the studies, meta-analysis was not performed. Within the limitations of the study, the results revealed that the selection of type of approach depends on the pre residual bone height. In order to obtain maximum bone, gain lateral approach is to be preferred to other two approaches.

Autoimmune diseases arise from dysregulated innate and adaptive immunity, often driven by persistent inflammation, exposure to self-antigens, and defective immune tolerance. Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) play a dual role in host defense and autoimmunity by exposing DNA–protein complexes that activate nucleic acid–sensing receptors. Efficient degradation of extracellular DNA, largely mediated by deoxyribonuclease I (DNase I) encoded by the DNASE1 gene, is essential for preventing chronic inflammation. Impaired DNase I activity contributes to systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, and vasculitis by allowing NET accumulation, autoantibody production, and endothelial damage. Parasitic helminths induce eosinophilia and Th2-skewed responses, which modulate neutrophil activity, neutralize inflammatory mediators such as histamine, and interact with extracellular traps. We hypothesize that helminth-induced eosinophil activation protects against autoimmunity by limiting neutrophil-mediated tissue toxicity, enhancing NET clearance via DNase I, and regulating histamine-driven inflammation. In this model, DNASE1 serves as a central integrator of extracellular DNA metabolism, innate immune sensing, and eosinophil–neutrophil cross-talk. Disruption of this axis predisposes to autoimmunity, whereas helminth-driven modulation restores immune tolerance. This framework provides a testable hypothesis linking extracellular DNA clearance, helminth exposure, and autoimmune disease pathogenesis.

Introduction: Infertility affects about 15% of reproductive-age couples globally and is a highly stressful experience, especially for women facing psychological, social, and cultural impacts. Employment status may influence how women cope with infertility stress. Objective: To compare perceived mental stress levels between working and non-working infertile women attending selected infertility centres in Dhaka, Bangladesh, and to identify associated socio-demographic, reproductive, and social factors. Materials & Methods: This cross-sectional study from January to December 2022 was conducted at Mohammadpur Fertility Services and Training Center and BSMMU, Dhaka. It involved 110 infertile women (55 working, 55 non-working), aged 20-49, with primary infertility, selected via purposive sampling. Data were collected through face-to-face interviews with a pretested semi-structured questionnaire including the PSS-10. Height and weight were measured for BMI. SPSS v25 was used for analysis, employing descriptive stats, t-tests, chi-square, Fisher's exact tests, and regression, with p<0.05 as significant. Results: Working women had higher education (43.6% graduates vs 16.4%, p=0.001) and income (39,845 BDT vs 26,735 BDT, p=0.001), married later (22.16 vs 19.99 years, p=0.011), and shorter infertility duration (4.72 vs 6.05 years, p=0.022). Among working women, 61.8% had moderate stress and 36.4% low stress, while among non-working women, 89.1% had moderate stress and 7.3% had low stress (p=0.001). Marriage duration was linked to stress only among non-working women (p=0.031), with >5 years married experiencing higher stress. Caffeine intake correlated with stress only among non-working women (p=0.041). Social stigma was more common among non-working women (60.0% vs 49.1%). Conclusion: Non-working infertile women face higher moderate mental stress than working women. Employment acts as a protective factor via financial independence, social identity, and coping resources. Support services should target non-working women, who encounter greater social stigma, longer infertility duration, and fewer coping resources.

This article critically examines the incorporation of Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) mechanisms into the administration of criminal justice in Nigeria, with particular emphasis on the reformist objectives underlying their adoption and the absence of a coherent structural and legal foundation to support their effective implementation. While the integration of ADR is intended to decongest courts, promote restorative justice, and enhance access to justice, Nigeria’s criminal justice system remains predominantly adversarial and retributive. This structural orientation generates significant tension between entrenched procedural norms and emerging reformist aspirations. The article identifies persistent legislative gaps, institutional weaknesses, procedural ambiguities, and inconsistencies in policy and practice that undermine the operational viability of ADR in criminal proceedings. It further interrogates the suitability and enforceability of ADR outcomes, particularly in cases involving serious offences where public interest considerations and victims’ rights are paramount. Employing doctrinal and empirical methodologies, the study argues that, in the absence of comprehensive legal reform, institutional capacity building, and normative reorientation of justice sector actors, the adoption of ADR in criminal justice constitutes a largely symbolic reform. The article concludes by proposing a structured framework for the principled integration of ADR into Nigeria’s criminal justice system, grounded in legislative coherence, institutional accountability, and restorative justice values, with a view to ensuring its long-term effectiveness and legitimacy.

Portfolio management in Nigeria’s upstream oil and gas industry is critical for optimizing asset performance, mitigating operational and financial risks, and ensuring long-term profitability. Given the capital-intensive and high-risk nature of upstream petroleum operations, a structured framework integrating asset allocation, diversification, risk governance, performance monitoring, and investment screening is essential. This study examines portfolio management practices within Nigeria’s upstream sector, with emphasis on economic feasibility evaluation tools including Net Present Value (NPV), Internal Rate of Return (IRR), Payback Period, Profitability Index, and Break-even Oil Price analysis. The study further analyses key portfolio components such as goal setting, action planning, capital allocation, rebalancing, reporting, and risk management within the context of Nigeria’s regulatory and fiscal environment. The findings highlight the importance of integrated financial and strategic decision-making in enhancing investment resilience, optimizing resource utilization, and promoting sustainable sector growth. The study provides a practical framework for policymakers, regulators, and upstream operators seeking to strengthen portfolio performance in a volatile energy market.